University of Duhok

Spatial planning
Department

(2020-2021)

Application and Analysis

of Hydropower Plant on
Dukan Dam

1
Researcher name: Sahar Ahmed Supervised by: Dr. Jian Hassan pour
 "Hydroelectricenergy is the
energy that all human beings can
benefit from using the largest
source of kinetic energy on the
planet, which is water"

This research discusses the applications of the hydroelectric power station of Dukan
dam by analyzing all the internal and external aspects of the station, as well as
showing the positive and negative effects caused by the Dukan hydroelectric station to
each of the economic, environmental and other sectors.

Acknowledgment
Special thanks to the supervisor of this research
Dr. Jian Hassan pour, who is the teacher of an energy
supply and distribution course in the spatial planning
college in UoD; he made me able to collect, organize
and analyze all the information required to complete
this research.

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Table of Contents

Chapter One.......................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6
Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 7
Objectives of the study ............................................................................................................ 7
Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 7
Case Study .............................................................................................................................. 8
Chapter two......................................................................................................................... 10
Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 10
Renewable energy ................................................................................................................ 10
Hydropower Plant Concept ................................................................................................... 11
Historical background of hydropower plant ......................................................................... 11
Hydropower plant Components............................................................................................. 12
Categorize of Hydropower Plant ........................................................................................... 14
Hydropower Plant experience ............................................................................................... 15
Hydropower Plant Operational in General ............................................................................ 16
Advantages of Hydropower Plants ....................................................................................... 17
Disadvantages of Hydropower Plants ................................................................................... 17
Chapter Three..................................................................................................................... 19
Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 19
Limitations............................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter Four ...................................................................................................................... 21
Result and Discussion ........................................................................................................... 21
Chapter Five ....................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 28
Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 29

References ............................................................................................................................. 32

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Table of Figures, Tables and Charts
Figures…
Figure 1: Main components of hydropower plant .................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Case study Dukan hydropower plant ...................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Renewable Energy types ...................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Hydropower plant components ............................................................................. 12
Figure 5: General operation of hydropower plant ................................................................ 16
Figure 6: Satellite image of Dukan hydropower plant ......................................................... 22
Figure 7: The mechanism of Dukan hydropower plant as s illustrative figure ................... 23
Figure 8: Dukan dam hydropower plant ............................................................................... 24
Figure 9: The overall illustration of the Dukan’s station ..................................................... 24
Figure 10: Installation of the Station from the inside ........................................................... 25
Figure 11: The provided turbines for Dukan station ............................................................ 29
Figure 12: Plant the trees surrounding the dam .................................................................... 30
Figure 13: Dam water filter equipment ............................................................................... 30
Figure 14: Water treatment plant .......................................................................................... 31

Tables…
Table 1: Hydropower Plant Categories................................................................................. 14

Charts…
Chart 1: Methodology used in the research ......................................................................... 19
Chart2: The rainfall percentage of dukan District .............................................................. 23

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 Chapter one
Introduction
A renewable resource, is a natural resource that is replenished via use and consumption, either by
natural reproduction or other repeating processes, to replace the depleted component. Renewable energy
is derived from continuously renewing sources or processes, or from limitless energy sources unique to
the Earth, such as the sun, wind, and even water. Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and
hydroelectricity are examples of these energy sources (Park & Allaby, 2017).
And as it is known, that the Earth is made up of two basic elements, which are land and water, water
comprises 71% of the Earth's surface, with the majority of it in the seas and oceans. Small amounts of
water are also found in groundwater (1.7 percent), glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland
(1.7 percent), and mist and clouds (which are made up of ice and liquid water floating in the air), with
the remaining percentages returning to the Earth. Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless,
and almost colorless chemical substance that is the major component of the Earth's hydrosphere and one
of the fundamentals of human life. Water also has a significant influence in the global economy.
Agriculture consumes roughly 70% of all fresh water consumed by humans (USGS, 2021).
In the other hand, Electricity is one of the most essential treasures that science has provided upon
humanity, since it has become an integral component of contemporary life, and it is difficult to live a
normal existence without it. Since electricity has several applications in daily life, including lights both
inside and outside of houses and institutions, where the majority of equipment rely on electrical power
to offer comfort to people. Electric energy is also employed in manufacturing; where big machinery run
on electricity, as well as in contemporary transportation. where electric trains and battery-powered
automobiles are among the most essential aspects of human life; where electricity plays a pivotal role in
the life of every human on the planet Earth (Lekshmi, 2010).
Electrical energy's availability, quality, and long-term viability are undeniably essential determinants of
industrialized society and modern living. Electricity output, sources, and access are all included as world
development indicators by the World Bank. As a result, the need for dependable, clean, and inexpensive
energy sources continues to rise, posing a technological and economic challenge (Batarseh, 2016).
Through the above, it is possible to integrate each of these two basic components in human life which
are water and electricity with the concept of hydroelectric energy; where hydroelectricity is a renewable
energy source in which the earth's vast water capacity is dispersed in practically all locations in the form
of rivers and flowing streams based on mountains; and rivers and streams at lower heights. This
technique may be regarded an established, mature, and dependable technology; with cheap cost when
compared to other forms of power plants such as petrol stations... and so on (Killingtveit, 2020). Small
hydro power systems with unit sizes of up to a few megawatts are also ecologically beneficial and have
been erected in huge numbers across the world, whether grid-fed or off-grid. As a result, hydroelectric
power has one of the highest conversion efficiencies (about 90%) of all known energy sources produced
from water to wires (Murthy, et al. 2016); where hydroelectric power plants use water turbines to
transform potential energy into mechanical energy, which is subsequently converted into electricity
(Batarseh, 2016).

