Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NAME ID.NO
BY: - 1. GIRMA TADESSE……………………………RU/0082/13
2.DAWIT DAGINET…………………………...RU/ /13
3.OLANTU BIRHANU ………………………...RU/ /13
ADVISOR: MISGANA. (MSc)
SUBMISSION DATE:
FITCHE, ETHIOPIA
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Acknowledgement
Firstly, we would like to give a great thank to our “GOD”! Who helped us to stay with a nice and
blessed time in this compass and to serve this chance for preparing our project by living in our
mind. Second, we would like to extend our gratitude to our adviser Misgana (MSc). he had been
guiding and assisting us through totally new topics required to write this project. Lastly it is our
great pleasure to our parents for their financial support in completing our study.
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Abstract
In this project we have tried to express the energy production from solar power and its use. In the
overall part of the project the main issue was to find out how to collect the solar power, how to
store solar power and how to use it for different purpose. As we know solar power is the energy
which emanates from the sun in the form of radiation. Therefore, by using different devices we
can capture this radiation and use it for different purpose like solar cooking, solar water heating,
solar water disinfection (purification), solar electricity etc. Solar power now is the important
energy source for human, and it can help human to get out of energy problem. Generally, the use
of solar power is very wide and it is renewable.
List of figures
Figure Page
Abbreviation
AC-Alternative Current
DC-Direct Current
PV- photo-voltaic
UV-ultraviolet
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CSP- concentrated solar power
Table of Contents
Contents Page
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................II
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................III
List of figures.............................................................................................................................IV
Abbreviation……………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………..
1.1.2 Research questions……………………………………………………………….
1.2 General and specific Objectives of the study............................................................................4
1.3 Methods of the study..............................................................................................................4
1.4 Significant of the study..........................................................................................................4
1.5 Limitation of the study...........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................5
2. Harnessing and using Solar Energy............................................................................................5
2.1 Solar Collectors......................................................................................................................5
2.2 Solar water heating.................................................................................................................5
2.3 Solar Cooking........................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Types of Solar cookers....................................................................................................7
2.4 Solar Electricity......................................................................................................................9
4
2.4.1 Photovoltaic Electricity.................................................................................................10
2.4.2 Solar Thermal Electricity..............................................................................................10
2.5 Photo-voltaic effect..................................................................................................................12
2.6 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)...........................................................................................12
2.7 How do photovoltaics work?...............................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................17
4.1-time schedule and budget planning………………………………………………………….
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CHAPTER ONE
1introduction
Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is
equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed. Renewable energy is a
subset of sustainable energy. Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal
power, ultimately derive from solar energy. Energy from biomass derives from plant material
produced by photosynthesis using the power of the sun. Wind energy derives from winds, which
are generated by the sun's uneven heating of the atmosphere. Hydro power depends on rain
which again depends on sunlight's power to evaporate water. Even fossil fuels derive from solar
energy, as fossil fuel originates from plant material. However, while theoretically renewable on a
very long time-scale, fossil fuels are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the
near future, and are therefore not considered renewable. Renewable energy resources may be
used directly, or used to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct use
are solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water- and windmills. Examples of indirect use which
require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photo-voltaic cells
(PV cells), or production of fuels such as biogas from anaerobic digestion or ethanol from
biomass.
Renewable energy is the energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring
in the immediate environment. It is a form of energy that meet our today’s demand of energy
without putting them in danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used over and over
again. An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy. Note that the energy is already passing
through the environment as a current or flow, irrespective of there being a device to intercept and
harness this power. Such energy may also be called Green Energy or Sustainable Energy. Solar
energy is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized
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as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy
or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photo-voltaic systems,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Solar energy is considered
as a green technology because it does not emit greenhouse gases. Solar energy is abundantly
available and has been utilized since long both as electricity and as a source of heat.
Solar energy is widely available today, because the sun will always shine on the Earth. We only
need the right instruments to capture the sun’s rays and convert those rays into energy. Also, a
need must exist for solar energy to be stored for future use. The only problem with solar energy
is that if a day happens to be overcast or it is night, we don’t have power. A means of storing the
energy has to be implemented. Solar energy has the ability to provide us with a much-needed
energy source, if we can only know how to tap into it during times when the sun is not shining.
