04-05-2023 Literature and Casestudy by Madhu Bhandari PDF

Thesis for the Degree of Bachelor in Architecture
A REPORT FOR THESIS ON

LUMBINI PUBLIC LIBRARY
Submitted by:
Madhu Bhandari
(2017-3-01-0010)
Submitted to:
Nirupa Gurung
Department of Architecture
Pokhara Engineering College
School of Engineering
Faculty of Science and Technology
Pokhara University
Phirke, Pokhara, Nepal
Date 04-05-2023
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2
Table of Figure:.......................................................................................................................... 4
List of Figure.............................................................................................................................. 5
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 10
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Public Library ................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Statement of Problem ..................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Research questions ......................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Research objectives ........................................................................................................ 12
1.6 Significance of the study................................................................................................ 12
1.7 Limitation of the study ................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 13
2.1 Introduction of Library: ................................................................................................. 13
2.1.1 Role of library in changing society: ........................................................................ 14
2.1.2 Types of library: ...................................................................................................... 17
2.1.3 Purpose and functions: ............................................................................................ 18
2.2 Principle for library design: ........................................................................................... 20
2.3 Attributes of Library: ..................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1.Design population ................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2.Urban Design: ......................................................................................................... 24
2.3.3 Planning the library: ................................................................................................ 25
2.4 Space in Library: ............................................................................................................ 28
2.4.1.Collection Space : ................................................................................................... 28
2.4.2 .Electronic workstation space : ............................................................................... 35
2.4.3.User seating space/ Reading space: ........................................................................ 36
2.4.4. Staff workspace:..................................................................................................... 38
2.4.5. Meeting space: ....................................................................................................... 40
2.4.6 Non-assignable space : ............................................................................................ 53
2.5.Relations between spaces:.............................................................................................. 60
2.6.Landscape in Library: .................................................................................................... 61
2.7 Environmental considerations:....................................................................................... 64
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2.7.1 Technology research: .............................................................................................. 72
2.7.2 Water conservation: ................................................................................................ 73
CHAPTER 3 : CASE STUDY ................................................................................................. 75
3.1. National case studies ..................................................................................................... 75
3.1.1Nepal japan children’s library.................................................................................. 75
3.1.2.Madan puraskar library: .......................................................................................... 81
3.1.3 Nepal National Library: .......................................................................................... 86
3.1.4 SIDDHARTHA ART GALLERY : ........................................................................ 91
3.2 International case studies: .............................................................................................. 94
3.2.1 The Austin central library: ...................................................................................... 94
3.2.2 Chandigarh state library ........................................................................................ 104
3.3 Comparative analysis : ................................................................................................. 114
References .............................................................................................................................. 115
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Table of Figure:
Table 1: Maximum Height of Shelves ..................................................................................... 30
Table 2: Seat par population in reading area ........................................................................... 37
Table 3: Indian Standard 1553-1976prescribes the following sizes of various rooms required
for this staff of the library ................................................................................................ 39
Table 4 Requirement of toilet unit in restaurant space: ........................................................... 54
Table 5 : Parking requirements for car & bike ........................................................................ 58
Table 6: Recommended Illuminance for different space in library ......................................... 65
Table 7: Different space of Austin public library .................................................................... 96
Table 8 :Comparative Table................................................................................................... 114
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List of Figure
Figure 1 :Changing role of library ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 2 : Public space in library ............................................................................................. 19
Figure 3: Diagrammatic layout of a central library.(Brain Edwards ....................................... 20
Figure 4: Diagramatic section of a central library.(Brain Edwards) ........................................ 20
Figure 5: user age group .......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 6: Conceptual diagram of relationship of library to civi function ................................ 24
Figure 7: conceptual diagram of library deliveries .................................................................. 25
Figure 8: conceptual diagram of entrance ................................................................................ 25
Figure 9: Relation between reading room and book stack area ............................................... 26
Figure 10: Key influences upon library brief .......................................................................... 26
Figure 11: Ideal template for design of public library ............................................................. 27
Figure 12: optimum shelving conditions for children.............................................................. 30
Figure 13: Floor area for bookshelves in stacks (stores) ......................................................... 31
Figure 14: Floor area for bookshelves in self-service area ...................................................... 31
Figure 15: Unsealed sketch to clarify the terms used in the calculation of areas for stock ..... 31
Figure 16: Minimum clearances in shelving areas for various attitudes: narrow aisles (closed
access) .............................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 17: Minimum clearances in shelving areas for various attitudes: wide access (Open
access) .............................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 18: Shelf height............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 19: Key relationships in the library .............................................................................. 35
Figure 20: Main factors affecting the generation of virtual libraries ....................................... 35
Figure 21: IT area at Sydney Jones Library, University of Liverpool, designed by Shepheard
Epstein Hunter. (Brian Edwards ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 22: User-friendly IT equipment integrated into furniture designs by Folio. (Folio) .... 36
Figure 23: Different readind space .......................................................................................... 36
Figure 24: Minimum spacing between tables .......................................................................... 37
Figure 25:Space required in reading space .............................................................................. 37
Figure 26: Basic form of seating .............................................................................................. 40
Figure 27: Floor slope and seating ........................................................................................... 41
Figure 28: Rectangular lecture theatre with 200 seats ............................................................. 42
Figure 29: Rectangular lecture theatre with 400 seats ............................................................. 42
Figure 30: Proportions of the traditionla auditorium ............................................................... 42
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Figure 31: folding panels for room partition............................................................................ 43
Figure 32: functional scheme of exhibition area...................................................................... 44
Figure 33: lighting schemes in display rooms ......................................................................... 45
Figure 34: Different Display pattern in art gallery .................................................................. 46
Figure 35: Lighting in art gallery ............................................................................................. 47
Figure 36: Angle of vertical lighting ....................................................................................... 47
Figure 37: Direct lighting......................................................................................................... 47
Figure 38 Children space in library ......................................................................................... 48
Figure 39 Seating space in fast-food court .............................................................................. 49
Figure 40: Functional scheme of a small restaurant ................................................................ 50
Figure 41: Different dinning table ........................................................................................... 51
Figure 42: Table sizes In a restaurant: with predominantly plate service the table depth ....... 51
Figure 43: Bubble diagrame of kitchen ................................................................................... 52
Figure 44: Resturant layout ...................................................................................................... 52
Figure 45: Restroom layout ..................................................................................................... 53
Figure 46: Wc with dimension ................................................................................................. 54
Figure 47: Accessible toilets layout ......................................................................................... 55
Figure 48: Car Dimension ........................................................................................................ 55
Figure 49 : Bike Dimension ..................................................................................................... 56
Figure 50: Van Dimension ....................................................................................................... 56
Figure 51: Turning Radius ....................................................................................................... 56
Figure 52: Parking layout......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 53 : Change of gradient in ramp ................................................................................... 59
Figure 54: Lift car sizes ........................................................................................................... 60
Figure 55: A conceptual model of integrating landscape with library spaces to increase learning
and efficiency. .................................................................................................................. 62
Figure 56: Relative Efficacy of Light Sources (Ratio of Number of Lumens of Light Energy
per Watt of Power or Rate of Heat Energy Supplied). .................................................... 64
Figure 57: Ideal vertical foot-candle distribution at book stacks. ............................................ 66
Figure 58: Recommended relative brightness of surfaces within the field of view for good
visual comfort .................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 59: The sun-protected roof monitor is a basic design component of roof design for
daylighting. ...................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 60: A skylight with deep adjacent diffusing ................................................................. 67
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Figure 61: Horizontal sunshade for the south elevation of a library........................................ 67
Figure 62: Exterior sunshade for a north-facing glass wall ..................................................... 68
Figure 63: Vertical sunshade for the east or west elevation of a library.................................. 68
Figure 64: Image of artificial lighting ...................................................................................... 69
Figure 65: Stack lighting runs parallel to the stacks at the San Francisco Main Library ........ 70
Figure 66: Indirect lighting concealed on top of the stacks is used in a small library at University
High School in San Francisco. ......................................................................................... 71
Figure 67: Direct-indirect lighting runs perpendicular to the stacks at the Albany Public Library
.......................................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 68: Different types of Slab ........................................................................................... 72
Figure 69: holodeck waffle system-allows for integration of services within the slab without
compromising the structural strength............................................................................... 72
Figure 70: Concrete floor systems Two-way waffle slab ........................................................ 73
Figure 71 Method &Uses of Rainwater Harvesting ................................................................ 74
Figure 72: rainwater harvesting diagram ................................................................................. 74
Figure 73: Nepal Japan Children Library ................................................................................ 76
Figure 74: Junior section .......................................................................................................... 77
Figure 75: Multipurpose room ................................................................................................. 78
Figure 76:Staircase image ........................................................................................................ 78
Figure 77: Book circulation Space ........................................................................................... 79
Figure 78: Book collection space ............................................................................................. 79
Figure 79: Madan Puraskar Library ......................................................................................... 81
Figure 80:Front view of Building ............................................................................................ 82
Figure 81 : Section of the building .......................................................................................... 84
Figure 82 : Nepal National Library.......................................................................................... 86
Figure 83: General sketch schematic plan of library ............................................................... 88
Figure 84: Locker ..................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 85: Stack Area .............................................................................................................. 89
Figure 86 Booklet & Journals .................................................................................................. 89
Figure 87 :Chief Librarian room .............................................................................................. 89
Figure 88: Staff room ............................................................................................................... 89
Figure 89: General Stack Area ................................................................................................. 90
Figure 90 :Reading space ......................................................................................................... 90
Figure 91 : Siddhartha Art Gallery .......................................................................................... 91
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Figure 92 Sketch of interior space ........................................................................................... 92
Figure 93 Surrounding Environment of building..................................................................... 92
Figure 94 : General Floor space Information of art gallery ..................................................... 93
Figure 95 : Austin Public Library ............................................................................................ 95
Figure 96 : Conceptual Sketch ................................................................................................. 96
Figure 97 Gallery space in building ......................................................................................... 97
Figure 98 Master plan .............................................................................................................. 98
Figure 99 : First floor ............................................................................................................... 98
Figure 100 Second Floor .......................................................................................................... 98
Figure 101 : Third Floor .......................................................................................................... 99
Figure 102: Fifth Floor............................................................................................................. 99
Figure 103 Sixth Floor ............................................................................................................. 99
Figure 104 : Fourth Floor ......................................................................................................... 99
Figure 105 : Atrium space...................................................................................................... 100
Figure 106 Exterior face of building ...................................................................................... 101
Figure 107 Interior reading space .......................................................................................... 102
Figure 108: Chandigarh state library ..................................................................................... 104
Figure 109 : Site and surrounding .......................................................................................... 107
Figure 110 : Ground Floor ..................................................................................................... 108
Figure 111 : First &Second Floor .......................................................................................... 109
Figure 112 :Third Floor ......................................................................................................... 110
Figure 113: Section through stack area .................................................................................. 112
Figure 114:Section through ramp .......................................................................................... 112
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Abbreviations
M Meter
M2 Meter square
Sq.ft Square feet
NBC Nepal Building code
IS India Standard
Km Kilometre
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
A library is a building or a room containing collections of books, manuscripts, published
materials for use or as reference serving to a defined community. The word library derives
from the Latin liber, ‘book,’ whereas a Latinized Greek word, bibliotheca, is the origin of the
word for library in German, Russian, and the Romance languages.
UNESCO defines Library as, ‘any organized collection of printed books and periodical or any
other graphic or audio-visual material with a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such
materials as are required to meet the informational research, educational and recreational needs
of users.’
According to the mode of services rendered to the readers, libraries are broadly divided into
four types:
1. Academic Library,
2. Special Library,
3. Public Library, and
4. National Library.
1.2 Public Library

The public library is considered the pool and reservoir of information and knowledge derived
from different parts of society. It, therefore, without any doubt, acts as an important agent for
fostering peace, education, culture, and information. It provides a basic condition for lifelong
learning, independent decision-making, and cultural development of the individual as well as
social groups. It is the most suitable agency that offers all the necessities to satisfy self-
education. It, thus, requires having an organized, sound administrative management system
that fulfills all the requirements to meet its objectives. According to UNESCO Public library
manifesto, public libraries are, ‘the local center of information readily available to its user
based on equality of access for all, regardless of race, cast, creed, or society, age, gender,
religion, nationality, economic, and social status. Libraries have always played a significant
role, enabling people to engage withal kinds of information and knowledge resources. The
Public library is a welfare center, which provides useful services to the community by fostering
education, promoting culture, providing scope of healthy recreational and disseminates
information to all section of society.(Laila T Abraham, 2010)
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.King Girvanyuddhaukram Sahadev issused an ordinance to established a library called “Pustak
Chitai Tahabi” in 1812 August. Gradually it was renamed as Durbar school Library, Bir
Library, GhantagharLlibrary and National Archeves Library.Pustak Padhne Dalan was
established in Palpa in 1936, later it was renamed as Dhawal Pustakalaya. In similar way
number of library was built in(1936-1957) period. In 1956 there were 31 libraries established
throughout the country before the independence. After the independence many educational
institutions and public libraries were started throughout the country. Central library was
established in 1952 in Cooperation with the USAID. Current renowned libraries such as Nepal
National Library, Madan Puraskar Library were established in 1957. According to the survey
data prepared by Nepal National Library and UNESCO there are 400 Public libraries in Nepal
today.
1.3 Statement of Problem

“It is said that Nepal has 400 public libraries. However, they can hardly be called true public
libraries judged by professional standards because of deficiencies in objective, space, budget,
books and newspaper collections. They have randomly donated collections and often have
difficulty in keeping open a few hours a day or a week at a time.” (American Library
Association, 1980, p.596)
Public libraries have to change themselves and adopt new techniques to fulfill new demands
of the society through their professional competencies and working culture. Public libraries are
not limited to any specific arena of social life, where it is important but it play positive role
more or less in all spheres of social life whether it is economic development, lifelong education,
cultural exchange or utilization of leisure time etc. The existing library have not enough space
for the celebration and organized any event that enhance the young artist and creators. The
library must provide resources and services that address the needs of people of different cultural
languages. . In a region with significant cultural heritage, such as Lumbini a public library may
have a responsibility to preserve and promote cultural heritage, which could require additional
resources and expertise.
1.4 Research questions

 What is Public Library?
 How does the library serve the diverse cultural and linguistic needs of community?
 Are the any resources available for learning new skills or improving education?
 How does the library support local authors and artist?
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1.5 Research objectives
Specific Objectives,
 To design a public library which will provide a recreational space for public.
General Objectives:
 To design a well function and comfortable library.