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Hydropower plants are divided into numerous categories based on their features. However, several key
components are required for any hydroelectric plant; as follows Forebay, Intake Structures, Head Race
or Intake Conduits, Surge Tank, Turbines and Generators, Power House, Trail Race and Draft Tube
(Sen, n.d.) There are multiple hydroelectric power stations of various types, shapes, sizes and different
working mechanisms, depending on the type of hydroelectric power production facility. The
development of large hydroelectric power plants is a practical and economically viable idea in which the
capital costs of a project can be reduced through the use of different installations to meet different
amounts of electricity demand.
As the electricity system has grown, the demand for peak load capacity of hydroelectric power plants
has increased, necessitating the use of diverse equipment. Peak and off-peak energy demand are
increasing in various power plant systems. Lamp turbines and pump turbines have therefore aided in the
construction of river and tidal power facilities. Reverse pump turbines are one of the methods for meeting
the rising need for economic peak power. Several types of hydroelectric power plants are built on this
basis. Which they are pumped storage hydropower plants, reversible turbine pump hydropower plants,
underground hydropower plants and tidal power plants Each of these types has its own characteristics
and has its own mechanisms of action (Mishara, 2021) as shown in the following figure:

Figure 1: Main components of Hydropower plant (Source: Wikimedia commons website)

As the 14th Dalai Lama said: “Our minds are currently scattered; their energies must be directed like the
way water in a hydroelectric power station is directed to create great power. We achieve this with the
mind through meditation, directing it so that it becomes strong, at which point it can be used in the
direction of wisdom. "(14 Dalai Lama, n.d.), Hydroelectric power generated by hydroelectric stations
that combine water and electricity has a high power to drive electricity, since this power provides
environmentally friendly energy and the economy, as well as the combination of the two. Global climate
change necessitates the development of new, more ecologically friendly energy generation systems.

6
 Problem statement

Hydroelectric power has the potential to create energy without releasing greenhouse gases, as well as
manage river water levels in such a way that floods are avoided when it rains. This indicates that
hydroelectric power station can help to safeguard and improve the environment in general. However,
hydroelectric power station in Dukan Dam demonstrates that this ability is not fully integrated since
hydroelectric power station likewise offers environmental hazards, as it threatens and damages the
ecological habitats of the surrounding area's animals. Because animals avoid hydroelectric power
stations because of the activities that take place there, preferring to relocate to peaceful areas.
Considerable dams' specialized regions create significant harm to the plots of land that constitute the
dam's bottom, as well as the lands surrounding the dam, because the building of the hydroelectric station
necessitates a large number of solid materials, which create harm. The quality of the soil, for example,
is influenced by the land. It's worth noting that the dam's foundation must be extremely sturdy in order
to handle the enormous water-pushing capacity caused by the turbines, which are one of the most
fundamental components of hydroelectric stations and produce a large amount of water thrust.

Objectives

The research aims to numerous goals which are as follow:

• To review the applications of the hydroelectric station of the Dukan Dam.

• To assess the positive and negative side effects of the hydroelectric plant on the areas surrounding
the dam.
• To determine the efficiency capabilities of Dukan’s hydropower plant in each of the economic,
environmental and other sectors.
Research questions

The research has several questions that help in implementing the objectives as follows:
1. Dukan’s Hydropower plant applications have multiple sequential steps; thus, what are the steps
that keep the station running?
• All hydroelectric stations have known steps for supplying electrical energy; therefore, are all
the steps in the Dukan’s station applied according to those known steps for hydroelectric
stations?
2. Each project has side effects that affect the areas surrounding the station, so what are the positive
side effects of the hydroelectric station on the areas surrounding the dam?
• What are the negative side effects of each of the dam and the hydropower project on the
surrounding areas?
3. Each station has an efficiency capacity as this efficiency affects the sectors related to the station,
including economic, environmental and others. How does this efficiency of dukan hydropower
plant affect each of these sectors?

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 Case study

Sulaymaniyah Governorate is the largest governorate in Kurdistan region which is located in north-
eastern Iraq, as it is located in the south-eastern Kurdistan Region. Sulaymaniyah governorate consists
of several districts, but the case study of the research focuses on Dukan district especially, which is
located north of Sulaymaniyah governorate. Dukan district is approximately seventy kilometers away
from Sulaymaniyah towards the northwest of the governorate and is located precisely on the longitude
(44⁰57’53” E), latitude (35⁰55’51” N) and elevation (467 m).
Across Kurdistan and Iraq, Dukan has long been famous for its giant lake. Lake Dukan is one of the
largest lakes in Iraq and Kurdistan Region. As it is located on the borders of two districts of
Sulaymaniyah governorate, which are Dukan and Rania districts, but the bulk of the lake is located in
the direction of Rania district, as it is located precisely on the longitude (44⁰57’10.8” E) and latitude
(35⁰57’14.4” N). The lake acts as a large reservoir supplied by the Little Zab River. Where the lake was
considered as a large reservoir for the river after the construction of the Dukan Dam, which is located
on the southern side of the lake, specifically in the direction of Dukan District. The construction of
Dukan Dam dates back to between 1954 and 1959. The dam is 360 meters (1,180 feet) long and 116.5
meters (382 feet) high. It serves as a multi-purpose dam to provide water storage, irrigation, hydropower,
etc.

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 A B

D C

E F

Figure 2: Case study Dukan hydropower plant (Source: ArcGIS Application by researcher)

9
 Chapter two
Literature review
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy produced from an infinite source since it is an infinite supply of energy.
Renewable energy sources are healthy energy sources with far less negative environmental effect than
standard fossil energy technology. The majority of renewable energy expenditures are made in materials
and personnel to construct and operate facilities rather than in expensive energy imports. The majority
of aspects must be considered, including cleanliness, cost, stability, efficiency, and environmental
implications. Many sectors throughout the world still rely on fossil fuels to create energy, which is a sad
truth. People are now aware of the disadvantages of using fossil fuels as a result of technological
advancements (Ellabban, et al., 2014). The use of coal, oil, and natural gas contributes significantly to
global warming. It is extremely detrimental to the environment and all living beings on the globe. These
fuels are unquestionably efficient in terms of energy production quality, but they are not sustainable in
the long run. The fossil fuels constitute a significant danger to the ecological balance and a source of
several environmental dangers (Shahzad, 2012). Renewable energy thrives on this substance, as
innovation drives down prices and begins to deliver on the promise of a clean energy future. This means
that in the energy industry, renewables are progressively replacing "green" fossil fuels, resulting in lower
carbon emissions and other sorts of pollution. Renewable energy, often known as clean energy, is derived
from natural sources or processes that are renewed on a regular basis. Although renewable energy is
sometimes viewed as a novel technology, natural energy has long been utilized for heating,
transportation, lighting, and other purposes. Windmills were used to process grain and sail vessels over
the seas. During the day, the sun generated warmth and helped to keep the flames going until dusk.
However, during the last 500 years or so, people have become increasingly reliant on cheaper and dirtier
energy sources like coal and frack gas. Renewables are becoming an increasingly more important source
of energy now that there are creative and less expensive ways to catch and retain wind and solar energy
(Shinn, 2018).
Renewable energy is divided, as mentioned previously, into several multiple types, most of which have
infinite energy. These types can be observed through the attached drawing below, which shows that in
addition to the types of renewable energy, each type also has other sub-divisions.

