Lesson 1 • VOCs-Org comp that have a boiling point ≤

Industrial Waste 100 C and/or a vapor pressure > 1mm Hg

Management & Control • Pesticides-toxic and significant
contaminants
Biodegradable Wastages MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC
• Cotton Mills SUBSTANCES -The analysis used to
• Textile Industries measure aggregate organic material
Non-Biodegradable Wastages may be divided into 2;
• Thermal Power Plants
• Integrated Iron and Steel Plants ➢ To measure gross conc. of
• Industrial manufacturing of Metals organic substance greater than
like Aluminum, Zinc and Copper 1.0 mg/L
• Fertilizer Industries ➢ To measure trace conc. in the
• Thermal Power Plants Fly Ash range of 10-12 to 100 mg/L
• Iron and Steel plants blast furnaces • Laboratory methods to measure
slag and steel slag gross amounts of organic matter
• Fertilizer Industry Gypsum (typically greater than 1mg/L) in
• Al, Zn, Cu Industries Mad and tailings wastewater :
➢ Biochemical oxygen demand
Four main types of IW
(BOD)
1. Liquid waste
➢ Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
2. Solid waste
➢ Total organic carbon (TOC)
3. Chemical waste
• Complementing of these laboratory
4. Toxic/hazardous waste
tests is the theoretical oxygen
demand (ThOD), which is determined
--Water Industrial Waste-- from the chemical formula of the
Why Industrial Waste should be managed? organic matter.
• Good for environment
• Legal Liability Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
• most widely used parameter of organic
Major Industry Sources pollution
• Pulp & paper mills • -5-day BOD (BOD5) – involved the
• Organic chem. measurement of the dissolved oxygen
• Alkalis, Chlorine Chemical characteristics
used by microorganisms in the
• Fertilizers -inorganic matter-
biochemical oxidation of organic
• Petroleum refining • Chlorides-Most of water contain
matter.
• Steel works • Nitrogen-Essential to the growth
• BOD test results are used to;
• Aircraft plating, finishing • Phosphorus-essential to the growth of algae
➢ Det. the appropriate quantity of
• Flat glass, cement • Sulfur-req. in the synthesis of protein
oxygen that will be required to
• Textile mills • H2S-Formed by anaerobic decomposition of
organic matter containing sulfur , toxic
biologically stabilize the organic
• Tanning • Methane-principal byproduct from the matter present.
• Power plants anaerobic decomposition for the organic matter ➢ Measure the efficiency of some
• Metals-Many are classified as priority treatment process
pollutants ➢ Determine the size of waste
treatment facilities.
➢ Determine compliance with
wastewater discharge permits.
• BOD at 20oC for 5 days is used as
standard test (measure after 5
days in incubation at 20oC).
• Use bacteria to oxidize
biodegradable organic in
wastewater sample after incubation.
Small amouNt of organic matter in ww
• BOD can be calculates by measuring
• Surfactants-cause foaming DO before & after incubation.
• Priority Pollutants-selected on the
basis of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or
toxicity.
 Limitations in the bod test

• high concentration of active bacteria
• Pretreatment is needed
• biodegradable organics are measured
• test does not have stoichiometric
validity after the soluble organic matter
present in solution has been used.
• Long period of time is required
COD-To measure the oxygen equivalent of the
organic material in WW that can be oxidized
chemically using strong chemical agent
(dichromate in an acid solution)
Differences between bod & cod
National Ambient Air Quality Values and
Standards- list of hazardous air pollutants
with corresponding ambient guideline values
and/or standard necessary to protect health
and safety, and general welfare.
Lesson2
5 Major Pollutants: TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL: PHYSICAL AND
1..) Carbon Monoxide -car exhaust CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL METHOD, SOLIDIFICATION
2.) Sulfur Dioxide -power plant (coal and fuel AND STABILIZATION, THERMAL METHODS
Oil are burned)
3.) Nitrogen Dioxide -car and power plants
Nitric acid oxide combines w/oxygen
4.) Particulate Matter
5.) Ground Level Ozone
These 5 together form..... SMOG
-Forms when heat and sunlight react
gases (photochemical smog)