 Aim to promoting the historical and cultural significances of Lumbini.
 Provide educational resources and serve as a platform for culture events and workshops.
1.6 Significance of the study

The study of public libraries is essential to understand their role and impact in society, as well
as to enhance the services they provides. Public libraries provide common platform, make vital
contribution towards the social capital, educational and recreational development of local
communities and enhances democratic values among people. Public libraries provide free
access to information and resources for people of all ages, backgrounds, and income levels
that’s provide opportunities for lifelong learning and personal growth of every people. The
public library can play an important role in promoting and sustaining tourism in lumbini by
providing resources, opportunity and hospitality. The public libraries have a key role to play in
supporting and promoting the work of local artist and writers by providing resources, visibility
and opportunities. . Public libraries were always concerned with local and national history.
Political, economic and social circumstances create, shape and develop libraries.
1.7 Limitation of the study

The public library must followed the National Library and Information Management Acts 2069
B.S.
 ‘A categorized’ Library should have above 10,000 books and daily user should be more
than 50 people.
 The study region of this project will be more about focusing on the general public
library rather than institutional, communal, specific, dedicated and private libraries
However, Additional space should be added according to present scenario of public library
world wide and local context. Likes multi-purpose hall, Art gallery ,
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction of Library:

A library is a collection of materials books or media that are accessible for use and not just for
display purposes. A library provides physical or digital access materials, and may be a physical
location or a virtual space, or both. A library, which may vary widely in size, may be organized
for use and maintained by a public body such as a government; an institution such as a school
or museum; a corporation; or a private individual. Library buildings often provide quiet areas
for studying, as well as common areas for group study and collaboration, and may provide
public facilities for access to their electronic resources [3]; for instance: computers and access
to the Internet . Libraries may also be community hubs, where programs are delivered and
people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical
walls of a building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from home
via the Internet. The importance of the library to knowledge and hence power is considerable.
Knowledge, both in a practical and cultural context, is a commodity which libraries contain
and make available. The public accesses knowledge and wisdom via the book shelves and
archives of the public library, and the researcher via the technical reports and journals of the
academic library. Increasingly, both use the library’s Internet facilities to keep up to date with
the unfolding world of digital information.
The library of the future
There are three perspectives, which will fashion the library of future
 The library as high-tech access to learning

 The library as community focus
 The library as an adjunct to ‘cultural’ tourism.
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2.1.1 Role of library in changing society:
Over the past few decades, libraries have undergone a significant transformation in their role
and function. While libraries have always been places where people can access books and other
physical resources, they are now also important providers of digital resources, such as e-books,
online databases, and digital archives. This shift reflects the changing needs of society and the
rapid growth of technology.In addition to providing access to information, libraries are now
taking on a larger role in promoting information literacy, helping patrons to develop the skills
they need to evaluate and use information effectively [1] .Libraries are also becoming
important community spaces, offering programming and events that bring people together for
learning and social engagement. This includes hosting book clubs, lectures, cultural events,
and other activities.Moreover, libraries are increasingly being seen as places for lifelong
learning, offering resources and programming for people of all ages and backgrounds. Libraries
have become a hub of social services and a provider of resources such as access to job
resources, health resources, and legal resources.
The roles that libraries play in supporting modern societies can be grouped under five major
categories below,
I. Higher education
II. User education
III. Recreation
IV. Library as place and
V. Societal and cultural
The societal roles that libraries have come to play include democratization of information and
knowledge, linking people to knowledge and information sources, information and awareness
services to communities for empowerment. Library as a place has an attraction in itself as
library is used to run and organize academic, social and cultural activities. Libraries serve as
community centers with creative spaces suitable for a number of activities such as organizing
cultural activities to promote social harmony. Libraries collect, preserve and conserve
documents relating to socio-cultural aspects of the society for future generations. The following
table gives in brief functional roles of the library in the society. [6]
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I. Higher education:
 Supporting education,
 teaching research, and training in the society by providing access to knowledge
resources, materials and by providing referrals
 Dissemination and distribution of information
 knowledge stored in such documents to stakeholders in education
 Serving as gateways to the collections of global libraries
 Supporting informal self education and learning
ii. User education
 Building good reading habits
 Information literacy, computer literacy
 Encouraging use of library collections and services
iii. Recreation:
 Supporting the educational, civic, and cultural
 activities of groups and organizations
iv. Library as place:
 Information commons – a library model for learning
 Offering architecturally designed building as a place that inspires interest in every one
for academic pursuits
v. Societal and culture:
 Democratization of information and knowledge in the society
 Linking people to knowledge and information sources
 Giving under-privileged sections of the society awareness about opportunities
available in the society for their social and economic development
 Community information resources
 Community awareness about State programmes such as mass literacy
 Organizing cultural activities to promote social harmony such as book discussions,
lectures on important topics
 Supporting the civic and cultural activities of groups and organizations
 Serving as a gateway to local and national government [6]
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Figure 1 :Changing role of library
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2.1.2 Types of library:
Libraries are generally categorized into main four types on the basis of their user and service
provided:
1. National library
 National collections of books , journals, maps etc,

 Research focused
 Conservation element
 Specialist readership
2. Public library:
 Collections of books and CDs primarily for loan

 Place to meet and exchange
 Wide range of material of local interest
 Community base for local people
 Integration with other ‘cultural’ or civic buildings
3. Academic library
 Support for teaching, learning and research

 Place where new knowledge is generated and exchanged
 Large specialist and research collections
 Separate IT and multi-media areas
 24-hour access
4. Professional and Special Libraries
 Specialist collection of books and professional journals

 Often contains rare or fragile non-paper material
 Limited public access
 Conservation element
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Public Library:
There are three types of places in community building the “first place” or home, the “second
place” or work place, and the “third place” or the place in the community establishing a “sense
of place”, encouraging social bonding, productive leisure and improvement of well-being , one
of such “third place” is the public libraries. The concept of libraries is that it supports
engagement of the community and foster and social interaction, while also providing services
and learning environment for those who want to read and discover new things, giving it an
important role in having an educated and literate population.
2.1.3 Purpose and functions:

‘The main function of the public library is to provide people with some kind of personal
development – whether it’s to read literature or art, or learn a language or skill, or plan for
some activity or make a life decision, or get help becoming a citizen. Whatever goal someone
has for themselves, the public library will try and provide them with the answers and resources
to help them achieve it’. Regional Manager Capitol Hill
According to a review of public libraries in the UK, there are four main purposes,
 To meet the library demands of future generations

 To create libraries which are community assets
 To create libraries of direct benefit to people who live, work or study in the area
 To provide services that have a contingency value.
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Figure 2 : Public space in library
Types of public library:

The civic library consists of various scales of provision and contains a variety of library
facilities. At a minimum, there is a lending library with integral reading room, a reference
library, children’s library, a dedicated area for newspapers and periodicals, and sometimes a
music room, exhibition space and local history collection. Civic libraries consist essentially of
central libraries and branch libraries.
The Central Library:

A central library is normally the focus of a library system within a municipal area (county, city,
state) which also entails branch libraries and perhaps mobile libraries for outlying areas.
Central libraries also accommodate special collections of various types containing material of
local interest. Normally, there is also a lecture theatre and exhibition space. Some central
libraries are physically attached to municipal art galleries. [5] Separate rooms are normally
provided on a subject basis, especially when the security of the collection is an issue. These
can form a ring around the main reading room or overlook it as galleries. Occasionally they are
grouped together into distinct wings dedicated to branches of learning. The stack rooms form
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a separate element of accommodation either in the form of a basement, as storage wings, or as
storage floors sandwiched between public levels.
Figure 3: Diagrammatic layout of a central library.(Brain Edwards
Figure 4: Diagramatic section of a central library.(Brain Edwards)
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2.2 Principle for library design:
1. Accessibility and inclusivity:
Accessibility and inclusivity are essential components of modern libraries, ensuring that they
are welcoming and available to all users. In terms of physical accessibility, libraries should be
designed and equipped with features such as ramps, elevators, wide doorways, and accessible
restrooms to make them more easily accessible to users with disabilities or mobility
issues.Digital accessibility is also important, as libraries should make sure that their online
resources, such as databases and online catalogs, are accessible to users with disabilities by
providing captions for videos, using descriptive alt text for images, and providing materials in
accessible formats. Libraries should also strive to be inclusive and welcoming to users from all
backgrounds and identities. This includes providing diverse collections of materials, creating
safe spaces for marginalized communities, and offering programs and services that reflect the
needs and interests of all users. In addition, libraries can promote language accessibility by
offering materials and services in multiple languages and hiring staff who speak different
languages.
An ‘accessible’ public library is: -
 located near a transport hub for easy access to and from the city
 located on a main city or town square
 located near a shopping mall for convenience
 co-located with other services – such as health facility and citizens advice bureau
 offers some kind of ‘outreach’ service
2. Visibility and connectivity:

Visibility refers to the ability of users to see and locate library materials and services easily.
Libraries should have clear and visible signage to help users navigate the space and locate the
materials they need. Open shelving and display areas can also make materials more visible and
accessible to users, and can help to promote serendipitous discovery of new
materials.Connectivity refers to the ability of users to connect with library resources and
services easily. Libraries should have reliable and fast Wi-Fi access throughout the space, as
well as sufficient electrical outlets for users to power their devices. Library catalogs and
databases should also be easily accessible and searchable, with clear and intuitive interfaces.
A public library that promotes ‘visibility’ has: -
 an atrium providing customers with a good view of all floors
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 a generous reception area (or landing area) with clear circulation routes
 a simple furniture layout for ease of navigation
 good display techniques – e.g. lighting
 few visual obstructions – e.g. low shelving
3. Flexibility and adaptability:

Flexibility refers to the ability of library spaces and services to accommodate different uses
and activities. Libraries should be designed with flexible spaces that can be adapted to meet
the changing needs of users. This can include movable furniture and partitions, as well as
multipurpose spaces that can be used for a variety of activities, such as study, meetings, and
events. Flexible library services, such as mobile libraries and bookmobiles, can also help to
reach underserved populations and meet the changing needs of communities.Adaptability
refers to the ability of libraries to respond to changes in technology and user behavior. Libraries
should be designed with adaptable infrastructure that can accommodate new technologies, such
as virtual reality and artificial intelligence, as they emerge. Library staff should also be trained
to adapt to changing user needs and preferences, such as the growing demand for digital
resources and online services. [7]
Main features of a ‘flexible’ public library:
 an adaptable structure – e.g. columns or demountable walls

 an adaptable furniture layout – e.g. zoning
 a neutral décor – e.g. not gender and age specific
 amenable staff – e.g. responsive and pro-active
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2.3 Attributes of Library:
2.3.1.Design population
Planning of an effective library facility begins with determining the library’s design population
that is identifying the population the designed library will be expected to serve. Knowing the
population helps designers calculate the service parameters used to access space needs in the
steps which follows. A projection of the needs of the design (service) population for 20 years
is the start of the library design process. This design projection will allow the library to serve
the future needs of its population of users and allows the designer to determine the space needed
for the preceding categories of library spaces. [5]
Population estimates can be gathered from local municipalities, county, or regional planning
commissions, or from a state's Office of Policy and Management. Since most public libraries
serve residents of outlying communities, it is important to include the effect that non-resident
use will have on library space allotments.
Figure 5: user age group
Source: Gov.uk
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2.3.2.Urban Design:
The public library needs to be well connected to civic life and the academic library located at
the centre of the college or university. Good access to pedestrian flows and public transport is
essential, as is the ability to service libraries with their ever-evolving collections and needs.
Hence, there will normally be a public front and a service rear or undercroft. However, the
public entrance is not normally the library door but a gathering space immediately outside it.
This should be designed with the characteristics of a public square with attention to landscape
design, public comfort (i.e. seats) and community or personal safety. [5] The library ‘square’
Figure 6: Conceptual diagram of relationship of library to civi function
where users will meet, escape from the confines of the library to reflect on the material, take
short breaks to eat sandwiches or visit local cafes or other cultural facilities, and engage in the
ambiance of the public realm.The flows from the external public space to the main building
entrance are more clearly defined if attention is paid to urban design at the briefing stage. The
choice of site often dictates external relationships. Proximity to public transport and existing
pedestrian or cycle flows is imperative. There are parallel flows too which need to be
considered such as the delivery of books, newspapers, furniture and access for staff. The service
entrance needs to have good road access and a limited amount of delivery and parking space.
The visit an individual makes to a library may be the sole purpose of the journey, but people
often combine their visit with other activities. How they travel to the library is thus a
consideration in planning the location and ease of access to its entrance. The vicinity outside
24
the library can become an obstacle course if attention is not paid to where people can leave
bicycles or baby buggies.
Storage is needed at the library entrance for prams, coats and shopping. It normally takes the
form of lockers for small items and secure rooms for larger ones. Public storage facilities help
reduce the risk of theft of library property by placing bags outside the book and journal areas.
The entrance to the building should either be central or in an obvious relation to other public
buildings nearby. It should be placed to take account of traffic (pedestrian or vehicular). Most
libraries will be large enough to make locating the entrance an issue for the first time user.
Figure 8: conceptual diagram of entrance Figure 7: conceptual diagram of library deliveries
2.3.3 Planning the library:

The value of design is often overlooked by those who procure library buildings and draw up
the brief. Yet good design and comfortable environmental conditions can make a big difference
to the perception of the building and, by extension, to the organization which commissioned it
whether it be a local council . Public buildings and those on campuses are also expected to
display best practice in the area of sustainable design. This is often incorporated into the brief
and where it is not, architects and engineers have a duty to seek to reduce the carbon footprint
of their designs. The role of the library here is important as it stands for knowledge
dissemination and intellectual discovery – and nowhere is this more pertinent today than in the
arena of global warming and sustainability. y, there is an expectation that sunlight, fresh air
and operable windows will be provided in all or part of the library. This may be just on the top
floor where the cafe is provided, or in a central atrium, or in study rooms around the edge.
25
Figure 10: Key influences upon library brief Figure 9: Relation between reading room and
book stack area
Internal space requirements should be formulated using the latest data and statistical
information. Service descriptions of current and projected demand can be produced in terms
which allow architectural interpretation. As the information which libraries contain become
more virtual, the provision of services to those distant to the building also require consideration.
Services to those present in the immediate community may be easier to assess. It is also
important to discover what is required to make a non-user find the library an essential part of
their work or leisure. Information from assessments carried out as part of a library’s regular
user surveys will provide valuable planning evidence. [5]
26
The traditional library was not always a welcoming building. Often the needs of security of the
book stock, limited opening hours, poor location and excessive steps resulted in unpopularity.
One has only to compare public libraries with retail malls to see how uninviting many libraries
have become. Typically a shopping mall has a level entrance from the street, there is a glazed
area or atrium running through the centre of the complex around which the various shops (often
on several levels) are located, floors are connected by wide escalators, and security is subtle,
understated and electronic. Although there are limits to the similarities between these two
building types.
The libraries were designed as part of larger civic developments and integrated spatially and
aesthetically with the retail aspects of them. As a result the shopper can include in one journey
a trip say to Marks and Spencer with the loan of a book, a pot of tea, and a scan of the Internet.
‘Library streets’ rather than library buildings. Here the idea is to extend from a retail mall a
separate street or sub-mall devoted largely to library activities, or perhaps library and other
civic functions such as a museum or council shop. The idea of a library street allows people to
browse without making the formal commitment to engage in the library services (in the same
way that one window-shops). [5]
Figure 11: Ideal template for design of public library
27
2.4 Space in Library:
There are no international standards for space in relation to public libraries, as the range of
groups served is deemed to be variable. University, college and school libraries do have some
recommended space allowances related to the numbers of students. For all types of library there
are several guides available on the Internet to help work out the space required for a new or
refurbished building. In the context of the whole space required, various resources agree on the
following seven types of space to be considered in a new library building:
2.4.1.Collection Space :
Preserving knowledge in a documentary form is the primary purpose of the libraries. In a
library, the selection of documents, ordering, acquiring and payment of bills, etc. all fall under
collection development. It involves administration, planning and control which act as a base
for other services of the library. A successful collection development is one of the important
aspects for development of public libraries for the future. The progress of collection
development involves selection and de-selection of current and retrospective resources which
also includes the gift of any kinds. They serve the user’s needs of planning, acquisition,
preservation decision and evaluation of the collection. These works are guided by faculties’
decision, priorities and various support efforts. Due to the scarcity of budget the library
resource selector has to access resources beyond physical ownership which includes providing
document delivery and licensing electronic data bases [5]
Categories found in nearly all public libraries include adult fiction and nonfiction; children's
books; books _for young adults; bound, unbound reference books and microfilmed newspapers
and microfilmed periodicals; local history books; less used books for the bookstacks; and
special subject collections. Despite the fact that there is considerable variation in the size of
books, there are several reliable formulas which may be used to estimate the amount of space
required for books. These are: open reading rooms, 21 volumes per lineal meter, or 150 books
per meter of standard height wall shelving, or 300 books per meter of double-faced shelving;
bookstack areas, 15 books per 0.09 sq. m. (includes aisles). It is important to note that these
formulas are given for full capacity. Under normal conditions, one-third of each shelf should
be left for future expansion.
28
Space requirements of a public library with respect to the number of user:
Stacking system and accessibility:

a) Shelving:
To a large extent the amount of book shelving required will depend on the size of the library
service area and whether the library is a member of a library system. When estimating the size
of the book collection, a standard which ranges from three books per capita (smallest
communities) to one and one-half books per capita (largest cities) is applied. In any event
enough book shelving should be provided to plan for 20 years' anticipated growth. The program
statement should also include a detailed analysis of the amount of shelving needed.
29
The action of shelving is to stacking the material collectively on a shelve. i.e. a thin slab of
wood, metal, etc., fixed horizontally to a wall or in a frame, for supporting objects. In library
books are kept in shelves with many configurations like open shelving, active shelving etc.
Circulation route should be >1.2m wide and clear spaces between shelves at least 1.3 to 1.4m
wide. Avoid crossings and overlapping of routes for user, staff and book transport. Access to
reading rooms can be through controls gates equipped with books security equipment and if
possible then only one entrance and exit.
Figure 12: optimum shelving conditions for children
Table 1: Maximum Height of Shelves
Grouping Level in the shelves Max. height of shelves

Adults 5-6 1.8m
Children 4 1.2m
30
.
Figure 13: Floor area for bookshelves in stacks (stores)
Figure 14: Floor area for bookshelves in self-service area
Figure 15: Unsealed sketch to clarify the terms used in the calculation of areas for stock
Book stacks and shelving systems are rigidly standardized on a length of 900 mm. Spacing of
book stacks, and therefore the capacity of the library, will be radically affected by the chosen
structural grid, and also by the dimensions of the vertical structural elements and other facilities
such as service ducts. In this building type, if in no other, careful integration of all structural
and service items is essential.
31
i).Closed access shelving: where the general users have to ask for the material they need. Fig 25
shows the limitations of various narrow aisle widths. Anything less than 610 mm makes it
difficult to bend to reach the lower shelves. 810 mm is the minimum if a trolley is to be used.
Figure 16: Minimum clearances in shelving areas for various attitudes: narrow aisles (closed
access)
ii). Open access shelving: Open access shelving is where some or most of the material is on open
shelves on which the users may browse. Even in this type of library, however, some closed
storage will be required for valuable stock and for obsolescent material. The public are given
access to the shelves the dimensions must take account of the length of stack. If long, two
people must be able to pass in comfort. Someone in a wheelchair must also be able to pass a
standing person.
Figure 17: Minimum clearances in shelving areas for various attitudes: wide access (Open access)
32
Figure 18: Shelf height
A.) Periodical room:

It should be keep in mind that now subscription of printed periodicals are decreasing due to the
e-journal databases, consortia, repositories etc. So big periodical rooms are almost not required
in such libraries where printed journals are not subscribed. They may require an office to deal
correspondence and to keep the record of subscription of databases. Earlier days the size of the
periodical room was depended on the number of bound volumes and loose issues of periodicals
to be accommodated and the number of readers who will consult at one time. When a separate
periodical room is provided, it was preferably be located adjacent to and in connection with the
reference room. The height of the ceiling of a periodical room was the same as that of the
general reading room.
ii.) Periodical room:
It should be keep in mind that now subscription of printed periodicals are decreasing due to the
33
e-journal databases, consortia, repositories etc. So big periodical rooms are almost not required
in such libraries where printed journals are not subscribed. They may require an office to deal
B.) Reference section :
Reference rooms are preferably placed on the entrance level where space is at premium, close
to the main entrance lobby and not far from the professional staff of the processing department.
This area must be located near public catalogue circulation counter and main reading areas.It
is suggested 100 seats are adequate for a reference room in an academic library except in case
where it is expected to be used for other purpose as well.the professional staff of the processing
department. This area must be located near public catalogue circulation counter and main
reading areas.It is suggested 100 seats are adequate for a reference room in an academic library
except in case where it is expected to be used for other purpose as well. an academic library
except in case where it is expected to be used for other purpose as well.
C.) Public catalogue:

iii.) Reference
Catalogue section
is the key to: the resources of the library. It should be placed in such a way that
readers can use it easily. The location of the public card catalogue should not be far from the
main entrance, and it should also be near the circulation desk, the acquisition and catalogue
departments, and the bibliographical and reference services. (Wilson and Tauber,1958) Space
totally depends upon the number of volumes and number of entries or catalogue cards. This
can also apply for OPAC also. The size will depend upon number of terminals and number of
users.rooms are preferably placed on the entrance level where space is at premium, close to the
main entrance lobby and not far from the professional staff of the processing department. This
area must be located near public catalogue circulation counter and main reading areas.It is
suggested 100 seats are adequate for a reference room in an academic library except in case
where it is expected to be used for other purpose as well. an academic library except in case
where it is expected to be used for other purpose as well.
iii.) Reference section :
D. Circulation Area: The circulation counter is the focal point of the library.The location of
iv.)Public catalogue:
circulation counter should be near the entrance and stack. Adequate space should be left near
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34
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2.4.2 .Electronic workstation space :
New technology has impacted upon the library in three major ways: issue systems, records
management and accommodation. The repercussions are felt by users and staff alike. It is
inevitable that these impacts are reflected in library design and building use but information
technology (IT) has not led to the demise of the library as some have predicted. Observation
suggests that libraries accrete functions and systems – they do not normally shed them.
Libraries have moved from the chained book and manuscript to the provision of closed access
shelving, to open access and to on-line information via the Internet. The printed book and
library as we know it have survived through all these transitions. The mixed mode of
information supply .For staff use, public use in the main area, as well as any requirements in
meeting room areas. A public access catalogue used from a seated position requires 4 sq. m
Figure 19: Key relationships in the library Figure 20: Main factors affecting the generation of
virtual libraries
i.) IT and space
IT has not only changed the way we use libraries, it has also led to more fluid space use (less
walls) and less demarcation between librarians, support staff and information managers. To
some extent, users become their own subject librarians as they search through electronic
catalogues and download information. Libraries are essentially a balance of space and
structure, yet both are made redundant to a greater or lesser degree by the IT revolution. As
digital technology becomes more universal, it could be argued that space should become more
specific. In a placeless world of electronic data, the real world of place takes on greater
meaning. This paradox allows new library buildings to take on a character which transcends
the immediate needs of technology.
ii.) Computer area:
35
new libraries contain large areas devoted to the space and technology needs of IT provision.
This may account for 40–50% of the floor area of a typical public library. Space that is secure
and supported by local networks which extend to other parts of the library or outreach beyond
the building. Practice varies between types of library but all libraries now contain extensive IT
facilities which, ideally at least, are integrated with paperbased collections.
Figure 21: IT area at Sydney Jones Library, Figure 22: User-friendly IT equipment integrated into
University of Liverpool, designed by Shepheard furniture designs by Folio. (Folio)
Epstein Hunter. (Brian Edwards
2.4.3.User seating space/ Reading space:

i) Space standard:
Reader seating requirements should be determined for at least 20 years ahead. Two principal
sources of information which library building planners will find equally useful for this purpose
are first, a careful analysis of purely local needs, and second, existing, time- proven formulas
applied as a basic guide. The most important factor in determining reader space needs is of
course the reading potential of the people who will use the library. A conveniently located,
attractive library will stimulate dramatically increased library use. Serious errors can result
when estimates are based on use of the old, existing library. As noted earlier an additional
problem that must be carefully evaluated is providing an adequate number of seats for use by
readers during peak periods. Plan for 5 seats per 1000users. Table seating requires 2.5 m2 per
reader, a study carrel, and lounge chairs 3–4 m2. A useful average is 3 m2 per seated reader.
Figure 23: Different readind space
36
Figure 24: Minimum spacing between tables
The following reader seating schedule based on a library’s design population is recommended for use
with this space planning outline. [7]
Table 2: Seat par population in reading area
[8] [9]
Figure 25:Space required in reading space
37
2.4.4. Staff workspace:
Space requirements for the staff must also be stated in the program. These estimates will be
conditioned by
(1) anticipated growth for a 20-year period and
(2) the nature and extent of the library's service program.
The American Library Association recommends that space for staff be calculated on the basis
of "one staff member (full-time or equivalent) for each 2,500 people in the service area."' It is
a minimum standard that includes pages but not maintenance personnel. Although suitable for
application to most situations, it must not be regarded as inflexible. As an example, a library
that is not affiliated with a system will probably require a somewhat larger staff than libraries
that have joined together in cooperative arrangements, such as centralized technical processing
centres. Staff work space including areas in the public part of the library and separate work
room facilities.
Including areas in the public part of the library and separate workroom facilities. 15 sq. m per
staff work area (e.g. issue counter, help desk) is a good planning guide.
Function allocated to staff area:

With a growing trend towards part time and casual workers, the flexibility of work areas should
not be overlooked.The functions considered to be allocated to staff areas include:
 collection management tasks (although many libraries are outsourcing much of

collection processing)
 service and program development
 administration
Other areas include:
 storage: general collection, special collection, large items

 space for volunteers to work
 staff amenities, kitchen/lunchroom, showers, lockers
 equipment hub: copiers, scanners, printers
 additional IT area and IT department.
38
Staff area and design :
i.)Working spaces
 number of staff and part time staff – permanent workstations, hot desks, flexible desk
arrangements and enclosed offices
 hybrid work policies with staff working remotely and in the office. This includes a
requirement for video conferencing facilities to connect remote and onsite staff, as well
as staff with external stakeholders
 tasks to be undertaken including preparation, repair, scanning/copying.
 the location of work surfaces and storage/other equipment that is required nearby.
ii.) Floor plan and office space:

It is normal practice to provide open plan work areas for library staff, other than managers,
which promote collaborative work practices and exchange. In these environments, the design
of workstations and library partitions should accommodate both individual tasks and
conversation. Partitions which are too high will reduce natural daylight and constrain the sense
of space. Fully open plan offices, without partitions, are popular but the staff need to embrace
a more active work environment and the space will normally require acoustic treatment to
reduce noise intrusion.
A rule of thumb for areas:
 manager’s office: 12 to 20 m²
 team leaders and area managers: 10 to 14 m²
 shared office: 8 to 10 m²
 administrative staff: 8 to 12 m²
Table 3: Indian Standard 1553-1976prescribes the following sizes of various rooms required for this staff of the
 open plan workstations: 8 m
library
39
2.4.5. Meeting space:
Including conference space, a lecture theatre or a room for children’s activities. When
calculating seat space, the square footage for lecture-style chairs would be the total number of
chairs multiplied by 10. For conference-style seating the figure would be multiplied by 25.
Seating for children’s activities would require 1.5 sq. m per child. Space would also need to be
allocated to other functions like cafes, with storage space for equipment.
i.Auditorium:
An auditorium is a room constructed to allow a target audience to hear and watch performance.
Auditorium can be discovered in enjoyment venues, community halls, and theaters, and many
additionally be used for rehearsal, performing, presentation, art production, or as a learning.
 The auditorium hall provides secure hall for seating and screen allowing adequate space
in the form of gangways, seating and crossover for circulation. Shape and size: It is one
of the important factors for the auditorium, shape can correct the defects of sound i.e.,
echoes, reverberation etc. Fan shape is the most preferable shape in terms of both view
and audibility. Angle should be less than 100 degrees. The maximum distance between
the curtain and the last seat row should not exceed 23 m. The size of the hall can be
calculated by the number of audiences, the space requirement for each audience is 0.6-
0.9 sq.m/ audience and 4-5 cu.m / person. Volume should be large enough to spread
music and considering ventilation. The basic form of seating is as follows:
 audience arranged in one direction only
 Open thrust shape: audience arranged in three directions
 Arena shape: audience arranged in four directions
Figure 26: Basic form of seating
40
Classification of hall according to number of seats accommodated:
 Very large = 1500 or more seats

 Large = 900 – 1500 seats
 Medium = 500 – 900 seats
 Small = less than 500 seats
Floor slope and seating:

In the design of floor slope and upper-level stepping for cinema seating, it is necessary to make
the physical dimension of the seated pattern and standard for the vision of the screen image.
Most important is the elimination of objectionable screen obstruction caused by persons seated
in front of the viewer. The slope of the main floor seating could also be increased for one row
vision. One row vision provides unobstructed vision over the heads of persons in the row
immediately ahead.
Figure 27: Floor slope and seating
41
Figure 28: Rectangular lecture theatre with 200 seats Figure 29: Rectangular lecture theatre with 400 seats
Design consideration:
 The maximum travel distance from seat to exit within the auditorium is determined by
the need to evacuated from each level of auditorium with two an half minutes.
 Regulation required a minimum of six places for wheelchair user, or 1/100th of the
audience capacity.
 From each level of the auditorium two separate exist must be provide for the first 500
seats with an additional exit for each further 250 seats.
 Staircase flight should have at least two risers and not more than 12 risers.
 Wheelchair users should be provided with flat or ramped escape routes which may be
separate from other routes. Ramp should not be longer then 4.5m or stepper than 8.5%
 A common condition is a minimum air supply per occupant of 8 litters per second, 75%
of outside air and 25% recirculated.
Figure 30: Proportions of the traditionla auditorium
42
ii. Multipurpose/ conference hall:
Catering to a large range of students who can be both old and young. Classroom of a learning
centre need to be adaptable. Using sound proof partition help divide up the spaces. Change in
layout has a correlation to the size of the classroom and the level of intimacy and thereby
understanding. It is thus crucial to have flexible furniture arrangements in order to create lively,
dynamic classroom.
Figure 31: folding panels for room partition
43
iii.) EXHIBITION AREA:
Easily accessible from the main entrance, but with a distinct identity and with suitable security,
an area for exhibitions is desirable. Exhibition space is where the new books, monthly
newspaper, periodicals etc. are exhibited for advertisement purpose. The sales point is also
planned near the exhibition area.
Figure 32: functional scheme of exhibition area
44
Lighting: There should be no direct daylight falling on museum objects as this could cause
damage. Therefore, display rooms should be provided with flexible lighting systems: no
permanently built-in lights, no fixed wall and ceiling lights.
Guidelines for lighting:
 Very sensitive display: 50-80 lx

 objects Sensitive display objects: 100-150 lx
 Less sensitive display objects: 150-300 lx
 UV radiation must not be exceeding 25 W/m2 It must be possible to completely darken
all display rooms. In public rooms where no items are displayed, e.g. entrance area,
cafe, library, a greater amount of daylight is desirable
Figure 33: lighting schemes in display rooms
45
iv.) Art gallery:
An art gallery is a room or a building in which visual art is displayed. Art Gallery believes that
culture is an important component of development. It aims to co-ordinate special events that
bring together artists, writers, poets and musicians. The Gallery focuses on myriad areas such
as socio-cultural and political issues as it believes that art can play a significant role in shaping
national and international perceptions.
Display pattern in art gallery:
Figure 34: Different Display pattern in art gallery
The size and height of the display and store rooms depend on the dimensions of the works
and the extent of the collection, but the minimum height is 4 m clear.
 A male adult who use a wheelchair has an average eye level of between 1.09m and
1.29m above the finished floor.
 Objects placed above 1.0m will be seen only from below by most seated and short
views.
 Floor should be darker than walls with a reflecting capacity less than 30%.
46
Lighting:
Figure 35: Lighting in art gallery
Spotlights, floodlights and wall washers are flexible and efficient lighting tools for the effective
presentation of art.
Vertical lighting:
Vertical lighting determines the spatial perception of people to 80% – and therefore influences
our sensitivity to brightness much more strongly than light on horizontal planes. Wallwashing
is therefore not only important in the exhibition areas. Vertical lighting also influences
experiencing architecture and also supports visitor orientation in foyers, museum shops and
cafeterias
Figure 36: Angle of vertical lighting

Figure 37: Direct lighting
47
v.) Children area:
The early school years are filled with new adventures. Many 5-year-olds are transitioning
from days of play to school routines. Seven- to 8-year-olds are becoming more independent
and developing personal interests. Overall, school-aged children are learning to be social and
to understand the differences between right and wrong and winning and losing. This age
group is also learning to read, write and become problem solvers. Library service to young
school-aged children means creating library spaces and programs that address their needs and
engage their developing and curious minds.
Figure 38 Children space in library
There should be a sequence of information books for all ages and sections for:
 pre-school (there should be ‘kinder boxes’, shelves with picture books, novelty
cushions, child chairs
 early school years (easy-reader books, with appropriate shelves and browser units) m
primary school years (stories, with appropriate shelves and browser units)
 young teenage (novels, with appropriate shelves and browser units). Spoken-word
cassettes and other media should also be available.
In addition, provide ten study places, eight browsing seats and an enquiry desk for two staff.
An area for teenage group is desirable (fiction and non-fiction) and should be located between
the children’s library and main lending library (literature and humanities sections). Children’s
activity room: (min. 50 m. Sq.) A room for up to 24 children may be required for a variety of
activities.
48
vi.) Cafeteria:
A type of restaurant in which customers serve themselves from a count a pay before eating.
Either indoor or outer door. For 50 customers maximum, providing drinks, snacks and light
meals. Cafeteria contains spaces such as coffee vending machine and seating space arranging
table with 2 person and for person configuration.
Components of a cafeteria.
 Dining area
 Service area
 Production
 Storage area ( dry and refrigerator)
 Cleaning room
 Bathroom
a.) Fast Food Outlets:

The heavy traffic of people resulting from fast turnover demands larger sales areas to ensure
smooth operation. Tables and chairs are kept as small as possible and tightly grouped.
Figure 39 Seating space in fast-food court
49
vii.) Restaurants:
Restaurant also forms an important part of tourism industry. It is the place where people sit to
eat meals that are cooked and served on the premises. Restaurants can also sometimes be a
feature of a larger complex, where the dining amenities are provided for the convenience of the
visitors and also helps to maximize the potential revenue.
a.) Relationship of main elements:
 The layout and relationship between different areas is dependent on the type of facility.
 Customer circulation should be planned so that there cannot be any confusion with
service access and there should be an acoustic lobby between service doors connecting
the restaurant and kitchen.
 The kitchen and preparation areas will equal about 50% of the dining space and
ancillary and storage will be about 1.5-2 times the kitchen area.
Figure 40: Functional scheme of a small restaurant
a) Dining area:
Restaurants should be planned so that a variety of seating arrangements is possible (e.g.
tables for two and four, which can be placed together to give six, eight and ten places).
 Area required per person: 1.3-1.9 sq. m.

 Dining area: 60% of total area.
 Area per seat in dining hall: 1 sq. m. to 1.3 sq. m.
 To eat comfortably, one person requires a 600 mm wide and 400 mm deep table.
50
 At least 5%, but not less than one of the seating spaces in each functional area should
meet disable access requirements which are as follows:
 Minimum 960 mm x 1220 mm clear floor space should be provided.
 Knee space at tables should be at least 680 mm high, 760 mm wide and 480 mm
deep.
 Height of tables should be in between 710 mm
 860 mm from the floor or ground. –
 Access to accessible seating space(s) should be provided by main aisles a minimum of
915mm in width.(Riverside, 2004)
Figure 41: Different dinning table
Figure 42: Table sizes In a restaurant: with predominantly plate service the table depth
51
b.) Kitchen area:
Kitchen requirements vary depending on preparation methods used. The capacity of the kitchen
is primarily dependent on the number of customer seats, customer expectations and the
proportion of raw materials which have to be freshly prepared. Space requirements:
 Net kitchen area: 1/6th of dining area (15-20%).

 Kitchen area per seat: 0.4-0.6 sq. m.
 Preparation benches should be 600-750 mm deep and 900 mm high and can have
shelves above, at 1.5-1.8 m height.
 Other storage space such as crockery, cutlery, glass and silverware require 0.14-0.2 sq.
m. per person.
 About 10-15% of the kitchen area should be reserved for offices and staff rooms and
kitchen staff must be provided with changing room (0.6 sq. m per person), a washroom
and toilets (0.4 sq. m.
Figure 43: Bubble diagrame of kitchen
Figure 44: Resturant layout
52
2.4.6 Non-assignable space :
Including toilets, stairs, lifts, corridors and space required for heating or other systems on which
the library depends. In general, non-assignable space accounts for between 20% and 25% of
the gross floor area of a typical library.
i.) Lavatories:
A room with conveniences for washing and usually with one or more toilets.
Restroom :
Restrooms fall into two major categories: private bathrooms like those found in residences and
public restrooms. The layout of a restroom will be largely determined by which of those two
categories it falls into, since there are a number of specific regulations and standards, such as
ADA accessibility requirements, that must be abided by when designing a public restroom. If
the restroom is for a private residence, there are still a number of codes to follow, though a
designer will have much more freedom. The two key fixtures that are universal to all restrooms
are toilets and sinks . Beyond these, restrooms may also include urinals mirrors, and storage
accommodations such as bathroom cabinetry.
Figure 45: Restroom layout
Source :
https://www.dimensions.com/collection/restroom-layouts
53
Requirement of toilet unit in restaurant space.
Table 4 Requirement of toilet unit in restaurant space:
S.N Sanitary male female

appliances
1. wc 1 per 100 up to 400 males. per 50 up to 200 females. For
For over 400 males, add at over 200, add at the rate of 1
the rate of l per 250 males. per 100 females.
2. Urinals 1 per 50 males --
3. Wash basins 1 per WC and in addition 1 1 per WC

per 5 urinals.
4. Toilet for 1 unisex compartment
should be reasonably close
disabled
by.
Figure 46: Wc with dimension
Accessible toilets:
Accessible toilets are toilets that have been specially designed to better accommodate people
with physical disabilities. Persons with reduced mobility find them useful, as do those with
weak legs, as a higher toilet bowl makes it easier for them to stand up. Additional measures
that can be taken to add accessibility to a toilet include providing more space, adding grab
bars to ease transfer to and from the toilet seat, and providing extra room for a caregiver if
necessary. Some countries have requirements concerning the accessibility of public
toilets. Toilets in private homes can be modified to increase accessibility.
54
Figure 47: Accessible toilets layout
ii.) Parking:
Parking facility should become an important consideration in design of any building complex.
Transportation medium may vary from bicycle, motorcycle, car, van, bus, etc. Parking becomes
a major difficulty and problem if it is not built correctly and adequately. Vehicle size, turning
radius, guidance signs, and other factors all play a role in parking design and planning. Parking
spaces may be parallel, perpendicular, or angled (30, 45,60 degree) to the driving lane or aisle.
a.) Vehicular dimension:

Dimensions, turning circles and weights of typical vehicles regarding space requirements and
regulations for garages, parking spaces, and access and exit driveways.
Figure 48: Car Dimension
55
Figure 49 : Bike Dimension
Figure 50: Van Dimension

b.) Turning radius:
The type, size and design of a place where vehicles can turn depend on the particular use of an
area, the vehicles and the urban planning function. It is difficult to make generally valid
reconditions for the selection of the correct turning place. The requirements of the fire services
and refuse disposal trucks have to be considered in turning place decisions. Some authorities
responsible for waste disposal decline to reprove rubbish from dead-end streets where refuse
disposal trucks can only perform a three-point turn or have to drive backwards for considerable
distances.
Figure 51: Turning Radius
56
c.) Parking layout:
Parking layouts can be designed according to necessity and space available.
• 0 degree or parallel parking to road - entry and exit to parking area are difficult, suitable to
narrow streets. (One-way traffic).
• 30-degree parking - easy entry and exit and used where large parking spaces can be provided,
one-way traffic.
• 45-degree parking - good entry and exit, normal type of layout and small space used, one-
way traffic. • 60-degree parking - often used, good entry and exit can be achieved, less area.
• 90-degree parking - sharp turn needed and used for compact planning, one- or twoway
traffic.(Neufert & Neufert, 2000)
• The public entrance and the movement of staffs and goods should be segregated. • Car parking
spaces for disabled should be more than 3.50 m wide.
• Turning radius of a car for 90 degree turn is 3.5m inner radius with the width of 2.5m width
for single vehicle.
• Turning circle for largest vehicle is an outer turning circle radius of 12 m.
• Criteria for quality of multi-story car parks are safety, clear visibility, and parking space
marking to enable drivers to remember location of their vehicles. Other factors to be considered
are natural lighting, ventilation, clear view to outside etc..Ramp gradient should be 6% to 15%
i.e. 1:16.67 to 1:6.67..
Figure 52: Parking layout
57
d.) Parking requirements:
Table 5 : Parking requirements for car & bike
58
e.) Ramps :
There are various ramp systems for gaining access to upper and lower floors of carparks. The
gradients of the ramps should not exceed 15%, or in the case of small garages 20%. A
horizontal run of more than 5m must be included between an area carrying general traffic and
ramps with more than 5% gradient. For car ramps the run must be more than 3 m long, with
ramps that can be up to 10% gradient. The options available for the arrangement and design of
ramps can be summarized under four main headings.(Neufert & Neufert, 2000) In large garages
where special pedestrian routes are not provided, the ramps that are used by both vehicles and
pedestrians must have a raised pavement at least 80cm wide.
 maximum slope allowed in the international standards is 6.67% i.e. 1: 6.

 Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4m in height from the floor to the
underside of the roof slab or ceiling.
 The access to the basement shall be separate from the main and alternative staircase
providing access and exit from higher floors.
 Signs and barriers can be provided for proper parking and to avoid clashes. • Stop rails
or buffers can be provided.
Figure 53 : Change of gradient in ramp
59
iii.) Lifts:
Lifts indicates appliance designed to transport persons or material in a vertical direction.
 If lifts are provided, at least one of the lifts within the buildings under category 2 and 3
of ‘Disabled Accessibility’ shall be accessible to the people on the wheel chairs. It may
be noted however that provision of lifts for buildings under category 2 is not mandatory
while in case of category 3, ramps may substitute for lifts.
 Minimum width of the Category 3 disabled accessible lift car shall be 1200mm X
1400mm while it shall have minimum clear opening of 800mm.
 All lifts shall be accessible without disturbance from the parking and main approach of
the building to the wheel chair bound people.
Figure 54: Lift car sizes

Source :NBC206 :2015
2.5.Relations between spaces:

Public libraries consist of various spaces that are carefully designed to meet the needs of their
patrons. The entrance and lobby area serves as a transitional space between the outside world
and the library's interior, providing information desks, self-checkout machines, and displays of
new books or library events. The circulation area is located near the entrance and is where
patrons check out and return library materials, pay fines, and receive assistance from library
staff. Reading and study areas are usually located away from high-traffic areas and may include
individual carrels, tables, chairs, and study rooms. Children's areas are designed to be
welcoming and include play areas, activity stations, and seating for parents or caregivers.
Similarly, teen areas include comfortable seating, group study areas, and gaming or media
stations. Meeting and event spaces, such as conference rooms, auditoriums, and community
rooms, are available for public use and may be reserved in advance. Technology spaces,
60
including computers, printers, and scanners, are often available throughout the library, and
some libraries may have special collections and archives that contain unique or rare materials.
Overall, the various spaces in a public library work together to create a welcoming and
productive environment for learning, reading, and community engagement.
It is not enough to simply know how much space is needed; it is equally important to determine
which element is to be placed where-and why. Toward this end, service and space relationships
can be most readily clarified by analysing all of the activities that take place in the library. This
analysis of both public and staff use can be facilitated through preparation of work flow studies.
The central objective for the library planner is to arrange the several elements in a manner
which will assure maximum flexibility. Reduced expenses for supervision, personnel, and
construction are among the benefits derived from an "open," flexible building. More
specifically, flexibility implies successful, long-time use of the building. The same area may
be used for one or more purposes at different times. The amount of space allocated for a certain
use may be shrunk or expanded without structural changes. Furniture and equipment are not
fixed and may be relocated. Ideally, all public services should be located on the main floor of
a library in the interests of user convenience, economy, and simplification of operation. Where
this is impossible, as in the case of libraries in large cities, every effort Figure 90 Change of
gradient in ramp source 11 Ernst and Peter Neufert Architects’ Data, Third Edition, pg 441 &
442) should be made to visualize the vertical movement of persons and materials. Under any
circumstances, a careful study of the flow of traffic and material is basic to the development of
successful service and space relationships. Members of the planning team will find it useful to
visualize the traffic flow of library users according to age and purpose of their visit to the
library from the point of entrance into the building to the time of departure. Another test that
will help to clarify space relationships is to trace a book from the placement of its order to the
time it is placed on the public shelves and the cards are filed in the card catalogue.
2.6.Landscape in Library:
Landscape literally means a picture of nature that can be seen from a distance. In fact, landscape
is a part of nature where we settle in and can be perceived due to our senses and this direct
relation largely affects quality of our lives. Although the concept of landscape is different for
people, human has understood that nature comprises of dependent elements that represents the
fundamental aspects of being. Landscape has an important role in making relationship between
nature and both human and human communities and also has a significant role in deepening
this relation. In addition, the three-dimensional and environmental field of landscape design
61
requires the designer to produce beautiful, practically useful, and well-functioning end
products.
Figure 55: A conceptual model of integrating landscape with

library spaces to increase learning and efficiency.
In landscape ecology, the landscape component is divided into three elements; structure,
function, and variation . From another point of view, elements comprising landscape can be
classified into two categories of
a.) Hard elements (such as tiling and furniture).
Buddha’s life is directly related with trees. He was born under the Sal tree, he meditated under
the Pipal tree, he got enlightenment under the tree, first preached under the tree and the
Mahaparinirvana took place under the tree. In ancient text he slept under the Neem tree during
when he was ill. And the local fruits of this region include mango, lichi, papaya, banana etc.
Buddha used to say that the tree offers shade and shelter even to the wood cutter. Many animals
and birds are related with Buddha life.
 Saraca ashoka Ashoka tree

 Mangifera indica Mango Tree
 Gossypium arboreum Cotton (Kapas
b.) Soft elements (that can be a determining element in making space identity such as trees
and other vegetation).
62
i.) Plantation:
Flower Bed
Ornamental Flowers to be planted as the border of trails, in patches of circle, squares and other
designs as prescribed. The height of these plants should vary from 1 foot to 2 feet. Most of the
flower listed is used for the religious purpose. Yellow coloured flower should get priority in
this garden as it is related to Buddhist religion. The list of flower could be exhaustive as there
is a developed floriculture practice in Nepal. Plants could be chosen in relation to their
flowering season (seasonal flowering variation should take place to give a vibrant look of the
garden, according to their colour.
Ornamental Flowers
 Antirhimum majus (Bhyaguto phul)

 Aster
 Calendula Sunflower, (Asharfi phool)
 Matricharia chamomilea Chamomile
 Chrysanthemum (Godawari Phool)
 Narcissus Daffodil
 Jasminum Jasmine
 Tagatus Marigold
 Narcissus
 Rosa spp. Roses of different varieties
Herbs
Herbs should be planted in the patches of between the flower bed and lawn. The fragrance of
Holy Mint, sage is a repellent for mosquito and other insects.
 Lavendula
 Thunbergia fragrans
 Occimum santum Holy Mint
Shrubs and hedges
Shrubs and hedges should be planted in distance to provide screen and flowers or fruits. This
should attract birds and butterflies and add beauty to the garden.
63
Climbers Climbers
That flowers in different time of the year should be planted adjoining the fences and other
structure that could support it. Iis a good values to camouflage unwanted structure such as the
concrete poles. Bougainvilliea, Lonicera (juhi phool), , Cane, Jasmine
2.7 Environmental considerations:

i.) Daylight:
Daylighting design has recently taken on a new importance, beyond these esthetic and
psychological aspects, with the advent of energy shortages and sustainability concerns. The
alternative to daylighting, the use of electric power for library lighting, contributes to the strain
on California’s electric generation capacity as well as the inefficient use of nonrenewable
energy resources. Furthermore, the cost of lighting a library has become a major burden to
communities and will continue to increase in the future. Daylight, which is free, provides the
opportunity to greatly reduce these negative impacts created by the overdependence on electric
lighting sources.
Effective use of daylight in library design is both an art and a science. The intent of this article
is to present the technical principles of daylighting design as a guide to library clients involved
in a building design project, with some illustrations that suggest the esthetic possibilities within
that framework.
Figure 56: Relative Efficacy of Light Sources (Ratio of Number of

Lumens of Light Energy per Watt of Power or Rate of Heat Energy
Supplied).
64
Daylighting design begins with an understanding of the physical characteristics of daylight.
Controlling it and tailoring it for use in a library requires some knowledge of this energy media
that is entering the building.
Table 6: Recommended Illuminance for different space in library
Book stacks must be lit evenly across the stack face so that titles and call numbers can be easily
found and read. The lighting level should be a minimum of 6 foot-candles measured vertically
on the face of the book spine at a height of 12 inches above the floor, and a maximum of 35
foot-candles at any height, so that no more than a 6:1 ratio results across the entire vertical face
of the book stack. Daylight should be introduced above and behind the patron so that book
titles are illuminated without glare. See Figure 4 for a diagram and Figure 18 for an example
in a built project.
65
Figure 57: Ideal vertical foot-candle distribution at book Figure 58: Recommended relative
stacks. brightness of surfaces within the field of
view for good visual comfort
If the brightness of the reading task is taken as 100%, then the brightness of the immediate
surround should be 30% of that level, and the brightness of the general surround should be 10%
of that level.
Design for the Daylight Component:
As noted in the previous sections, the efficacy and heat content of daylight require careful
control of the daylight aperture size, wherever it is located. The three fundamental design issues
in daylight design are: • Sun control, to mitigate any increase in the cooling load and to control
direct glare.
 Glare control, to create and maintain comfortable brightness distribution, including no

direct views of the bright sky in the normal direction of view.
 Variation control, to avoid any user perception of insufficient local light levels.
Figure 59: The sun-protected roof monitor is a basic design

component of roof design for daylighting.
66
Skylights can be successful daylighting roof apertures provided the direct sun is prevented from
coming within view by washing down walls or striking floor or table surfaces. In addition,
because of the heat content of direct sunlight, the skylights should be relatively small in area
and should be accompanied by large adjacent diffusing surfaces. A simple configuration of a
skylight roof aperture that works well to meet these conditions is shown in Figure
Figure 60: A skylight with deep adjacent diffusing
A solid horizontal overhang will create full shade from direct sunlight, but the overhang can
also be designed with enough depth of structure so that openings can be introduced in the
otherwise solid element. The more open sunshade can still provide full shade at the window
for the angles of incident light, while reflected daylight can pass through the openings to
provide higher levels of light at the window face.
Figure 61: Horizontal sunshade for the south elevation

of a library
67
Sun control at north-facing windows should not be ignored in hot climates since late afternoon
summer sun will penetrate the north-side spaces from May through July. Simple fixed vertical
elements are adequate to control this type of direct glare. Many interesting architectural
solutions are possible for this condition,
Figure 62: Exterior sunshade for a north-

facing glass wall
East- and west-facing windows are more difficult to shade since the sun is low in the sky in the
mornings and afternoons, and the angle of incident sunlight is almost perpendicular to the glass.
For these windows, some kind of vertical device or operable shutter is generally needed.
Figure 63: Vertical sunshade for the east or

west elevation of a library
68
Daylight Controls and Integration with Electric
ii.) Lighting Artificial lighting:

This integration is achieved by wiring the electric light fixtures separately near daylight
apertures and using the light control system to reduce the use of electric fixtures in these
areas when they are not needed or only partially required.
Figure 64: Image of artificial lighting
Approaches to Stack Lighting
 “Parallel” scheme, where rows of linear fixtures are located directly above the stack
aisles
 “Perpendicular” scheme, where rows of fixtures run perpendicular to the stacks and
stack aisles
 “Indirect” scheme, where lighting is aimed upward rather than downward, and is
bounced off the ceiling.
The resulting light is diffuse and non-directional. Therefore, the light fixtures can be arranged
in almost any uniform geometry above the stacks.
69
a.) Parallel Scheme:
The parallel scheme uses a single row of one-lamp linear fluorescent fixtures centered above
each aisle. The fixtures can be recessed in the ceiling, suspended below the ceiling, or attached
to the stacks. Ceilings are often made of acoustic tiles that are installed on a 2'-0" module, but
stacks are installed on various spacing from 5'-0" to 6'-0" on-center.
Figure 65: Stack lighting runs parallel to the

stacks at the San Francisco Main Library
b.) Perpendicular Scheme

The perpendicular scheme uses rows of two-lamp linear fluorescent fixtures running at right
angles to the stacks on spacing from 7'-0" to 9'-0" on-center. Because the lights do not need to
be centered above the aisles, this scheme can easily be coordinated with the ceiling grid, and it
works especially well above compact shelving where there are no fixed aisles. Although this
scheme may be counter-intuitive to some people, it actually works quite well as long as there
are no dark areas at the top shelf. The perpendicular scheme uses fewer fixtures than the parallel
scheme so it may be the lowest-cost solution, but because each fixture has two lamps it may
not have the lowest energy use.
70
c.) Indirect Scheme
The indirect scheme uses up lights on top of the stacks or suspended from the ceiling. All of
the light is reflected off the ceiling, so the illumination on the stacks is very soft, and the entire
range of stacks appears to have a pleasant glow. If the ceiling is white and enough light reaches
the bottom shelf, this scheme can work well. The energy use can be higher than either the
parallel or perpendicular schemes, which could make it difficult to comply with the California
energy regulations.
Figure 66: Indirect lighting concealed on top of the stacks is

used in a small library at University High School in San
Francisco.
d.) Hybrid Schemes:

The perpendicular and indirect schemes are sometimes combined, with rows of direct-indirect
fixtures suspended perpendicular to the stacks. When the ceiling is higher than approx. 10'-
0", this hybrid scheme can be a very successful solution that provides good lighting on stacks
at moderate cost and with reasonable energy use.
Figure 67: Direct-indirect lighting runs

perpendicular to the stacks at the Albany Public
Library
71
2.7.1 Technology research:
Structural system: Waffle slab:

System: waffle slab
Slabs required supports which is given in the form of columns so that the load coming on the
slab can be transmitted through it at the foundation. But sometimes the columns act as an
obstruction where longer space is required. In the Construction of auditorium, Large seminar
halls and Airports required slabs with the longer spans. Conventional slabs cannot be
constructed for the longer spans. Waffle slabs are the best option which is used when the
structures are required with the longer spans. Waffle slab is also known as the Ribbed slab.
Figure 68: Different types of Slab
Figure 69: holodeck waffle system-allows for integration of services within the slab without
compromising the structural strength
72
Figure 70: Concrete floor systems Two-way waffle slab
2.7.2 Water conservation:

Water collection and reuse: collecting and storing the rain water and re-using and cleaning
the water used within the building, can help reduce the water demand of the site.
 Potential water harvested calculation: total site area: 14500 sqm

 Annual rainfall: 257mm
 Run off coefficient:
 Roof = 0.9
 Paved =0.8
 Estimated roof area= 5000 sqm
 Estimated paved area= 4250 sqm
 Total water harvested on roof = 5000*0.9 = 4500,000 l per annum.
 Total water harvested on paved area= 4250*0.8 = 3400,000 l per annum
 Total water harvested= 7900,000 l per annum
 Total water harvested= 7900,000 l per annum
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Rainwater Harvesting:
Rainwater harvesting is a process of collecting and storing rainwater that falls on a catchment
(typically a roof, although almost any external surface could be suitable ) use.
Figure 71 Method &Uses of Rainwater Harvesting
Figure 72: rainwater harvesting diagram
74
CHAPTER 3 : CASE STUDY
Due to nature of project being a public centric hub, a variety of programmes are needed to be
envisioned as part of the complex. Hence, a number of case study need to be identified in order
to understand the working of these spaces individually and in relation to each other’s. Hence a
common set of parameters has been identified for their study:
 Reasons of selection
 Parameters of study • Project fact file (general information)
 Site plan and context • Building plan
 Public and street interaction
 Spaces and its organization
 Movement/ user experience:
 Architectural expression
 Materiality
 Façade design
 Structural design
 Sustainability features
 Building technologies and services
3.1. National case studies

3.1.1Nepal japan children’s library
A. Selection criteria
 The case study of The Nepal Japan children’s library was carried out to study about:
Various space in children’s library and their interrelations
 To study the architectural expression and design ideas in library
 To study the necessary accommodation and environment in children’s library
B. Introduction:
The library is functioning as a project of Osaka international club of Nepal. Nepali volunteer
runs the library and the Kathmandu municipality provides Rs. 1 lakh annually to run the
library.
75
Figure 73: Nepal Japan Children Library
Initially the library was found with the objective of introducing the Japanese culture to the
Nepali society through various demonstration program like ikebana (flower arrangement),
origami (paper cutting), Nihon No Ryori (Japanese cuisine) etc.
C. General information
 Year of establishment: may 2001 A.D.
 Location: lainchaur, Kathmandu
 Architect: Nipuna Shrestha
 Total site area: 1 ropani 1 aana 1 paisa 1 daam
 Build up: 370 sq. m. • No. of visitors: 30/day, 80-100 on holidays
 Max height/floors: three storeys
 Orientation: north east
 Topography: flat land
 No. of staff: 3 full time, 8 part time •
 Cooperation received from: Rana Bahadur Shah
 Material used: brick, wood, steel, glass and concrete
 User group: children of 4-14 years old
76
D. Site plan and context
i) Access: the library building is approached through 5m wide road. Main entrance of the library
building is from east side.
ii) Zoning: the library is at the centre of the Kathmandu metro city adjacent to the Japanese
embassy. The building covers the whole site. The spaces for children from 4-8 years are placed
to the lower level of the building and upper floor have spaces for teenagers.
iii)Planning: the building is planned as radial pattern with circular staircase in the centre and
two flanks are linked to the circular volume. The planning is done according to the noise level.
The meeting hall and play area is at ground floor and the IT room and reading area is on the
upper floor.
E. Spaces and its organizations:

The library has several spaces related to the children learning and engaging to the socializing
activities. Which are listed below.
i) Ground floor:
a) Entrance: the entrance of the building is facing east side with circular column at the porch.
There is no accessible ramp for differently abled children.
b) Lobby and reception desk: Following the entrance lobby is there with the reception desk and
large south facing window and circular staircase at the background.
c) Junior section: It is the library and play area for the children below 8 years. The learning
and reading activities made fun here with the furniture and tools. The space is well lit with
large windows and curtains are installed to control the daylight. Parquetting is done on the floor
and half way to the wall. The furniture is made up of wood with round corners and smooth
finish. anthropometric scales and child friendliness are put to the core idea while designing the
furniture. Rugs are used for thermal comfort and noise absorption
Figure 74: Junior section
77
d) Multipurpose hall:
At the left side of the lobby a large hall which is used for origami, storytelling, painting,
science experiments and film shows. It is also there to serve as meeting space and also as play
area for the small children of 4 years. The hall is sometimes used as seminar hall when donor,
VIPs and officials visits the library. Rugs and carpets are used on floor for warmth, safety and
noise absorption.
Figure 75: Multipurpose room
e) Staircase:
Staircase is designed as circular staircase with good daylight feature. The wall of the staircase
is decorated with the paintings done by children and souvenir posters and photos. There is also
the art of origami. The balustrades and railing are easily accessible to the small children also.
The riser of the stair is 4 inches and whole staircase is covered with soft carpet which helps to
reduce the severity of the injury during any accident.
Figure 76:Staircase image
78
f) Toilet:
Toilet is facilitated with 2 urinal and one water closet. The access to the toilet is indirect and
the basin and urinals are provided at the low height and miniaturized, easy to use for the
children. There is no separate toilet for the adults and the staffs.
g) Kitchen:
It provides service to the staff. There is no provision of eating for the visitors.
ii) First floor:

a) Secondary section:
It consists of books cassettes and CDs. The racks are free standing which results in the
flexibility in planning. Direct sunlight from the West in the main reading area is controlled by
the use of the curtains. The second floor consists of the reference section with encyclopedias
and dictionaries.
Figure 78: Book collection space Figure 77: Book circulation Space
79
b) Reading area:
Reading area is at the center of the collection space. There are table and chairs placed on round
table arrangement. Total of 30 seats are provided to study and individual reading carrels are
also there. Old manual catalogue section is there to search the books.
c) IT section:
IT section contains 10 of computers with email and internet access. This section also provides
the digital learning services and digital document access through the library’s site.
F. Services provided:
The library provides free service for children of age group of 4-14 years. Library provides
Reference book, books and periodicals service and also Educational toys/ video films.
Computer/ internet facilities are also provided. Various other recreational educational
programs etc are conducted by the library. The library is open seven days a week from 12:00
to 5:00 pm except on Wednesday.
G. Architectural expression:
The building is deigned in l-shape with the cylindrical mass is penetrated by the rectangular
blocks. The porch seems double storied. The entrance is welcoming as the building shape
converges to the entrance of the building. The building has symmetrical façade and the two
circular column and a tall window gives verticality to the building.
 Materiality: materials such as brick, iron and steel, glass, concrete and wood are used
in the building.
H. Circulation:
For circulation, 5’ wide staircase of riser 4” is used. Other circulation space is of width 2’-6’
to 4’. L. Conclusion:
Merits:
 Natural lighting and cross ventilation
 Appropriate furniture size and layout
 Zoning of the building o Use of parquet and carpet
 Open plan and low-riser staircase.
Demerits:
 No parking
 Insufficient management
 Noise from the road can cause disturbance to the user,
80
I. Inferences:
 Provision of differently abled children access
 Provision of emergency exit and parking
 Furniture expansion possibilities
 Use of miniaturized furniture for children
3.1.2.Madan puraskar library:

A. Introduction:
The Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya (MPP) is the principal archive of books, periodicals,
ephemera, including many other collections in the Nepali language. Since over five decades of
establishment, it has been continuously engaged in collection and archiving of published
materials in Nepali language. The personal literary acquisitions of a Kathmandu schoolboy
during the mid-1940s, later became the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya in 1955 A.D. As the
personal collection grew, it attracted gifts from several literary personalities, scholars and
institutions of Nepal and India. The library now holds a unique collection of monographs,
periodicals and ephemera which describes different aspects of Nepalese society, culture,
history and Nepali literature of different periods. The library collection is rich in rare materials,
which are very vulnerable for circulation. It is unique and different from usual libraries. The
collections comprises newsletters, posters, pamphlets, banners, calendars, manuscripts, reports,
manifestos, letters, sketches, photographs, negatives, film footage, speeches, press releases,
images of wall paintings, invitations, audio-records etc.
Figure 79: Madan Puraskar Library
81
The foundations of the Library were even more secure when in 1986, it was gifted land and a
building worth over NRs 10 million (about US$ 200,000) by that schoolboy, Kamal Mani Dixit
(1929 AD – 2016AD), founder Chairman of the Library. Since 2017, Kanak Mani Dixit is
Chair of the library. The library collect, preserve, catalogue, and disseminate the information
for the researchers or scholars. The cataloguing of monographs and periodicals, and
preservation of rare and endangered materials using microfilming and digitization are some of
the regular activities of the library. The library also manages two of Nepal’s most prestigious
literary prizes, the Madan Puraskar and the Jagadamba Shree.
B. Project fact files:

 Location: PatanDhoka, Lalitpur, Nepal
 Architect: Ar. Kamal Maharjan,Abari
 Architecture Style : Vernacular
 Main material used: Bamboo, Mud tiles
 Orientation : North –South ( to gain maximum north light)
 Established : 1955
 Reconstructed year: 2016
Site Planning:
 Building placed at the edge of the site
 Tress to prevent summer sun rays inside the building
 Proper flooring to maintain water table
Vertical Planning:
 Split mezzanine floor
 Connects the floor through floating
bamboo staircase
Opening :
 Large windows placed at the north
 Natural light throughout the day
 3 ft. roof overhang-sun shading
Figure 80:Front view of Building
82
C. Spaces and its organization:
83
Walls:
 Rammed Earth construction store solar radiation and slowly release it overnight
garnering interiors cools in
summer and warm in winters
 Thickness: 16 inch
 Wattle and daub used as a binding
material
Roof :
 Construction of roof using bamboo

as primary support
 Overly of another layer of bamboo
 Tiles used to cover the roof
 Roof support by external bamboo
Figure 81 : Section of the building
84
D. Inferences:
• The architect used vernacular
bamboo and earth technology to
construct the building. • The double
storey storage rack doesn’t feel
narrow due to double storey
• Good use of daylighting
• The colour and texture of wood,

bamboo and earth creates warm
environment.
85
3.1.3 Nepal National Library:
A. Reasons of selection:
Nepal national library is Nepal first public library organized by Government.
 To study the function and mechanism of library in Nepal.
A.Introduction:
Government of Nepal had established
Nepal National library in 2nd January 1957
A.D. After purchasing the personal
collection of the then king’s Deupty
Spiritual Preceptor, the late Hem Raj
Pandey. At present, Nepal National Library
has more than 150,000 books and
periodicals, including those brought in as a
result of the amalgamation of the central
Figure 82 : Nepal National Library
Secretariat Library.The collection has been
classified according to Dewey Decimal Classification. Until 1960, it functioned only as a
Reference Library and from 1961 it was opened to the general readers. The library has
published National Union Catalogue, conducted basic library management training, started
mobile library services.
B.General Information.
Location : Madyapur thimi Bhaktapur (Originally located in Hariharbawah Lalitpur, Due to
earthquake building was damage so, change the location on thimi.
Staff Member : 9
Chief Librarian of National library – Prem Raj Adhikari
Library office: Sujita Poudel, Goma Luintel
Number of books 82,000
No. Of readers: 150- 200 People / Day
Collection :
 General collection more than 8200 ,by language Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit
 Periodicals
86
 Microfilms
 Audio and visual
 Maps/Photographs
 Report and Thesis
 Dissertation/ Thesies
 Use of Dspace
 Books
 Old Gorkhapatra also can archived from here
C. Objectives :
 Setting up adequate central services, including publication of the National Unional
Catalogue, National Bibligraphy and other reference,
 Provide library services to the general public
 Collecting, organizing and preserving entire published materials within the country and
Nepal related materials from abroad
 Promoting literacy through a network of mobile libraries and the publication of Nepali
literature
 Assisting in the development of other public libraries in the country
 Developing Nepal National library as a Linguistic, cultural, political Economic, social,
literacy and Religious centre of Nation.
D.Space in Library :
 Administration
 Locker
 Reading area
 Periodical section
 Stack Area
 Wc
 Refernce area
87
Figure 83: General sketch schematic plan of library
88
Figure 84: Locker
Figure 85: Stack Area
Figure 86 Booklet & Journals
Figure 88: Staff room Figure 87 :Chief Librarian room
From entry, first booklets and journals are place than locker for 50 people.Administration
office are places near the entry than reception are allocated.
89
E.Stack area:
The stack area refers to the section of the library where books and other materials are stored
and organized for easy retrieval. It is also known as the "stacks" or "book stacks." The stack
area be divided into sections based on different subject areas, genres, or formats, such as
fiction, non-fiction, reference books, or audio-visual materials.
f\ff fff ff fff rr
Uii
Figure 89: General Stack Area
F. Reading space :
Reading room is open to all library users and provides a comfortable and quiet space for
reading, studying, and research. It has a collection of books and other materials on a variety of
subjects, including Nepali and foreign language books, journals, newspapers, and magazines.
Figure 90 :Reading space
90
3.1.4 SIDDHARTHA ART GALLERY :
The Siddhartha art gallery is one of the best art gallery in the Nepal. In terms space and
artificial light used in the building .
 Spaces and their arrangements.