Figure 3: Renewable energy types (Source: Elsevier Journal)

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Hydropower plant concept
Hydropower is energy generated from the energy of transporting water. Water flow generates kinetic
energy, which can be captured and converted into electricity with the help of special turbines. Dams are
the most common form of hydropower, though newer forms that harness wave and tidal energy are
gaining popularity. Hydropower is a well-tried technology with over a century of experience. Due to its
direct conversion of hydraulic energy to electricity, hydropower is now a highly versatile energy
technology with greater conversion efficiency of all energy sources (90 percent, water to electrical
energy transferred by wire). However, through refining processes, decreasing environmental
consequences, adapting to new social and environmental needs, and creating more resilient and cost-
effective technology solutions, there is still space for development. Water flowing in the hydrological
cycle, which is powered by solar radiation, generates hydropower. Where water flows through rivers,
propelled by gravity from higher to lower elevations, it may be utilized to create hydroelectric power
(Ellabban, et al., 2014).

Historical background of Hydropower

Humans have been utilizing water to conduct work for thousands of years, dating back to the beginning
of mankind on planet Earth. Waterwheels were employed by the Persians, Greeks, and Romans around
2000 BC. This suggests that people have been harnessing water energy since the dawn of time, when
they were still utilizing crude technology (Horlacher, 2012). On this premise, hydroelectric power based
on water wheels appears to be the most likely candidate, as water is the world's oldest sustainable energy
source and one of the first sources of mechanical energy that was independent of people or animals. The
oldest unambiguous reference to the usage of water wheels, according to the period indicated, is found
in a Greek poetry from 85 BC, and there are allusions in Roman sources as well. However, inscriptions
from Babylonia suggest that a type of water wheel has been in use since 4000 BC. Meanwhile, the
Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius' works from the first century BC offer the oldest explicit
depiction of a vertical water wheel used to create mechanical power. Early civilizations also utilized
horizontal wheels. During the first millennium AD, simple wheels were used to drive mills to grind grain
in China, and by the beginning of the second millennium, the technology had spread throughout Asia
and Europe. Early mills employed wooden paddles, but during England's industrial revolution in the
18th century, iron was added. Many of the turbines used in current hydropower plants were developed
as a result of early 19th-century innovation. Hydropower capacity developed rapidly over the twentieth
century, and it remained the sole substantial renewable source of electrical power until the late twentieth
century (Breeze, 2019).

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Hydropower plant components
As mentioned earlier, the power plant consists of several basic components that are (Forebay, Intake
structure, Penstock, Surge chamber, Hydraulic turbines, Power house, Draft tube and Tailrace) and the
function of each one will be explained separately, and most of them clarified on the following figure:

Figure 4: hydropower plant components (Source: Hydropower Europe journal)

• Dam
A dam is a structure that prevents or limits surface water or subsurface streams from flowing. Dams
build reservoirs that not only prevent floods, as well as provide water for cultivation, human
consumption, industrial usage, aquaculture, and navigation. Dams and hydropower are frequently
utilized to produce electricity (Water Resources: Why Do We Build Dams, 2021).
• Forebay
It is well known that reservoirs are erected across rivers to hold water, and that the water held on the
upstream side of the dam may be transported to the power plant via penstocks. The reservoir itself serves
as a forebay in this situation. Consequently, A forebay is a hydroelectric plant basin where water is
temporarily kept before entering the intake chamber. The amount of water stored in the forebay is
determined by the area's water demand.

• Intake structure
A structure that gathers water from the forebay and distributes it into the penstocks is known as an intake
structure. Different forms of intake structures are available, and the type of intake structure chosen is
determined by a variety of local factors. Trash racks are one of the most significant components of the
intake structure. To catch garbage in the water, trash racks are supplied at the entrance of the penstock.

12
If debris and water enter the penstock, it will severely damage the wicket gates, turbine runners, and
turbine nozzles, among other things. These garbage cans have a rod form and are constructed of steel.
These rods are spaced 10 to 30 cm apart, and the racks will separate the debris from the flowing water,
which has a maximum speed of 0.6 m/sec to 1.6 m/sec.
In cold weather zones, ice may form in water to prevent ice from entering the heated garbage racks in
the penstocks, and therefore ice melts when it comes into contact with the garbage racks. In addition to
garbage racks, the intake structure includes rakes and trolleys for cleaning the garbage racks, as well as
penstock closing gates.

• Penstock
Penstocks are huge, slanted pipes that carry water from the intake structure or reservoir to the turbines.
Because they operate under pressure, unexpected closure or opening of penstock gates can result in water
hammering of the penstocks. Thus, except from the fact that the penstock is comparable to standard pipe,
these are engineered to resist the water hammer effect. To alleviate this strain, short-length penstocks
have a thick wall, whereas long-length penstocks include a surge tank. Penstocks are made of steel or
reinforced concrete. If the length is short, each turbine has its own penstock; if the length is long, a single
large penstock is utilized, which is then split into branches.

• Surge chamber
A surge chamber, sometimes known as a surge tank, is a cylindrical tank with an open top for controlling
penstock pressure. It is connected to the penstock and is as near to the power house as feasible. When
the power plant rejects the water load from the penstock, the water level in the surge tank increases,
allowing the pressure in the penstock to be controlled. Likewise, when a large amount of electricity is
required, the surge tank increases the water flow into the power plant, lowering the water level. The
water level in the surge tank becomes constant when the discharge in the power house is stable. Surge
tanks come in a variety of sizes and are chosen depending on the plant's needs, the length of the penstock,
and other factors.