First solar collector was created by Swiss scientist named Horace-Benedict de Saussure in 1767,
he takes an insulated box enclosed with three layers of glass which suck up heat energy. After
that Saussure’s box became famous and widely known as the first solar oven, getting
temperatures of 230 degrees Fahrenheit. After that in 1839 a most important landmark in the
progression of solar energy occurs with the significant of the photovoltaic effect by a French
scientist Edmond Becquerel. In this he used two electrodes placed in an electrolyte and then
exposing it to the light and results is tremendous electricity increased a lot. After that lots of
experiment are occurred by various scientists at time to time and modified our solar energy
system to produce more electricity from solar energy. But now a day’s also in this field various
experiments are doing by a scientist, how to utilize maximum solar energy which is available on
the earth.
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1.1.1 Statement of the problem
Due to the science is new and much beyond what we have known before, some people See's the
idea of solar energy and its applications not to be understand. So, to make a clear
understanding of the science truth it is necessary to have a series of publication to people around
us. Therefore, the study is aimed to solve this problem and to have a clear understanding more
about solar energy and its applications in their related course matter.
General Objective: The general objective of this project is to give a brief explanation about the
energy emanation from solar power.
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versatility. A land or roof installation can be set up in regions that many would think don’t
receive enough sunlight. Understanding how solar energy works is important, since its benefits
are unfortunately rarely compared to other green and sustainable sources.
CHAPTER TWO
Review Literature
Flat-plate collector: There are two types of flat-plate collectors. One is a glazed flat-
plate collector that is insulated and water proof. It also contains a dark absorber plate
under a glass cover. The other type is an unglazed flat-pate collector. This has a dark
absorber that is made of metal or polymer, but without a cover.
Integral collector-storage system (ICS): This system contains one or more black tanks
or tubes in an insulated and glazed box. It works by cold water going through the solar
collector first, where it is preheated. Then to a storage tank where it is used.
Evacuated-tube solar collector: This collector features parallel rows of transparent glass
tubes, with a glass outer tube, and a metal absorber tube that is attached to a fin.
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2.2 Solar water heating
In order to heat water by using solar energy we have to use solar water heater. Solar water
heaters can be a cost-effective way to provide hot water in our homes. Instead of relying on gas
that is more expensive and could cause death if inhaled, we can save money with free power that
only the sun can provide. Solar water heaters come complete with storage tanks and solar
collectors. In order to use a solar water heater a well-insulated storage tank is needed. These
storage tanks have an outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. If it is happened to
have a two-tank storage system, the solar water heater will preheat the water before it goes into
the regular water heater.
Solar water heating systems: There are two types of solar water heater systems available:
active and passive. As for the active system, there are two that are available:
Direct circulation systems: The pumps circulate household water through the collectors
and into the home.
Indirect circulation systems: The pumps circulate non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid
through collectors and a heat exchanger. This allows the water to get heated then it flows
into the home.
Just as there are two active solar water heating systems, there are also two passive water heating
systems:
Integral collector-storage passive system: This system works best in areas where the
temperature rarely hits the freezing point.
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Thermo-siphon system: This system works by water flowing through when warm water
rises as cooler water sinks. A collector must be installed below the storage tank, so the
warm water will rise into the tank.
Box Cooker: is probably the most common and popular variety of the solar cookers. In
order for the solar rays to covert to heat energy they must be able to reach the cooking
utensil (pot, pan) usually passing through a transparent covering (glass, plastic) on the
box cooker. The solar UV rays are then converted to longer infrared rays that heat the pot
and food. The longer UV rays are not able to pass back out through the glass
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(transparent) covering and are thus retained inside the box enclosure, creating a buildup
of heat; raising the temperature inside to sustainable cooking levels and thus causing the
food to cook.
Panel Cooker: is a combination of the box oven and the parabolic oven, using panels to
receive the heat and direct it to a separate container where the food is stored inside a pot
or other cooking vessel. The inner container is made of glass or plastic and serves to trap
the heat inside. Panel cookers are inexpensive to manufacture and are cheap to assemble.
Parabolic Cooker: Often Known as, concentrator cookers, these are usually a bit more
complicated to construct due to the design and necessary materials, but still are quite
common in some areas of the world. In comparison to the other solar cookers, parabolic
cookers create high heat and cook foods quickly. Parabolic cookers focus the sun's heat
with rounded walls to the cooker's base where the food is placed to receive the heat. The
parabolic cooker can reach high temperatures more quickly; therefore, cooking is
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accomplished more rapidly, though more frequent adjustment of the concentrator is
needed for maximum effectiveness.
