COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

OVER VIEW OF ENERGY EMANATION FROM SOLAR POWER

A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO SALALE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF

PHYSICS IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR BSC
DEGREE IN APPLIED PHYSICS

NAME ID.NO
1. GIRMA TADESSE……………………………RU/0082/13
2. DAWIT DAGINET…………………………...RU/1809/13
3. OLANTU BIRHANU ………………………...RU/1990/13

ADVISOR: MISGANA.T (MSc)

SUBMISSION DATE:01/05/2016E-C

FITCHE, ETHIOPIA

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Acknowledgement
Firstly, we would like to give a great thank to our “GOD”! Who helped us to stay with a nice and
blessed time in this compass and to serve this chance for preparing our project by living in our
mind. Second, we would like to extend our gratitude to our adviser Misgana (MSc). he had been
guiding and assisting us through totally new topics required to write this project. Lastly it is our
great pleasure to our parents for their financial support in completing our study.

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Abstract
In this project we have tried to express the energy production from solar power and its use. In the
overall part of the project the main issue was to find out how to collect the solar power, how to
store solar power and how to use it for different purpose. As we know solar power is the energy
which emanates from the sun in the form of radiation. Therefore, by using different devices we
can capture this radiation and use it for different purpose like solar cooking, solar water heating,
solar water disinfection (purification), solar electricity etc. Solar power now is the important
energy source for human, and it can help human to get out of energy problem. Generally, the use
of solar power is very wide and it is renewable.

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Contents Pages
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................ii
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................iii
Abbreviation and Acronomy.......................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study....................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................3
1.3. Research questions...........................................................................................................................3
1.4. Objectives of the study.....................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. General Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.4.2. Specific Objectives:.............................................................................................................3
1.5. Significant of the study.....................................................................................................................3
1.6 Limitation of study............................................................................................................................4
....................................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................5
REVIEW LITRATURE..............................................................................................................................5
2. Utilizing and Using Solar Energy........................................................................................................5
2.1 Solar Collectors.................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Solar water heating............................................................................................................................5
2.3 Solar Cooking....................................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Types of Solar cookers...............................................................................................................8
2.4 Solar Electricity...............................................................................................................................10
2.4.1 Photovoltaic Electricity.............................................................................................................10
2.4.2 Solar Thermal Electricity..........................................................................................................11
2.5 Solar water Disinfection (purification)............................................................................................11
2.6 Amount of solar energy reaching the earth......................................................................................11
2.7 Photo-voltaic effect..........................................................................................................................12
2.8 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells).......................................................................................................13

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 2.8.1 How do photovoltaics work..........................................................................................................14
2.9 The Efficiency of the Solar Cells.....................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................17
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................17
3.1 Study area........................................................................................................................................17
3.2 Research design...............................................................................................................................17
3.3 Source of data analyzing..................................................................................................................17
TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET PLANING...................................................................................18
CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................................................20
RESULT AND DISCUSSION..............................................................................................................20
5.1 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY and FUTURE RECOMMENDATION......................................................21
6.1 Summary..........................................................................................................................................21
6.2. Future recommendations.................................................................................................................22
References.................................................................................................................................................23

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Abbreviation and Acronomy
AC Alternative Current
DC Direct Current
PV Photo-Voltaic
ICS Integral collector-storage system
UV Ultraviolet
CSP Concentrated Solar Power

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Active, Closed loop solar water heater [11]................................................................................6
Figure 2: Passive, Batch solar water heater [14].........................................................................................7
Figure 3: Solar box cooker [17]..................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Solar panel cooker [19]...............................................................................................................9
Figure 5 : Solar parabolic cooker [21]........................................................................................................9
Figure 6: Photo-voltaic effect [30]............................................................................................................12
Figure 7: operation of a basic photo-voltaic cell [37]...............................................................................14
Figure 8: solar cell, module and array [38]..............................................................................................15

LIST OF TABLES

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Table 1: Time schedule.............................................................................................................................18
Table 2: Budget planning..........................................................................................................................19

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is
equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed. Renewable energy is a
subset of sustainable energy. Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal
power, ultimately derive from solar energy. Energy from biomass derives from plant material
produced by photosynthesis using the power of the sun. Wind energy derives from winds, which
are generated by the sun's uneven heating of the atmosphere. Hydro power depends on rain
which again depends on sunlight's power to evaporate water. Even fossil fuels derive from solar
energy, as fossil fuel originates from plant material. However, while theoretically renewable on a
very long time-scale, fossil fuels are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the
near future, and are therefore not considered renewable. Renewable energy resources may be
used directly, or used to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct use
are solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water- and windmills. Examples of indirect use which
require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photo-voltaic cells
(PV cells), or production of fuels such as biogas from anaerobic digestion or ethanol from
biomass [1].