• Hydraulic turbines
A hydraulic turbine is a device that converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, which is then
turned back into electrical energy by attaching the turbine shaft to the generator. The mechanism in this
scenario is that anytime high-pressure water from the penstock strikes the circular blades or runner, the
shaft at the center rotates, causing the generator to create electrical power. Generally hydraulic turbines
are of two types namely which are impulse turbine and reaction turbine; the velocity turbine is another
name for an impulse turbine. An example of an impulse turbine is the Pelton wheel turbine. Pressure
turbine is another name for a reaction turbine.

• Power house
The power house is a structure that protects hydraulic and electrical equipment. In most cases, the entire
equipment is supported by the power house's foundation or substructure. Some machinery, such as draft
tubes and scroll casing, are fixed within the foundation as it is being laid in the case of reaction turbines.
As a result, the foundation is built in large dimensions. In terms of the superstructure, generators are
installed on the ground floor under vertical turbines. Horizontal turbines are available in addition to the
generator. A control room is available on the first or mezzanine floors.

13
• Draft tube
If reaction turbines are being used, a draft tube is required to link the turbine output to the tailrace. The
water emptied into the tailrace at a safe velocity thanks to the draft tube's steadily rising diameter. Outlet
gates are supplied at the end of the draft tube and can be closed during repair work.
• Tailrace
The movement of water from turbines to the stream is known as a tailrace. It is preferable if the power
station is closer to the stream. However, if it is positioned far from the stream, a channel must be
constructed to transport water into the stream. Otherwise, the water flow might harm the plant in a variety
of ways, including reducing turbine efficiency, cavitation, and turbine blade damage, among others. This
is due to silting or scouring produced by excessive water flow from the power plant. As a result, correct
tailrace design should be prioritized (Components of Hydropower plants and their foundations, n.d.).

Categorize of hydropower plants

Hydropower plants have typically been classified according to their magnitude. Micro hydropower
plants are the smallest power plants, with capacities ranging from 1 to 100 kW. A tiny hydropower plant
is one that has a capacity of 100 kW to 1 MW. Small hydropower facilities are typically those with
capacity of 1 to 10 MW, however this top limit varies by nation and can be as high as 30 MW in some
situations. Large hydropower plants have a capacity of more than 10 megawatts (or up to 30 megawatts,
depending on jurisdiction). Between small and big hydropower facilities, an intermediate category for
medium hydropower plants is occasionally established. This is commonly used for facilities with a
capacity of 5 to 50 MW. Thus, hydropower plants have four types which are micro, mini, small and large
hydropower as shown in the following table:

Hydro plant categories

Micro 1 kW to 100 kW
Mini 100 kW to 1 MW
Small 1 MW to 10-30 MW
Large Above 10-30 MW
Table 1: Hydropower plant categories (Source: By Researcher)

Large hydropower is the most significant category from a global perspective, accounting for the majority
of the hydroelectric capacity in operation today. Large hydropower projects are the most technically
advanced, and they are often custom-designed for each location, with turbines constructed specially for
the power plant. Small hydropower facilities are comparable to large hydropower plants; however, some
employ off-the-shelf turbines and other components instead of custom-made ones. Standard turbines are
utilized in most mini and micro hydropower stations, and many of them incorporate unique, often cost-
effective designs not found in bigger facilities. in the meanwhile, there are two main strategies to utilize
a possible hydropower project site after it has been located. The first is to construct a dam and a reservoir
behind it, from which water will be drawn to power one or more hydraulic turbines in the project's
powerhouse. This might be located near the foot of the dam construction, but it may also be located
downstream of the dam to take use of the highest head of water available. The second, known as a run-
of-river system, is devoid of a reservoir, albeit it will almost always include some sort of barrage across
the stream (Breeze, 2019).

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Hydropower plants experiences
o Three Gorges, China – 22.5GW
China created the world's first and largest dam-based hydropower facility. The hydroelectric project
began in 1993 at a total cost of 203 billion yuan ($29 billion) and was finished in 2012. As part of the
Three Gorges Project, the dam was erected at a length of 181 meters and a height of 2,335 meters. The
power plant has 32 generator/turbine units, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two 50 MW generators.
Alstom, which supplied 14 Francis turbine units, was one of six foreign companies engaged in the
project's equipment delivery. Between 2003 and 2012, the Three Gorges plant's generating units were
turned on. The plant's yearly energy output is anticipated to be 85TWh. Nine provinces and two cities,
including Shanghai, get the generated electricity. The world's biggest hydroelectric power station is the
22.5 GW Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant in Yichang, Hubei Province, China. It is a typical
hydroelectric plant that utilizes the Yangtze River's water resources. China Three Gorges Corporation
(CTGC) owns and operates the project through its subsidiary China Yangtze Power (The 10 biggest
hydroelectric power plants in the world, 2020).
o Xiluodu, China – 13.86GW
The Xiluodu hydroelectric project, which is located on the Jinsha River in China's central Sichuan
Province, has a capacity of 13.86 GW. It was formally opened in 2013 and linked to the grid in June
2014. It was developed by CTGC. At an elevation of 610 meters, the power plant houses the world's first
ultra-high concrete double-curvature arch dam. The dam's highest height is 285.05 meters, and the
reservoir covers 454,400 square kilometers. The hydropower facility is equipped with 18 770MW
Francis turbine generating units. The produced electricity is distributed to users via the State Grid and
China Southern Power Grid. The plant now produces 57.07 terawatt-hours per year on average, with a
long-term capacity of 616.2 terawatt-hours (The 10 biggest hydroelectric power plants in the world, 2020).
o Xiangjiaba, China – 6.4GW
CTGC created and managed the Xiangjiaba hydroelectric station, which was the company's third
generating project. It is located in Yibin City, Sichuan, and Shuifu County, Yunnan, China, near the
mouth of the Jinsha River canyon. The Xiangjiaba dam stands 162 meters tall, with a peak elevation of
384 meters. The reservoir has a surface area of 458,800km2 and a capacity of 5.163 billion cubic meters.
The power plant has eight 800MW units and includes a variety of facilities for flood discharge, diversion,
power generation, and ship lift. In 2019, the power plant's eight producing units were all operational.
The power plant's yearly producing capacity is 30.88kWh, with a projected expansion to 33.09kWh in
the future (The 10 biggest hydroelectric power plants in the world, 2020).