Regulations for PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Industrial Wastes
Common gases in WW – N2, O2, CO2,
Water
H2S, NH3 and CH4
o R.A. 9275 - Phil Clean Water Act 2004
o DAO 2016-08 – Water Quality Guidelines
Total organic carbon (TOC)- utilize heat & and Effluent Standards
oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some
o DAO 2021-19 - Updated Water Quality
combination of these methods to convert organic carbon
to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared Guidelines and Effluent Standards
analyzer or by other means. Air
o RA 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
ThOD-stoichiometric amount of O2 required to o National Emission Standards for Source
oxidize completely a given compounds Specific Air Pollutants
Hazardous Waste
Biological characteristics o RA 6969- Toxic Substances and
General Classidication of microorg Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act
-Prokaryote -simplest of 1990
-Eukaryote -complex Solid Waste
o RA 9003-Ecological Solid waste
Pathogenic organisms Management Act of 2000
-Bacteria
-Protozoa
-Helminths
-Viruses Kyoto Protocol - lessen greenhouse gas
emissions
--Air Industrial Waste-- Vienna Protocol - protection of ozone layer
AQI: Air Quality Index (0-500) -Indicates Montreal Protocol - regulation of ozone-
whether pollutant levels in air may cause health depleting substances
concerns.
METHODS
I. Separation Using Physical Barriers
A. Racks and Screens -Ex. Vibrating
Screens, Tangential Screens, Rotating
Cylindrical Screens, Micro screening
B. Plate and Frame Filters
C. Membrane Separation-Ex. Reverse
Osmosis, Electrodialysis
D. Deep Bed Granular Filters
E. Pressure and Vacuum Filtration-Ex.
Slow Sand Filter
II. Plain Sedimentation
III. Centrifugation
IV. Flotation
A. Gravity Flotation
B. Dissolved Air Flotation
V. Adsorption
VI. Ion Exchange
VII. Stripping
VIII. Scrubbing
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID
WASTES FROM INDUSTRY
• Suitability of the Waste for Landfilling
• Segregation of Solid Wastes
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS:
• Neutralization (acidic chemicals used to
lower wastewater pH)
o Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide or lime)
o NaOH (sodium hydroxide or caustic
soda)
o Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
o Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 o Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
• Oxidation/reduction- used for the
treatment and removal of a variety of
inorganic and organic wastes.
o Common oxidizing substances:
1. Hydrogen peroxide
2. Calcium hypochlorite
o Common reducing agent:
1. Ferrous sulphate
• Chemical Precipitation - removal of
heavy metal ions from water
• Coagulation- used in wastewater
treatment to adjust pH and begin
coagulating solids in the wastewater
• Chemical Extraction Or Leaching-
removal of a hazardous constituents by
reaction with extractants in solution
• Ion Exchange- removal of low level of
heavy metal ions
BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT METHODS
A. SOLID WASTE
Aerobic biological treatment
• Composting(humus)
• In-vessel Composting
• Windrow Composting
• Aerated Static Pile
• Anaerobic Biological Treatment (Anaerobic
digestion)
• Biocovers of Landfills
B. LIQUID WASTE/ WASTE WATER
Biological aerobic Treatment
• Activated Sludge Process
• Trickling filters/percolating or sprinkling F
• Aerated Lagoons
• Oxidation Pond
A. Thermosetting
B. Thermoplastic
Additives
Fundamental mechanisms of stabilisation
Encapsulation: contaminants are physically
trapped in the pore spaces of the stabilised
materials
Absorption and adsorption: electrochemical
bonding between contaminants and agents in
the solid matrix
Precipitation: precipitation of the
contaminants from their aqueous form and
thereby reducing the potential for
contaminants to leach form the waster
Detoxification: chemical reactions can e
induced during the stabilisation process in
order to detoxify the contaminants within the
waste e.g. reduction of toxic chromium (VI) to
less toxic chromium (III)
Vitrification- Use of high temperatures
(greater than 1000ºC) to form a solid glassy
monoliths mass from a contaminated soil.
Thermal Methods of Treatment and Disposal
• Incineration
• Gasification and Pyrolysis
• Open Burning
• In Situ Thermal Treatment

---Solidification and Stabilisation--

Solidification aims to minimize the spread of
pollution by converting the contaminated
materials into solid impermeable mass with a
low surface to volume ratio.
Stabilisation is a form of solidification where
reagents are added which converts the
contaminant to a less soluble form by chemical
reaction or pH adjustment.
waste fixation or encapsulation-combination

Types of binders
1. Inorganic binders
A. Cement Processes
B. Pozzolanic Processes
2. Organic Binders