Renewable energy is the energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring
in the immediate environment. It is a form of energy that meet our today’s demand of energy
without putting them in danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used over and over
again. An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy. Note that the energy is already passing
through the environment as a current or flow, irrespective of there being a device to intercept and
harness this power. Such energy may also be called Green Energy or Sustainable Energy. Solar
energy is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized
as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy
or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photo-voltaic systems,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-

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dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Solar energy is considered
as a green technology because it does not emit greenhouse gases. Solar energy is abundantly
available and has been utilized since long both as electricity and as a source of heat [2].

Solar energy is widely available today, because the sun will always shine on the Earth. We only
need the right instruments to capture the sun’s rays and convert those rays into energy. Also, a
need must exist for solar energy to be stored for future use. The only problem with solar energy
is that if a day happens to be overcast or it is night, we don’t have power. A means of storing the
energy has to be implemented. Solar energy has the ability to provide us with a much-needed
energy source, if we can only know how to tap into it during times when the sun is not shining.
Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures
used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. They also kept their homes
warm through passive solar energy designs. Buildings were designed so that walls and floors
collected solar heat during the day that was released at night to keep them warm. If we have ever
stood in the sun to get warm then we too have utilized solar thermal energy. First solar collector
was created by Swiss scientist named Horace-Benedict de Saussure in 1767, he takes an
insulated box enclosed with three layers of glass which suck up heat energy. After that
Saussure’s box became famous and widely known as the first solar oven, getting temperatures of
230 degrees Fahrenheit. After that in 1839 a most important landmark in the progression of solar
energy occurs with the significant of the photovoltaic effect by a French scientist Edmond
Becquerel [42].

In this he used two electrodes placed in an electrolyte and then exposing it to the light and results
is tremendous electricity increased a lot. After that lots of experiment are occurred by various
scientists at time to time and modified our solar energy system to produce more electricity from
solar energy. But now a day’s also in this field various experiments are doing by a scientist, how
to utilize maximum solar energy which is available on the earth. In 1873, Willoughby Smith
discovered photoconductivity of a material known as selenium. In 1887 there was the discovery
of the ultraviolet ray capacity to cause a spark jump between two electrodes and this was done by
Heinrich Hertz. In 1891 the first solar heater was created. In 1893 the first solar cell was
introduced. In 1908 William J. Baileys invented a copper collector which was constructed using
copper coils and boxes. In 1958, solar energy was used in space [3].

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1.2. Statement of the problem
Due to the science is new and much beyond what we have known before, some people See's the
idea of solar energy and its applications not to be understand. So, to make a clear
understanding of the science truth it is necessary to have a series of publication to people around
us. Therefore, the study is aimed to solve this problem and to have a clear understanding more
about solar energy and its applications in their related course matter.

1.3. Research questions

1, What form of energy is output from solar power?
2, How do photovoltaics work?
3, What is the basic principle of solar power?
4, What are the application of solar power?
1.4. Objectives of the study
1.4.1. General Objective:
The general objective of this project is to over view the energy emanation from solar power.

1.4.2. Specific Objectives:

The specific objectives of this study are:

• To assessing the elaboration and the uses of solar energy

• To manifests on conversion of solar energy to electrical energy

• To comprehend the principle of photo-voltaic cells

1.5. Significant of the study

Our study will valuable in utilizing and applying solar energy for various purposes. Because of
the reduced environmental impact of using solar energy in comparison to fossil fuels and other
non-renewable resources has been noted and lauded. Photo-voltaic panels will not change the
environment and are small in comparison to dams. One of the advantages of solar power is its
versatility. A land or roof installation can be set up in regions that many would think don’t
receive enough sunlight. Understanding how solar energy works is important, since its benefits
are unfortunately rarely compared to other green and sustainable sources. And also, the study

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will use for the coming generation as input to read, understand, overview how the proposal and
the project be summarized for the related titles and the way of writing styles.