 Different spatial characters of the art gallery programs
 The user experience in modern art gallery
B.Introduction:
Siddhartha Art Gallery was established by art-patron Sangeeta Thapa, and internationally
recognized artist Shashikala Tiwari, on September 27th, 1987 as a contemporary art space and
meeting point for national and international artists. The Gallery was intitally located in Pratap
Bhawan Kantipath. In 1997, the Gallery relocated to the Baber Mahal Revisited complex. The
Siddhartha Art Gallery has been active in the promotion of contemporary Nepalese art and has
strived to introduce international perspectives of art to the Kathmandu community. Siddhartha
Art Gallery believes that culture is an important component of development. It aims to co-
ordinate special events that bring together artists, writers, poets and musicians. The Gallery
focuses on myriad areas such as socio-cultural and political issues as it believes that art can
play a significant role in shaping national and international perceptions.
C. Building InformationFigure
: 91 : Siddhartha Art Gallery
91
 The gallery inside the mahal is accessed
through various souvenir shop restaurant
 The gallery is a two storied building which

has halls of area 750 sq. ft.
It displays temporary exhibits of art from all

around the world.
Lighting:
Figure 92 Sketch of interior space
 the collection ‘Bold and Beautiful’,

very vibrant, colourful and mixed media paintings, included 6 series, ‘Peacock’,
‘Garden of Eve’, ‘Butterflies’, ‘Desert Rose’, ‘Winter Rose’, and ‘Jewels’.
 Artificial lights are used to light the displayed exhibits. Focus light, spot light with
adjustable support is directly hung on the ceiling. Skylight is used to light the stair case
that connects the ground floor with the upper floor. Windows have low ceilings, but the
natural light provided is not sufficient.
Space used:
As seen, exhibits are mainly those of art that are hung on the walls. Floor space can also be
used for displaying exhibits.
Figure 93 Surrounding Environment of building
92
Figure 94 : General Floor space Information of art gallery
93
3.2 International case studies:
3.2.1 The Austin central library:
The Austin central library is one of the best libraries in terms of not only of its futuristic look
but also renounced for its functionality of the library. The case study of the Austin central
library is carried out to study about the:
• Spaces and their arrangements.
• Different spatial characters of the library programs
• The user experience in modern library
• Process of design of an iconic library building and its working mechanism
B. Introduction:
Austin Central Library is a building shaped by light and designed to respond to the context of
its place. Aspiring to be the most day-lit public library in the nation, the heart of the building
is the six-story atrium. which provides daylight for more than 80% of regularly occupied
spaces. The unique rooftop butterfly garden and reading porches, inspired by Texans' love for
the outdoors, draw visitors to connect with nature. Serving as the western portal to downtown,
the library is a technologically-rich, innovative community hub which establishes a culturally-
sensitive, major civic presence and community gathering space in the heart of downtown.
The final design is a 198,000 sq. ft. library that serves as a model for sustainable resource use
and library efficiency while promoting visceral connections to collections, history, culture, and
place. The facility is based on flexible, blended spaces including indoor collections and reading
rooms, outdoor reading porches, maker spaces, technology center, café, bookstore, 350-seat
event center, art gallery, outdoor dining, demonstration kitchen and rooftop garden. The
learning rooms for children and teenagers create designated spaces for different age groups to
enjoy a part of the library tailored for them. Integrated art works enhance this technology-
focused environment by showcasing local and national artists. The Austin Central Library is a
framework for lifelong learning that creates stronger, more resilient communities.
94
Figure 95 : Austin Public Library
C. Project fact file (General information):

 Project name: Austin central library Project site
 Location: Austin Texas,
 Owner: City of Austin
 Architects: Lake/ Flato Architects, Shepley
Bulfinch
 Size : 198,000 sq.ft
 Year completed : 2017
 6 floors with 200,000 total square feet
 13 Shared Learning Rooms that can be used for classes, workshops, meetings, co-
working, etc.
 589 seats throughout the building
 140 public use PC and Mac computers
 150 self-check electronic devices such as laptops and iPads
 50 large screens for displaying electronic information
D. Guiding principle:
Austin Cent ral Library as Icon of Civic Values and Stewardship, Beacon of Sustainable
Design Leadership and Place of Community-Connected Inspiration.
 Set the benchmark for City of Austin environmental initiatives

 Establish library as an educational experience about local flora and fauna, energy,
climate, water
95
i.)Form and Function:
 Design the best daylight library and

subterranean garage ever
 Provide a view for all regularly occupied
spaces
 Create indoor/outdoor spaces that are
seamless
 Devise solutions that provide multiple
functions
 Create interactive spaces that engage
children Figure 96 : Conceptual Sketch
 Integrate systems, such as solar and shade systems
ii.) Organization of space:
Table 7: Different space of Austin public library
S.N. Program area Square feet

1. Lobby/ public 5,00
2. cafe 2,500
3. Giftshop/bookstore 1,500
4. Reading room 2,500
5. Outdoor reading terrace 2,500
6. 350 seat auditorium 12,000
7. multipurpose 6,500
8. Technology center 4,500
9. Youth services 16,000
10. Collection/reading seating 50,000
11. Staff/ admin 21,000
12. Service/ building support 13000
96
E .Special Amenities:
i.) Gallery space:
The Gallery features rotating art displays from local and national artists. While the artwork is
not for sale, visitors are encouraged to browse the artwork during open hours. The Gallery
features rotating art displays from local and national artists.
well-lit space with windows overlooking Lady Bird Lake
mesquite wood flooring indigenous to the area
perfect for receptions or smaller banquets
located on the second floor
Figure 97 Gallery space in building
ii. Special event center:
The versatile Special Event Center is perfect for presentations, banquets and receptions.
 floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking Lady Bird Lake

 covered patio area is attached to the south and east sides of the room
 greenery separates the area from its urban environment
 large barn-style doors open on the north wall of the room to a backstage area
 pre-function space, coat check room and a green room included
 two projectors mounted to the ceiling facing drop-down projector screens on the north
and east walls
 six wireless handheld microphones and in-room audio system
 two lecterns (wood panel or clear acrylic)
 one stage
 450 classroom chairs
 24 72" round banquet tables
 8 36" round cocktail tables
97
F. Floor plan , elevation and section :
Figure 98 Master plan
Figure 99 : First floor Figure 100 Second Floor
98
Figure 101 : Third Floor Figure 104 : Fourth Floor
Figure 102: Fifth Floor Figure 103 Sixth Floor
99
G .Architecture Expression:
Atrium Space :
This atrium is the most powerful
space in the library. Atop the
overhanging roof, a two-sided
skylight with the profile of a
cowboy hat directs sunlight deep
into the interior, ensuring each
floor is well lit. Every floor opens
to the atrium—meeting rooms
overlook it, wooden pathways
span across it, and lighter stairs
switchback upward on its edges.
Its spectacle, part cavernous
natural feature, corporate
headquarters, and mall concourse,
invites visitors to hike the trail
rather than take the elevator.
Upstairs, a variety of overlooks

yield new urban vistas: To the
north and east the rapidly
changing skyline, to the south
Lady Bird Lake, and to the west the Figure 105 : Atrium space
beginnings of the Texas Hill Country. Lake|Flato are masters of the porch and have lifted this
expertise into the sky, locating a series of outdoor spaces complete with hog wire enclosures
100
and wood soffits on different levels. While the atrium is lively and loud, these spaces are
pleasantly quiet. An eastern roof terrace concludes the trek with open-air views of downtown.
The exterior, clad in tan limestone and gray metal panels, is the least successful part of the
library. Corrugated profiles of rust-colored perforated metal stand off the southern facade and
screen glazed areas elsewhere. Looking up, it is a busy assembly whose articulation is sourced
from Austin’s
contemporary vernacular,
a language that Lake|Flato
established and refined
over the last thirty years.
The library is one of the
firm’s tallest projects, and
perhaps that is part of the
difficulty: Translating a
Figure 106 Exterior face of building
style that works for low-
lying buildings engaged with their landscape into a vertical urban condition is a significant
design challenge.
101
Inside, the atrium and central core break up the floor plates into a ring with interior stacks and
seating on both perimeters. The verticality of the scheme promotes visual adjacency rather
than physical togetherness. Throughout, the architecture creates comfortable vantage points,
whose cumulative result is a casual publicness generated by all of the ways to see across and
out of the building. The achievement and difficulty of this library is that its interior unfolds in
a uniform topology of amenity space. The interior, shaped by its meeting rooms and furniture
selections, feels more like the trays of a tech office or a co-working space than a library.
Figure 107 Interior reading space
The library succeeds when one navigates it as a civic terrain—inside and out—and not
explicitly as a distinct piece of architecture. It is a project that the public will embrace but will,
despite its numerous charms, leave some architects wanting more.
The central public library provides an image and experience of Austin today. But if this is the
city now, where is it going? Outside the library’s buzz, the growing forest of towers, stitched
together by creekside paths, offers one speculative way forward. Austin’s new Central Public
Library will serve its publics for decades to come, as the city grows up around and out from it.
H .Environment Consideration:
Rainwater Harvesting:
The Austin Central Library uses strategies called rainwater capture, condensate
reuse and reclaimed water to make the most of precious water resources in a drought-prone and
quickly-growing urban center. What that means is that the library collects both rainwater and
the water that drips off of air conditioning systems, and then it uses that water again to irrigate
102
the library’s landscaping and to flush its toilets and urinals. Reclaimed water is used as a back-
up supply to in case rainwater and air conditioning condensate are not available.
Here’s a closer look at how those strategies come together at the library:
1. Rain falls on to the library’s roof and is channeled into rainwater collection pipes that take
the water from the roof, down to below the ground, and across the street (literally!) to a large
cistern. That cistern can hold a whopping 700,000 gallons of water.
2. Meanwhile, an intake pipe in the library’s parking garage takes the building’s A/C
condensate and pipes it into the same cistern as the rainwater. A/C condensate is the water that
drips off of air conditioning systems.
3. Water is piped from the cistern back to the library, where it goes through a treatment
system that includes bag filters and UV disinfection. This water won’t be used for drinking
purposes, but it’s still cleaned to safe standards before being reused.
4. After the water is cleaned, it goes into a “day use tank” that holds up to 1,200 gallons of
water at a time. This tank is also hooked up to the City of Austin’s reclaimed water system
(similarly treated and then reused wastewater) so that if needed, it can be a back-up supply.
5. Finally, all of that water goes into another pump where it is metered (or measured) and then
put back into action for one of two non-potable (non-drinking water) purposes: irrigating the
gardens and landscaping outside of the library, and flushing the toilets and urinals inside.
103
Outdoor watering for lawns and gardens typically uses large amounts of clean drinking water,
leaving less water available for drinking and for rivers and wildlife. By tapping into
underutilized sources like rainwater and A/C condensate to meet these watering needs, the
Austin Central Library sets itself up for self-sufficiency and leaves more water in Austin’s
lakes and streams and the Colorado River.
3.2.2 Chandigarh state library

The Chandigarh state library is one of the best libraries in Chandigarh. Libraries in terms of
tropic building and renounced for its functionally of the library. The case study of the
Chandigarh state library is carried out to study about the,
 Spaces and their arrangements.