15
Hydropower Plant Operation in General
Hydroelectric power plants generally require a water storage dam, a drop-in water delivery pen,
generators, a valve house containing main dam valves, automatic isolating valves, and related control
equipment, and a valve house containing main dam valves, automatic isolating valves, and related
control equipment. A surge tank is also built directly before the valve house to protect the pen from
pressure spikes, often known as water hammer, if the turbine gates close unexpectedly while producing
electricity. The pen transfers water from the dam to the water turbine, converting the potential energy of
the rising water into kinetic energy. Hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy by a water
turbine, and mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by a generator and transmitted through
wires to transmit electricity to the desired destinations. After flowing through the turbine, electrical
energy is created by the generator as a consequence of the turbine movement caused by the flow of
water, and the water then enters the river on the downstream side of the dam following the turbine's
rotation. Fast start-up and loading, long life, and low operating and maintenance expenses are the most
significant operating features of hydropower plants. Hydraulic turbines, particularly those that run at low
pressure, have a slow rotational speed as shown in the following figure (Power System Analysis Third
Edition, n.d.)

Figure 5: General operation of hydropower plant (Source: Power System Analysis Third Edition -
Hydroelectric Power Plant article)

16
Advantages of Hydropower plants
All structures have known direct advantages, but they also have unexpected effects in regard to the most
crucial aspects of natural existence. As a result, one of the most fundamental advantages of hydroelectric
energy is that it is a well-tried technology with over a century of operational and building expertise, as
well as a cutting-edge technology with contemporary power plants. This results in a high-efficiency
(>90%) energy conversion process. For the economic evaluation of alternative energy developments,
this can be regarded a significant environmental benefit. Another important feature of hydroelectric
power plant is that their rapid response enables them to respond to sudden fluctuations in demand in the
electricity supply networks, where hydroelectric power plants can produce additional electric power to
the maximum extent possible as a result of the flow of reservoir water when more energy is required, as
it allows the best use of the available sources. Primary load power is generated via less flexible electrical
generating, such as wind and solar power. As a result, this topic might be considered one of the most
crucial in terms of economics.
Hydropower facilities, in addition to all of these characteristics, offer lower operating costs and a longer
plant life than other large-scale generation choices. Once the initial investment in the essential civil
works has been made, the plant's life can be prolonged. The plant's life may be prolonged for less money
by performing routine maintenance and replacing electromechanical equipment on a regular basis
(replacing turbine raceways, rewinding generators, etc. - in some cases, adding new generating units). A
hydroponic plant that has been in operation for 40-50 years may often be doubled in life (Horlacher,
2012).

Disadvantages of Hydropower plants

In addition to the previously mentioned benefits, hydroelectric power plants have a number of
drawbacks, the first of which is their impact on fish, as hydroelectric power plants require the closure of
running water sources, which prevents fish from reaching their breeding grounds or freely moving
between river waters. Since a result, the fish's substratum weakens, as they are unable to take in enough
food through their migration between the waters, as the habitats along the river's banks begin to diminish
with the halt of water flow. This may keep the animals away from the water, causing fish feed to be
depleted.
While hydropower is renewable, there are just a few areas on the planet where power plants can be built.
Furthermore, due to the difficulties to establish hydroelectric stations in any random location, they must
be placed on the banks of rivers and also with dams, some of these locations are not close to big cities
that can take full benefit of the energy.
Another negative consequence of the economic element is the high initial expenses of the station, since
no power station is easy to build, and most stations require a lot of labor and equipment to finish the
project, taking into consideration the numerous expenditures deriving from all of these factors. In
addition, a dam must be constructed to stop the flow of water. Because rivers flow, dam building
necessitates enormous quantities of money for the valuable ones, and the greater the dam, the more labor,
equipment, land, and effort required.

17
Hydroelectric power stations emit carbon and methane from the reservoirs that store water, which is bad
for the environment. Although the plant's work does not generate any environmental pollution resulting
from the steps of electricity production in hydroelectric stations, except for plants in the water tank, the
plants at the bottom of the reservoirs begin to decompose, forming large amounts of carbon and methane
after their death, thus polluting the environment surrounding the plant, despite the fact that the plant's
work does not generate any environmental pollution resulting from the steps of electricity production in
hydroelectric stations.
Finally, because the climate is known to fluctuate at all times and there are no set ratios in connection to
the amount of water and other climatic elements, all hydroelectric power plants are vulnerable to drought
caused by river drying up or a shortage of water in dams due to climate drought. The entire station's
performance will be harmed since the smaller the percentage of water in dams or rivers, the lower the
water flow rate, which affects the rate of power generation caused by the movement of water inside the
turbines (Giaquinto, 2020).

18
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The phenomena in this research refer to how the hydroelectric power station in Dukan Dam works, as
well as the side effects of the environment surrounding the station due to the station’s work cycle, in
addition to the impact of these environmental side factors in the basket on the station’s ability to provide
electricity.
Since the research perspective focuses on the effects of the station on the environment and vice versa,
two formulas were used, as the basic formula is the qualitative formula, which is more appropriate to
show the side effects of each of the station and the environment for each other because the qualitative
approach is concerned with explaining and describing phenomena and understanding them, it also
studies things in their natural environment The secondary formula is the quantity formula to show the
percentages of the plant's power generation capacity. While Quantitative research is a method of study
that emphasizes the quantification of data gathering and analysis. Any data in numerical form, such as
statistics, percentages, and so on, is considered quantitative data. It is shaped by empiricist and positivist
ideologies and is based on a logical methodology that emphasizes theory testing.
Quantitative research aims to create and test mathematical models, ideas, and hypotheses that are
relevant to phenomena. The measuring procedure is crucial to quantitative research because it establishes
the link between empirical observation and mathematical articulation of quantitative connections.
To answer the research questions, primary and secondary data sources are needed. Primary data are the
data collected by a researcher for the first time directly through first-hand experience, using methods
such as interviews that were used in this research. Interviews will be used to gather detailed information
to know such general information for Dukan hydropower plant, to know the aim of this constructing
station, semi structure method will be used to be flexible in changing or adding questions to get specific
answers. Therefore, the interview was conducted by call phone with an engineer in the electricity
directorate in Dukan district who was Eng. Azad Abdullah. While secondary data are the data that are
already been collected by someone else, and they are available in journals, thesis and online articles and
maps about Dukan’s hydropower plant showing the operation of the plant. They were used to get some
old and current maps to show the effect of hydro power plant on the surrounding area and the provided
capacity by the power station. As shown in the following chart:

Qualitative Interview by call

Primary
Research method phone

Methodology
Online maps

Quantitative
Research method Secondary Data
Online articles

Online journals

Chart 1: Methodology used in the research (Source: By researcher)

19
Limitations
During the period of completion of the research, the following are some of the difficulties that the
researcher faced:
• The scarcity of scientific, accredited and reliable researches because the case study is not known
globally.
• Most of the researches in online journals and articles showed general information and did not
exaggerate the necessary details.
• Corona epidemic caused difficulty in meeting with the concerned authorities in the government
to collect the information required by the researcher.
• Due to Corona pandemic, the researcher was forced to collect information without resorting to
the help of the supervisor and receiving advice from him to improve the research.
• The researcher faced difficulty in presenting the necessary information and details in the research
by taking some direct figures of the Dukan hydropower plant, since the case study is far from the
researcher residence place.
• The researcher was forced to do interview over phone call due to the general health situation.
• Due to weak wireless phone networks and the interruption of interview calls between the two
parties, interviewer and interviewee to collect information, the researcher faced difficulty in
completing the answers of the interview questions, because the interviewee could not hear the
researcher’s questions correctly, and therefore could not answer immediately.
• Therefore, the researcher was forced to send questions to interviewee to collect information and
waited a lot of time to receive answers, knowing that some questions were not answered by the
interviewee; therefore, the researcher was forced to search for more information through reliable
websites.
• Due to the difficult general health situation, a lot of pressure has accumulated on the researcher,
so he had to work many hours to complete the research in the required time.
• Some of the reliable websites were asking for money to open the site and display the information;
thus, the researcher faced difficulty in collecting the information because the details needed to
complete the project were asking for money in exchange for the offer.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After reviewing several scientific and credible websites and research, as well as the previously
performed interview, the required information was gathered to assess the entire truth about renewable
energy, which is the hydroelectric power plant erected at the Dukan Dam in Sulaymaniyah. Where it
was discovered that renewable energy can be generated from the planet's natural resources, and that this
energy has numerous benefits for the majority of the world's inhabitants, the most important of which is
the provision of electrical energy by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy using specialized
equipment. One of the most significant advantages of renewable energy is the reduction of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions, which cause pollution and are produced by a variety of processes, including
the conversion of fossil fuel energy into electrical energy, which leaves many harmful emissions such
as CO2, N2, and others. The goal of designing, building, and running hydroelectric power plants, as is
well known, is to satisfy human requirements, such as electricity generation, irrigated agricultural
production, flood control, public and industrial water supply, drinking water supply, and a variety of
other uses.
According to an interview with an engineer, the Dukan Dam is the first dam erected in Iraq in
contemporary history, as well as the country's sole concrete arched large dam. The dam sits on the Lesser
Zab River in the Dukan district, and it helped feed Kirkuk's strategic irrigation project together with the
Dibis Barrage. The Committee of Large Irrigation Projects had evaluated the suggested sites for a dam
on the Lesser Zab River prior to the establishment of the Development Board. Because of the sufficient
foundations and the presence of a deep and narrow strait, it was determined that the Dukan site is the
most suited of the considered locations. which does not exceed 40m width in drought season, and not
exceeding 100 m width at height of 60m. Benny and Partners Company was hired by the Development
Board to investigate the dam project. In 1952, the firm filed its report, and after being evaluated by a
Board of Experts and making changes based on their recommendations, the firm developed the final
designs and contractual form. The dam building contract was then granted to Dumez-Ballot, a French
business, and other contractors were involved in the building and delivery of dam equipment. In June
1959, the dam was finished. The hydroelectric power facility was restarted later, beginning in 1971 with
five Francis turbines generating 80 megawatts each and finishing in 1979. The dam is an arched concrete
dam, according to the final design, and the greatest level of the dam is 516.07 mA: the highest height is
the dam's body is 116 meters long, its top with side supports is 345 meters long, and its radius of
curvature is 120 meters. The dam features a reservoir that is used to retain excess water caused by an
increase in precipitation during the winter season.
As a result, this stock is utilized to create power in order to boost demand for electrical energy, resulting
in a greater usage of water to create the maximum amount of power feasible. On this basis, the greatest
level Dukan tank functioning was discovered to be 511 mA. 6.1 billion cubic meters is live storage for
a stockpile of 6.8 billion cubic meters and a surface area of 270 square kilometers at this height. 469 mA
is the minimum functioning level. A Morning Glory drain with a diameter of 40.26 m and an emergency
spillway at a height of 511 m an operate at the dam. 1860 m 3 / s is the highest discharge rate. This
spillway is located on the dam's left shoulder, and next to it is another spillway, the main spillway, which
operates at a height of 496.5 meters above sea level. There are three holes in this spillway, each with

21
different proportions (10 m x 6.8 m). Both spill sewers channel water through an 11-meter-wide tunnel
buried in the left shoulder.
There are also two steel-lined bottom exits, each with a discharge of 110 m3 / s. A satellite view of the
Dukan Dam is shown in the figure below:

Figure 6: Satellite image for Dukan hydropower plant (Source: By researcher)