1.6 Limitation of study

Doing senior project is not as such easy task; rather there are a lot of ups and downs. Some of the
problems faced are: -Lack of awareness, Shortage of Internet service, Shortage of reference ma-
terials, No sufficient experimental observation in the laboratory, Due to shortage of the money
and Shortage of time

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW LITRATURE

2. Utilizing and Using Solar Energy

2.1 Solar Collectors

Heating with solar energy is not as easy as we might think. Capturing sunlight and putting it to
work is difficult because the solar energy that reaches the Earth is spread out over a large area.
The sun does not deliver that much energy to any one place at any one time. The amount of solar
energy an area receives depends on the time of day, the season of the year, the cloudiness of the
sky, and how close you are to the Earth’s Equator. A solar collector is one way to capture
sunlight and change it into usable heat energy [4]. There are three types of solar collectors as
followed below:
Flat-plate collector: There are two types of flat-plate collectors. One is a glazed flat-plate
collector that is insulated and water proof. It also contains a dark absorber plate under a glass
cover. The other type is an unglazed flat-pate collector. This has a dark absorber that is made of
metal or polymer, but without a cover.
Integral collector-storage system (ICS): This system contains one or more black tanks or tubes
in an insulated and glazed box. It works by cold water going through the solar collector first,
where it is preheated. Then to a storage tank where it is used [5].
Evacuated-tube solar collector: This collector features parallel rows of transparent glass tubes,
with a glass outer tube, and a metal absorber tube that is attached to a find [6].

2.2 Solar water heating

In order to heat water by using solar energy we have to use solar water heater. Solar water
heaters can be a cost-effective way to provide hot water in our homes. Instead of relying on gas
that is more expensive and could cause death if inhaled, we can save money with free power that
only the sun can provide. Solar water heaters come complete with storage tanks and solar
collectors. In order to use a solar water heater a well-insulated storage tank is needed. These
storage tanks have an outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. If it is happened to
have a two-tank storage system, the solar water heater will preheat the water before it goes into
the regular water heater [7].

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Solar water heating systems: There are two types of solar water heater systems available:
active and passive. As for the active system, there are two that are available [8].
Direct circulation systems: The pumps circulate household water through the collectors and
into the home. direct circulation systems require a pump to circulate water from storage tank to
the collector to get heated. The hot water flows back to the storage system and is ready for the
end-user. The pump is usually controlled by a differential thermostat that regulates water at the
top header by a sufficient margin to the bottom of the tank [9].
Indirect circulation systems: The pumps circulate non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through
collectors and a heat exchanger. This allows the water to get heated then it flows into the home.
Pumps circulate a nonfreezing, heat transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger.
This heats the water then flow into the home. They are popular in climates prone to freezing
temperatures. This is a very simple system for heating water. The pump only circulates water
between a heat absorber and a water cylinder, and then the hot water flows outside the storage
tank [10].

Figure 1: Active, Closed loop solar water heater [11].

Just as there are two active solar water heating systems, there are also two passive water heating
systems:
Integral collector-storage passive system: This system works best in areas where the
temperature rarely hits the freezing point. Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one
or more black tanks or tubes in an insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes through the solar
collector, which preheats the water. The water then continues on to the conventional backup

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water heater, providing a reliable source of hot water. They should be installed only in mild-
freeze climates because the outdoor pipes could freeze in severe, cold weather [12].
Thermo-siphon system: This system works by water flowing through when warm water rises as
cooler water sinks. A collector must be installed below the storage tank, so the warm water will
rise into the tank. Water flows through the system when warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
The collector must be installed below the storage tank so that warm water will rise into the tank.
These systems are reliable, but contractors must pay careful attention to the roof design because
of the heavy storage tank. They are usually more expensive than integral collector-storage
passive systems [13].

Figure 2: Passive, Batch solar water heater [14].

2.3 Solar Cooking

A solar cooker is an appliance that utilizes heat from the sunlight instead of gas and electricity.
Solar cooking is used mainly in poorer communities due to its low cost. After purchasing a solar
cooker, no additional money has to be paid as it only uses sunlight. Other advantages of solar
cooking include better indoor air quality, reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, and
conservation of fuel through reduced use of air conditioning. While a solar cooker has many
advantages, it also has a few disadvantages. Some of the disadvantages to solar cooking include
difficulty in cooking during unfavorable weather conditions, difficulty in retaining heat as
efficiently as electric or gas cookers, and eyesight damage if sunlight reflected back into
someone’s eyes. It is very important to wear protective materials while using solar cookers [15].

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2.3.1 Types of Solar cookers
There are many varieties and countless styles of solar cookers that have been made, and are
continually being modified around the world. But there are three main styles (classes) of solar
cookers which are in use today [15].