 Different spatial characters of the library programs
 The user experience in modern library
B. Introduction:
The Central State Library is a beehive of intellectual activities. Since its very inception it has
carved a niche for itself in academic, literary and social circles of city beautiful. The library
has given a positive thrust to book-culture and related activities. Central State Library caters to
the demand of northern sectors and villages of the Chandigarh with a network of two branches,
a reading room and a mobile van. . The Chandigarh Public Library System was initiated in
1955 under First Year Plan. This was covered under the scheme of Govt. of India."Promotion
of Art and Culture." After reorganization of the state of Punjab it came under the control of
Chandigarh Administration.
Figure 108: Chandigarh state library
104
C. General information:
Location : Sector- 17 near Bridge Market
Architect :P. Jeanneret
Construction: November1958
Total Built Up Area: 30083 Sq.ft
Ground Coverag: 16 %
Total Site Area :50405.5104 Sq.ft
Parking: 30 to 35 two wheeler, car parking in sector parking zone.
Ancillary Services Provided :Multipurpose hall, Cafeteria.
Visitors :5,18,000
Books Issued/Returned/Consulted :5,60,000
Total Books: 2,11,641
Total membership: 35,502
The main activities here are classification and cataloguing the documents. Classification in
simple terms means assigning a numerical numbers as minute as possible according to the
subject which it covers. This helps in arranging all books of one subject in one place rather
than making it a storehouse of books jumbled in one place.
Free internet access :

The library has five work stations in the Reference Section for the use of internet. Members
can use the internet for half an hour daily. The American Corner at the T.S.Central State Library
provides a window on life and culture in the United States and is the first place to visit for
accurate and up-to-date information about political, economic, cultural, educational and social
trends in the United States. The American Corner has books, Magazines, CD-ROMs with
current full text articles. videos, DVD's and internet access.
105
Circulation Section:
This section represents the hub of library activities where lending out of books to readers is
facilitated. In the circulation Section various functions are undertaken viz. Registration of new
members, lending of books, reminders for overdue books, reservation of books, renewal of
membership cards, records and files, statistics and inter library loans etc. Three computers have
been installed exclusively for the members to search books by title author, keywords and
subject through OPAC (On-Line Public Access Catalogue)
Children Section:
Children Section has been made more attractive to catch the eyes of the children by adding
educational & recreation toys & games i.e., soft toys, puzzles, blocks. A separate computer has
been installed for children's exclusive use. About 40 CD's have been added. The titles includes
nursery rhymes, fairy tales, fun with numbers, Oxford dictionary, spoken english, learn and
enjoy, pre school favorites, etc.
Periodical and Newspaper Section:

More than 50 percent of the readers of this library visit only this section due to the special
facility provided to non members. About 10 years back record of newspapers is available.
Current issue of the magazines are being displayed on the reading table to make their maximum
use by a large number of readers. About 200 periodicals and 18 newspapers are received in
Hindi, English, Punjabi, English and Urdu Languages.
Administration Section:
It keeps and maintains the records pertaining to various budgetary provisions of the library
like salary, expenditure and other matters pertaining to physical stock and infrastructure of the
library.
Binding Section:
Binding is a very vital affair for the library. Books need to be repaired and bound off and on.
REPOGRAPHIC SERVICE Reprographic Service was introduced in the library in 1989 with
the purchase of Modi Xerox Machine, which was set up in the reference section. The readers
can get the material Photostat as and when they require on nominal rates. It has minimized the
mutilation and pilferage of books to a great extent.
106
Mobile Library:
Due to expansion of the city and its development in phases a Mobile van services were provided
for the City Beautiful to cater to the needs of the people living in the following areas, and also
for housewives, senior citizens etc. The mobile van caters to areas and colonies like Railways
colony, Maloya etc
C.D Library :
It has acquired about 150 CD’s and two pentium based machine. The library will have various
access points to the World Wide Web.
Education media centre:

An audio-video Aids Educational Media has been set up in the library for which infrastructure
like TV, VCR, VCP, audio cassettes, Double cassette, Deck, speaker, Overhead Projector,
Video Projector with accessories, smart Video Projector with ceiling mount, Bracket torn 10ft.
Diagonal with remote control cable, Automatic slide projector and cassettes on various
educational subjects are played for the comprehension of the subject like science, geography
etc. for school students.
D. Site and surroundings

1. High rise buildings 2. Central state library 3. Town hall 4. Post & telegraph building 5. Plaza
6. Over bridge 7. Cinema hall 8. Police station 9. Fire station 10. Parade ground 11. Football
stadium 12. District courts 13. Bus terminus
Figure 109 : Site and surrounding
E .Floor plans and space organized:

Ground floor:
The building has two entrances at different levels. From the south-west, there is a passage to
the basement which presently houses the National Gallery of Portraits. The main entrance to
the library is from the north-east which is at ground level. The inviting entrance hail has a built-
in reception counter and from here one can take a ramp or staircase to go to the upper floors.
The ground floor house a Multi- purpose hall with a sitting capacity of 150 people, a children's
107
section with a sitting capacity of 35 children's at a time with total 25000 books . The stack
provided are 3’ in width and 1’-6” deep . One stack contains 125 books. approximately.
Figure 110 : Ground Floor
108
FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR
The first floor accommodates the book-lending section and various administration offices. The
second floor is allotted to the reference and magazine sections. The third floor houses rare
books which the scholar and the layman can consult. A cafeteria with an open terrace provides
light refreshments.
Figure 111 : First &Second Floor
109
THIRD FLOOR:
The floor area of the third floor is 5129 Sq.ft. the last floor consist of the cafeteria and
Acquisition section. The reading area in the second floor is an open terrace on the last floor .
For connecting the last stack area stairs are provided from the terrace.
Figure 112 :Third Floor
AREA STATEMENT
StaffService
Grid : 17’-3” by 17’-3”
6% 7% Stack
Column size : 17”Dia Arcillary 29%
9%
Circular Column
1. Entrance Foyer – 1204 sq.ft

Circulati
2. Reception – 108 sq.ft on
23% Reading
3. Toilets – 235 sq.ft 4. Stairs – 144 sq.ft 26%
5. Ramp – 453 sq.ft
6. Assembly Hall – 1411 sq.ft
110
7. Children's Section – 1908 sq.ft
8. News Paper Section – 630 sq.ft
9. BindingSection – 309 sq.ft
10.Audio Visual Room – 560 sq.ft
11.Computer – 256 sq.ft
12.Staff – 625 sq.ft (6 person)
13.Chief Librarian – 415 sq.ft
Closed stacking area on each floor : 1110 sq.ft (15 Rows)
Each Row : 10’-0” wide and 1’-6” Deep (3 stacks per row)
Each Stack : 3’-3” Wide and 1’-6” Deep (Ht: 6’-6”)
Individual Stack Area :13’-6”sq.ft
Stack Gap : 3’-0”
Open stacking area on each floor : 2788 sq.ft (6 Rows & 3 Columns)
Each Row : 15’-0” wide and 1’-6” Deep (5 stacks per row)
Each Stack : 3’-0” Wide and 1’-6” Deep (Ht: 6’-0”)
Individual Stack Area :13’-6”sq.ft Stack Gap : 3’-0” Aisle : 4’-6” Wide
Floor area analysis

Total build up area: 30083 sq.ft
Ground floor: 8273 sq.ft
First&Second: 8273 sq.ft Third: 5264 SQ.FT
LE CORBUSIERS BUILDING DESIGEN:

By virtue of its location which was predetermined by Le Corbusier in his overall plan of the
City Centre, Jeanneret followed the strict volumetric and façade controls laid out for the sector.
The circular concrete columns, beams, parapets, deep verandas and undulatory glazing which
are the typical architectural features of the City Centre dominate the exterior of the building.
However, when a visitor enters the building he appreciates the architect whose skill and talent
combined with an intuitive understanding of the aesthetic and functional aspects of a library
bestow on this piece of architecture grace and serenity.
111
Figure 113: Section through stack area
Figure 114:Section through ramp
Bands and small window openings in the recessed brick wall. On the rear side, the changed
stack- levels are truthfully expressed on the façade. These are treated with horizontal . The
staircases, the ramp, the counters, the reading halls, and above all, the color scheme
complement each other and create an ambience suited for relaxed reading and learning.
INFERENCES
MERITS :
 Located in Sector -17 that is the heart of the city so can be easily located.
 Easily assessable by public convince.
 Parking space provided in the sectoral parking zone at the back side of the building.
 Only two wheeler parking provided in the front of the library.
 Spatial organization as per the library standards requirement.
 Vertical transportation easily assessable in the entrance foyer.
 Security check and baggage deposit counter at the entrance.
112
 Stacks are arranged with proper spacing with the offset of 4 ft fro m the window for
proper lighting.
 Separate section provided for children's and Braille library .
 Separate service lift and staircase provided at the stacking area .
DEMERITS :
 canteen area provided but not in working condition at present.
 Natural light is insufficient.
 Noise pollution due the surrounding site activities.
 Fire fighting measures not installed as per the standards.
 No proper temperature and humidity control maintained in the stack and reading areas.
 Only few sections has been renovated with these facilities.
 Of the library. Insufficient stacking space as per the increasing demand of the books.
 No separate cyber café provided for the users.
 Parking provided only for limited two wheeler in front No appealing façade treatment.
Over all the general requirement has been fulfilled but the latest modern technologies , proper
mechanical services , aura of a particular section , inviting interior and self accessible library
features are missing which will be available in the new library in kotturpuram.
113
3.3 Comparative analysis :
Table 8 :Comparative Table
Case Study Nepal Japan Nepal National Austin Public Chandigarh

Children Library Library Library state library
Location Lainchaur, Madyapur thimi Austin, Texas Sector-17 near
Kathmandu Kathmandu Bridge Market
Site 5500 sq.ft 3800sq,ft 198,000sq.ft 50405.5104
sq,ft
Floor in the Ground and First Ground Floor Ground to Six Ground to
building Floor only floor Fourth Floor
Built -Open and -Open -Transparent, Interactive
Environment comfortable comfortable and light and indoor and
and space space. bright space comfortable outdoor space.
planning -All space are not - All space are environment. -Easily
accessible for not accessible for -Open plan, easy accessible and
differential differential and accessible open to all
people people movement. people.
-No space for -Indoor outdoor
Parking linkage
Technology -Equipped with -Provision of pcs -Equipped with -Equipped with

ps’s and and internet latest and modern
catalogue space . acess modern technology,
-Digital -In traditional technology. -Multimedia
Documentations and playful -Multimedia and and interactive
being prepared ways. interactive space.
and made space.
complex.
Circulation -Child friendly -Circulation is -Elevator and -Ramp and
1.2m with easily accessible. staircase provide Staircase
staircase provide. Only Ground easy circulation. provide easy
-Comfortable floor .so, no vertical
circulation. staircase circulation.
Seating area -Formal and fixed -Formal and -Comfortable, - Comfortable,
seating area with fixed seating cozy and and
chair and desk area with chair changeable,color changeable,
and desk space Space.
-Sufficiently Outdoor space
bright but also available
monotonous for seating.
Building -Use of natural -Well lit space -Daylight -Day

Services and daylight but not by daylight. &artificial &artificial
technology sufficient -Fire lighting brighter lighting.
-No Acoustic extinguisher up the area.
treatment -Good acoustic
controls through
Zoning,
114
References
[1] R. G. S. WILLIAM A. KATZ, Problems in Planning, America: U.S. DEPARTMENT Of

HEALTH. EDUCATION E WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATIO, 1964.
[2] R. M. HOLT, "Trends in Public Library Buildings," Raymond M. Holt is a Library

Consultant, Del Mar, California. , FALL 1987.
[3] Y. C. Niraula, "Short overviews of libraries in Nepal," Nepal National Library,

Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur Nepal.
[4] K. Saur, "The public library service," 2001.
[5] B. Edwards, Libraries and Learning, Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier,

Second edition 2009.
[6] "ROLE OF LIBRARY IN CHANGING SOCIETY".
[7] G. John, "DESIGNING LIBRARIES," 2016.
[8] A. C. Dahlgren, "Public Library Space Needs:," Wisconsin Department of Public

Instruction, Tony Evers, State Superintendent, 2009.
[9] "Space Planning Guide," Connecticut State Library, 2002.
115

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Thesis for the Degree of Bachelor in Architecture

A REPORT FOR THESIS ON

3. Public Library, and

1.2 Public Library

1.3 Statement of Problem

1.4 Research questions

 To design a well function and comfortable library.

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Limitation of the study

2.1 Introduction of Library:

The library of the future

 The library as high-tech access to learning

 National collections of books , journals, maps etc,

 Collections of books and CDs primarily for loan

 Support for teaching, learning and research

4. Professional and Special Libraries

 Specialist collection of books and professional journals

2.1.3 Purpose and functions:

 To meet the library demands of future generations

Types of public library:

The Central Library:

Figure 3: Diagrammatic layout of a central library.(Brain Edwards

Figure 4: Diagramatic section of a central library.(Brain Edwards)

An ‘accessible’ public library is: -

2. Visibility and connectivity:

A public library that promotes ‘visibility’ has: -

 an atrium providing customers with a good view of all floors

3. Flexibility and adaptability:

Main features of a ‘flexible’ public library:

 an adaptable structure – e.g. columns or demountable walls

Figure 5: user age group

Figure 6: Conceptual diagram of relationship of library to civi function

Figure 8: conceptual diagram of entrance Figure 7: conceptual diagram of library deliveries

2.3.3 Planning the library:

Figure 11: Ideal template for design of public library

Stacking system and accessibility:

Figure 12: optimum shelving conditions for children

Table 1: Maximum Height of Shelves

Grouping Level in the shelves Max. height of shelves

Figure 13: Floor area for bookshelves in stacks (stores)

Figure 14: Floor area for bookshelves in self-service area

A.) Periodical room:

ii.) Periodical room:

C.) Public catalogue:

i.) IT and space

ii.) Computer area:

2.4.3.User seating space/ Reading space:

Figure 23: Different readind space

Figure 25:Space required in reading space

(1) anticipated growth for a 20-year period and

(2) the nature and extent of the library's service program.

Function allocated to staff area:

 collection management tasks (although many libraries are outsourcing much of

Other areas include:

 storage: general collection, special collection, large items

ii.) Floor plan and office space:

A rule of thumb for areas:

Figure 26: Basic form of seating

 Very large = 1500 or more seats

Floor slope and seating:

Figure 27: Floor slope and seating

Figure 30: Proportions of the traditionla auditorium