The Dukan Dam's hydroelectric station's working mechanism begins with rainwater being stored in the
dam's Forebay, after which the water flows to the intake structure, where the dam water flows to
Penstock, where the flow of the watercourse or the opening of the dam gates transports the water from
the diversion channel to turbines. The greater the rate of flow flowing from the Penstock, the greater the
rate of electric power production, which operates on the kinetic energy of the water flow. Because the
force generated by the dam's water flow raises the turbine engines' rotation rate and hence movement,
the greater the rate of power production generated by the electric turbines. The turbine engines provide
the energy required for the power house's generator to transform this energy into electrical energy. The
transformer then injects the energy generated by the hydroelectric process into the transmitted network,
where the hydroelectric energy is transferred to the stations that will be supplied with electrical energy
via high voltage lines, and then the electrical energy is transferred from those stations via other electric
lines. The water that is released during the hydroelectric power producing process flows into a stream,
making a little flowing river as appear in the following figure where it shown the mechanism of station’s
work:

22
 Figure 7: The mechanism of dukan hydropower plant as an illustrative figure(Source: Online website and
edited by researcher)

But since the rate of electricity generation in the station depends on the percentage of water in the dam,
in this case, the rate is subject to change, because the dam’s water depends on the percentage of rainfall
in winter and spring, so it is possible that the percentage of water in a dam is variable, either high or low,
thus the generation rate Electricity is also different, even if the dam depends on water reserves, but it is
also exposed to drought, and this drought according to the attached information from (The effects of
climate change ion Hydroelectric power in Iraq Journal) shows that it may be a danger to the
hydroelectric station in generating electricity, as shown in the graph below that the average rainfall
between years (2002-2012)
Different and not constant and is
decreases from 300m to 200m.
Therefore, this change generated a
significant change in the percentage
of electricity generation in the
Dukan Hydroelectric Station.

Chart 2: the rainfall percentage of Dukan district (Source: The effects

of climate change on hydroelectric power in Iraq journal)

23
The figures below show the construction of Dukan Hydropower plant and Dam from all directions as
follow:

Figure 8: Dukan Dam and Hydropower plant (Source: by the interviewee)

As well the following figure show the overall illustration of the dukan’s station, and the mechanism of
work of the machines inside the station

Figure 9: the overall illustration of the dukan’s station (Source: Online Website)

24
 Figure 10: Installation of the station from the inside (Source: Online website)

As is well known, nothing is faultless or 100 percent complete on the ground, but there are many
advantages to having a higher project completion rate, and this includes producing electricity using
flowing water in hydroelectric power stations, as there are some advantages to having a hydroelectric
power station in Dukan Dam. The most essential is that hydropower is a renewable energy source. Where
hydroelectricity produced power by harnessing the energy of flowing water without lowering its
quantity. As a result, all hydroelectric projects, large or small, whether downstream or accumulated
storage, fall within the renewable energy umbrella. The station's hydroelectric power is energy that may
be shared with other renewable sources like the sun and wind to create a higher proportion of electrical
energy, so hydroelectric power is referred to as shareable energy. to swings in electricity demand.
The power plant's flexibility and storage capacity made it more efficient and cost-effective in supporting
the use of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar energy. However, solar energy is not used
in the Dukan Dam due to the government's inability to build a field that includes a group of solar cells
that convert solar thermal energy to electricity. But there are some projects specialized in this subject in
the Electricity Department, but they are still under scrutiny and study and have not been implemented
yet.
In terms of the economy, hydropower has worked to improve energy stability and assured pricing, since
the waters of the Little Zab rivers are a local resource that is not susceptible to market fluctuations, unlike
fuel or natural gas. Furthermore, it is the sole substantial renewable source of energy, and its cost-benefit
ratio, efficiency, adaptability, and dependability aid in the efficient operation of thermal power plants.
The Dukan Dam hydroelectric power station also aided in the storage of potable water. Rainwater is
collected in the station's reservoirs, which may subsequently be utilized for drinking or irrigation in the
surrounding regions. The facility also conserved groundwater levels from depletion and decreased our
risk to floods and droughts in the Dukan region by storing water.
Hydropower has improved the stability and dependability of the energy networks provided by the
Kurdistan Regional Government to its citizens in the three governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and

25
Dohuk, with Sulaymaniyah receiving the greatest attention. To satisfy peak demands, maintain system
voltage levels, and swiftly restore power after a power loss, energy systems rely on rapid and flexible
generating sources. It allowed energy generated by hydroelectric plants to be injected into the power
grid quicker than any other energy source. Hydroelectric systems are particularly well suited for
addressing changes in consumption and providing auxiliary services to the electricity system, thus
maintaining a balance between supply and demand for electricity, due to their ability to reach maximum
production from zero in a quick and predictable manner.
In terms of the ecology, hydropower has aided the Dukan district in combating climate change. The
Dukan plant's hydropower life cycle produces relatively little levels of greenhouse emissions (GHGs).
Hydroelectric power also helps to enhance the climate of the Dukan region by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions as compared to other power plants in the vicinity that run on gas, coal, or oil.
After several projects by various organizations to examine the quality of the climate in the Dukan area,
it was discovered that the Dukan Hydroelectric Station released fewer pollutants into the air because it
used water as a kinetic energy provider to generate energy rather than fossil fuels, reducing the
percentage of acid rain and smog in the area.
The Dukan hydroelectric power plant has made a significant contribution to development in relation to
the station's civilization level. The hydroelectric installations provided communities with electricity,
highways, industry, and commerce, boosting Dukan District's and Sulaymaniyah Governorate's
economies, expanding access to health and education, and improving the quality of life for residents of
Sulaymaniyah Governorate, particularly Dukan District.
For nowadays and future, the Dukan hydroelectric power facility has provided clean and affordable
electricity. Because it was the first hydroelectric plant in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, where it was
built more than 45 years ago, it demonstrated that hydroelectric developments are long-term investments
that can benefit multiple generations and can be easily upgraded to include more modern technologies,
as well as having very low operating and maintenance costs, as they only require minor maintenance
due to their high consumption.
In terms of planning fundamentals, hydroelectric electricity in Dukan is a critical instrument for long-
term growth. Hydropower was built and operated in an economically practical, ecologically reasonable,
and socially responsible way, demonstrating the ideal notion of sustainable development. As a result,
today's progress has met people's demands while not jeopardizing future generations' capacity to fulfill
their own.
A clear competitive advantage of the Dukan hydropower plant have been outlined. In exchange, it
provided some injuries, such as high capital costs in advance when building it, as it required the
termination of the station at the time, spending a large sum of money on the invested thanks in solidarity
with the local government, as the completion of this massive project requires a large amount of
equipment and manpower, all for large sums of money. Furthermore, the project required a long time to
complete, as a project of this complexity necessitates a significant amount of time.
However, in terms of the station's surroundings, it presented a slight environmental threat, as the dam's
construction needed a large amount of land, causing many animals in the region to leave their homes
and relocate to another location. In addition, the majority of the landowners who were recommended to