Photo-voltaic (PV) solar panels: are made up of many solar cells. Solar cells are made of
silicon, like semiconductors. They are constructed with a positive layer and a negative layer,
which together create an electric field, just like in a battery. When photons hit a solar cell, they
knock electrons loose from their atoms. If conductors are attached to the positive and negative
sides of a cell, it forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit, they
generate electricity. Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple panels (modules) can be
wired together to form a solar array. The more panels we can deploy, the more energy we can
expect to generate.
Solar Inverters: take the DC electricity from the solar array and uses that to create AC
electricity. Inverters are like the brains of the system. Along with inverting DC to AC power,
they also provide ground fault protection and system stats including voltage and current on AC
and DC circuits, energy production, and maximum power point tracking. Central inverters have
dominated the solar industry since the beginning. The introduction of micro-inverters is one of
the biggest technology shifts in the PV industry. Micro-inverters optimize for each individual
solar panel, not for an entire solar system, as central inverts do.
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2.4.1 Photovoltaic Electricity
Photo-voltaic comes from the words photo, meaning light, and volt, a measurement of electricity.
Sometimes photo-voltaic cells are called PV cells or solar cells for short. We are probably
familiar with photo-voltaic cells. Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside telephone call
boxes all use solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar cells are made up of silicon, the
same substance that makes up sand. Silicon is the second most common substance on Earth.
Solar cells can supply energy to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power.
Electricity is produced when radiant energy from the sun strikes the solar cell, causing the
electrons to move around. The action of the electrons starts an electric current. The conversion of
sunlight into electricity takes place silently and instantly.
Photovoltaic (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semi
conducting materials that exhibit the photo voltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics,
photochemistry, and electro chemistry. It is also defined as the creation of voltage or electric
current in material upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical property or
phenomenon. The physical essence of the difference is usually that photoelectric emission
separates the charges by ballistic conduction and photo-voltaic emission separates them by
diffusion, but some "hot carrier" photo-voltaic device concepts blur even this line of distinction.
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.
Photovoltaic Effect: PV cells are able to create electricity at the atomic level using the
photovoltaic effect. Often the photovoltaic effect is confused with the photoelectric
effect. One is related to the other as both begin with the basic understanding that the
universe is created of two core entities: matter and energy. Matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space. In physics energy is defined as a source providing the ability to
do work (e.g. light, heat, sound, electricity). In the photoelectric effect, there are two
components: photons (energy) and electrons (matter). Photons are light “packets”. Each
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one carries a specific quantity (quanta) of energy revealed in different frequencies of light
(higher energy photons are found in higher frequencies of light waves).
P-N Junction (Photo diode): The photo voltaic effect within a PV cell is able to produce
an electric current by using a P-N junction. The P-N Junction is made of two kinds of
semi-conductors. The N-type (N for Negative or electron-rich) is doped to have a high
density of electrons and few holes, while the P-type (P for Positive or electron-poor) is
doped to be the opposite. Electrons flow from areas of high to low concentration. The
difference between these concentrated areas is known as voltage. A P-N junction
regulates the voltage, so current only flows in one direction resulting in an electric
current.
Operation of Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells): PV Cells are able to convert light into electricity
by first allowing radiant energy from the sun to pass through a transparent layer (glass). Photons
are absorbed ejecting electrons from the doped N-type semiconductor layer. The amount depends
on intensity and angle of light sent and the continuing development of the manufacturing
technology. These electrons are passed to a conductor, which completes a circuit back to the P-
type semi conducting layer.
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Figure 2.7: operation of a basic photo-voltaic cell
A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure
or frame is called a photo-voltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain
voltage, such as a common 12 volts system. The current produced is directly dependent on how
much light strikes the module those a number of modules electrically connected to each other
and produce photo-voltaic array. The conversion process is as shown in the diagram blow.
The larger the area of a module or array, the more electricity will be produced. Photo-voltaic
modules and arrays produce direct-current (DC) electricity. They can be connected in both series
and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination.
CHAPTER THREE
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3.1 Methodology of the Study
3.1.1 Method
First, we read many reference that have been the energy emanation from solar power. Af-
ter that we collect information that is gained from many references Second, we read many
researches that is studied by scientists and we gain new idea about our tittle
This proposal will be conducted at Salale University physics department. The study will be
related and investigated on the energy emanation from solar power
The Research is used both quantitative & qualitative methods. The systematic review will
be conducted in Salale University and it describes the energy emanation from solar power
In this proposal the review of different books in the library and different ideas from the in -
ternet will be conducted. The source of information’s are only second source of data collec-
tion like study article in other way source of information is the material that used to com-
plete the proposal work by review article are gathered from searching from manuals, docu-
mentary and related books from the library. The source and information of this study will
be gathered and collected in many source different ways. The source of gathered will be
only secondary source of data collection like article, internet, and we use relate any docu-
ment source. Data can be collected from the following material. Such as any kinds of
books, internet, journals and information from our advisor. The gathered information
from internet, different books and documents will be compiled. The literature will be pre -
pared to compare and contrast published researchers and different articles about the topic
after reading repeatedly.