26
the project were obliged to abandon their companies and properties in order to seek other opportunities.
In terms of vegetation, the dam and station construction necessitated the removal of a large number of
trees and plants in the region in order to make room for the dam and station.
The vast reservoirs linked with the Dukan hydroelectric power station caused the flood of extensive
regions near the dam's source, which resulted in the destruction of lowland forests, river valleys,
marshes, and grasslands, resulting in ecological disruption and the loss of wetlands. The proportion of
moisture in the surrounding regions.
Because the plant's turbine gates open and close on a regular basis, any interruption in natural water flow
can have a substantial influence on the river's biology and ecology. As a result of the disruption, the fish
in the river and the dam are at risk.
Local residents who live downstream, on the other hand, are at risk of flooding since the dam wall might
be demolished at any time, resulting in a big flood and very powerful water currents heading straight for
individuals. As a result, people are being compelled to migrate in order to permit the building of
hydroelectric dams.
Finally, because the Dukan Dam's hydroelectric power station relies on the dam's water to generate
electricity, it is vulnerable to power outages at any moment if the dam's water reserves are depleted or
rainfall levels fall dramatically during the winter season, causing the water to dry up. Water cannot be
used as a source of kinetic energy to generate electricity at the plant. As a result, residents in the region
are having problems obtaining consistent levels of energy.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
In summary, Renewable energy is energy obtained from renewable resources such as sunshine, wind,
rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat, all of which are carbon neutral. In contrast to fossil fuels, which
are utilized far faster than they are regenerated, this sort of energy source is renewable. Although the
majority of renewable energy is sustainable, some of it isn't. Renewable energy is frequently used to
supply energy in four key areas: electricity generation, air and water heating and cooling, transportation,
and rural energy services.
Hydroelectricity is one of the most important renewable energies, in which the flow of river water leads
to the formation of dams, and through these dams, the energy of the water flow is converted into
electrical energy using several equipment, and the location of this process is known as the hydroelectric
station. The hydroelectric power station in the Dukan Dam, which is located in the northern portion of
the Sulaymaniyah Governorate in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, serves as the research's case study. This
station is the country's earliest and oldest hydroelectric power plant. It is also regarded as one of the most
significant sources of electrical energy for the Kurdistan Region's provinces, since the hydroelectric
energy generated by this station provides the majority of the electrical energy required by the
Sulaymaniyah province in particular.
In terms of plant operation, numerous advantages have been demonstrated, including the Dukan plant's
comparatively cheap cost of hydroelectric power, which makes it a competitive source of renewable
electricity. In addition, unlike coal or gas plants, the hydro station does not absorb a considerable amount
of the dam's water, hence it is deemed cost-effective. The dam and reservoir, which are connected to the
hydroelectric station, are also a flexible source of electrical energy because the station relies on the dam
and reservoir producing an excess quantity of power. From the dam or reservoir to the end of the dam's
or reservoir's mechanisms.
The facility also offers a number of environmental advantages, including the fact that once the
hydroelectric complex is up and running, it produces no direct waste and emits far fewer greenhouse
emissions than solar power plants and definitely fossil fuel power plants.
In addition to the station's environmental advantages, there are also environmental drawbacks. The
development of a hydroelectric power complex, for example, has had a considerable environmental
impact, particularly in terms of the loss of arable land and the relocation of populations. They also have
an impact on the Little Zab's natural environment, including habitats, ecosystems, siltation patterns, and
erosion. While dams can reduce the risk of flooding, they also pose the potential of dam failure, which
may be deadly.

28
Recommendations
In the case of the Dukan Hydroelectric Station, there are some suggestions that could improve the
station's efficiency while also lowering the amount of money it receives. For example, it is possible to
change the station's operational capabilities, as the report found that improving the station's work
mechanisms can improve the station's performance by a factor of two. Hydropower may also compete
as a flexible reserve to control variation and shorten thermal plant cycles if markets are changed to enable
it. The operational modification might be to compensate hydropower for ensuring the stability and
security of all governorates' public electric grids.
The hydropower fleet's value may be increased by making mechanical and technical modifications.
Expanding the plant's operational size, for example, can enhance the plant's revenue. Scaling up, in
layman's terms, simply implies upgrading technology to handle lower loads and bigger peaks as a
proportion of capacity, as shown:

Figure 11: The provided turbines for Dukan Station (Source: Online website)

29
Upgrading stations to include variable or modulated speed drives improves their ability to satisfy a
variety of objectives, including quicker response and variance control. Finally, factories can be built to
be "closed-loop" (i.e., near to waterways) to decrease the amount of time allowed and the environmental
effect. Where it is feasible to lessen the station's environmental consequences by planting a sufficient
number of trees and plants surrounding the dam to compensate for the plants that died as a result of the
dam's construction, as well as to enhance the quality of the environment in the Dukan district. As a result,
the government will not need to pull a large amount of equipment in order to provide water to the region,
as follow:

Figure 12: plant the trees Srrounding the dam (Source: Onine website)

The water quality of the dam can be

enhanced by installing water
filtering equipment inside the dam.
As a consequence of this filtering, a
mechanism on the station will be
advantageous, as the station will not
face any barriers in the water during
the energy generation cycle caused
by water movement, as shown:

Figure 13: Dam water filter equipment (Source: Online website)

30
It is also possible to benefit from the water leaving the dam by placing a water treatment plant close to
the dam, where the water that is scrapped from the hydroelectric station can be taken and sent to the
water treatment plant. Therefore, the dam’s outgoing water will not be wasted and will not pose a danger
to the villages located on the riverbed after the dam, as these villages can be provided with clean and
sterile water coming out of the water treatment plant instead of the dam’s impurities water, as follow:

Figure 14: Water treatment plant (Source: Online article)

31
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