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CHAPTER FOUR
NO Activities Jan Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
. .
1 Title selec-
tion
2 Collection
material
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3 Proposal
preparation
4 Project
writing
5 Project sub-
mission date
6 Presentation
4. Summary
Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is
equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed. Renewable energy is a
subset of sustainable energy. Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their
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needs. Solar energy is the energy that emanates from the sun. It is created by light and heat
which is emitted by the sun, in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is an important source of
renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active
solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal power, ultimately derive from
solar energy. Solar energy is abundantly available and has been utilized since long both as
electricity and as a source of heat. Solar energy has many uses such as solar water heating, Solar
Cooking, Photovoltaics (PV), Water Purification etc. We can make electricity from solar energy
by either the photo-voltaic or solar thermal systems. Solar water Disinfection is a method of
purifying water using sunlight.
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage or electric current in a material upon exposure
to light and is a physical and chemical property/phenomenon. The photovoltaic effect is closely
related to the photoelectric effect. In either case, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an
electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state. The main difference is that photoelectric
effect is now usually used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a
vacuum) and photo-voltaic effect used when the excited charge carrier is still contained within
the material.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are electrical devices that convert sunlight energy directly into electricity
by the photovoltaic effect. The three components of the photovoltaic cells are Photovoltaic
Effect, Semi-Conductor and P-N Junction (Photo diode). A number of solar cells electrically
connected to each other to give a photo-voltaic module, and a number of modules electrically
connected to each other and produce photo-voltaic array.
i.e. Cell→ Module→ Array (in increasing order)
Most of the people are aware about non-renewable energy resources. Solar energy has become
increase more popular due to their economic benefits. By on Battery Backup, Solar Energy can
even provide Electricity 24x7, even on cloudy days and at night. This also used with inter-grid
System with Continuously Power supply. It has more benefits compared to other forms of energy
like fossils fuels and petroleum deposits. It is an alternative which is promise and consistent to
meet the high energy demand. Research on solar cell and solar energy is promise has a future
worldwide. Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly
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using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concen-
trated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the pho-
tovoltaic effect [14]. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into elec-
tric current using the effect. Solar energy is created by light and heat which is emitted by the sun,
in the form of electromagnetic radiation. There is a cost associated with electrifying houses in ru-
ral areas that increases with distance between the grid and the houses.
RECOMANDATION
We have proved the commercial profit of sun power in the tropics and have more particularly
proved that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited
power from the rays of the sun for warded recommendations around this is that other researcher
can conduct it with wide range of time, finance and data based on laboratory based with wide
range of metals. Since the researchers are the primary determination in the shape and modeling
the students’ attitude towards education through the research, they must show the role of
emanation of energy from solar power in their real life
References
[1] Jone, Twidell and Tony, Weir. 2006. Renewable energy Resources.2nd edition.
London and New York. Taylor & Francis group.
[2] C. Julian, Chen. 2011. Physics of Solar energy. 1st edition. New Jersey. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc
[3] H P Garg and J Parkash. 2006. Solar energy fundamentals and applications. 1st
Revised edition. New Delhi. Tata McGraw-Hill
[4] S P Sukhatme and J K Nayak. 2008. Solar energy principles of thermal collection and
storage. 3rdedition. New Delhi. Tata McGraw-Hill
[5 http://www.folkecenter.net/gb/overview/definitions/
[6] http://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/global-challenges/energy/
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[7] https://energy.gov/energysaver/solar-water-heaters
[8] Gerard M, Crawley. 2016. Solar Energy. 2nd edition. London. World scientific
publishing
[9]Barney, Warf. 2017. Handbook on Geographies technology. Northampton. Edward
Elgar publishing
[10] www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/1448.pdf
[11] D.Yogi, Goswa. 1999. Priciples of Solar engineering. 2nd edition. University of
[12] https://us.sunpower.com/blog/2015/06/15/how-does-solar-energy-work/
[13] https://www.britannica.com/topic/solar-energy
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