Box Cooker: is probably the most common and popular variety of the solar cookers. In order
for the solar rays to covert to heat energy they must be able to reach the cooking utensil (pot,
pan) usually passing through a transparent covering (glass, plastic) on the box cooker. The solar
UV rays are then converted to longer infrared rays that heat the pot and food. The longer UV
rays are not able to pass back out through the glass (transparent) covering and are thus retained
inside the box enclosure, creating a buildup of heat; raising the temperature inside to sustainable
cooking levels and thus causing the food to cook [16].

Figure 3: Solar box cooker [17].

Panel Cooker: is a combination of the box oven and the parabolic oven, using panels to receive
the heat and direct it to a separate container where the food is stored inside a pot or other cooking
vessel. The inner container is made of glass or plastic and serves to trap the heat inside. Panel
cookers are inexpensive to manufacture and are cheap to assemble [18].

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 Figure 4: Solar panel cooker [19].
Parabolic Cooker: Often Known as, concentrator cookers, these are usually a bit more
complicated to construct due to the design and necessary materials, but still are quite common in
some areas of the world. In comparison to the other solar cookers, parabolic cookers create high
heat and cook foods quickly,

Parabolic cookers focus the sun's heat with rounded walls to the cooker's base where the food is
placed to receive the heat. The parabolic cooker can reach high temperatures more quickly;
therefore, cooking is accomplished more rapidly, though more frequent adjustment of the
concentrator is needed for maximum effectiveness [20].

Figure 5 : Solar parabolic cooker [21].

2.4 Solar Electricity

Solar electricity systems are usually called photo-voltaic (PV) because they transform light
energy into electricity. A standard PV cell is a thin semiconductor sandwich, with two layers of
highly purified silicon. Photo-voltaic arrays are nothing more than huge matrices of
interconnected semiconductor sandwiches. Usable PV systems comprised all sorts of equipment
that protects the user from electrical shock, stores the electricity in battery banks, and converts

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the direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), which is what people use in their houses.
But at the heart of each system there is a simple conversion process [22].

Photo-voltaic (PV) solar panels: are made up of many solar cells. Solar cells are made of
silicon, like semiconductors. They are constructed with a positive layer and a negative layer,
which together create an electric field, just like in a battery. When photons hit a solar cell, they
knock electrons loose from their atoms. If conductors are attached to the positive and negative
sides of a cell, it forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit, they
generate electricity. Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple panels (modules) can be
wired together to form a solar array. The more panels we can deploy, the more energy we can
expect to generate [23].

Solar Inverters: take the DC electricity from the solar array and uses that to create AC
electricity. Inverters are like the brains of the system. Along with inverting DC to AC power,
they also provide ground fault protection and system stats including voltage and current on AC
and DC circuits, energy production, and maximum power point tracking. Central inverters have
dominated the solar industry since the beginning. The introduction of micro-inverters is one of
the biggest technology shifts in the PV industry. Micro-inverters optimize for each individual
solar panel, not for an entire solar system, as central inverts [24].

2.4.1 Photovoltaic Electricity

Photo-voltaic comes from the words photo, meaning light, and volt, a measurement of electricity.
Sometimes photo-voltaic cells are called PV cells or solar cells for short. We are probably
familiar with photo-voltaic cells. Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside telephone call
boxes all use solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar cells are made up of silicon, the
same substance that makes up sand. Silicon is the second most common substance on Earth.
Solar cells can supply energy to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power.
Electricity is produced when radiant energy from the sun strikes the solar cell, causing the
electrons to move around. The action of the electrons starts an electric current. The conversion of
sunlight into electricity takes place silently and instantly [25].

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2.4.2 Solar Thermal Electricity
Like solar cells, solar thermal systems, also called concentrated solar power (CSP), use solar
energy to produce electricity, but in a different way. Most solar thermal systems use a solar
collector with a mirrored surface to focus sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid. The super-
heated liquid is used to make steam to produce electricity in the same way that coal plants do.
Solar energy has great potential for the future. Solar energy is free, and its supplies are unlimited.
It does not pollute or otherwise damage the environment [26].

2.5 Solar water Disinfection (purification)

Solar water Disinfection, also known as SODIS is a method of purifying water using sunlight.
SODIS is a free and effective method for decentralized water treatment, usually applied at the
household level and is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a viable
method for it. UV-A (ultraviolet-A) rays from the sun destroys cell structures of bacteria. UV-A
rays reacts with oxygen dissolved in the water and produces highly reactive forms of oxygen that
are believed to also damage pathogens [27].

2.6 Amount of solar energy reaching the earth

The average power density of solar radiation just outside the atmosphere of the Earth is
2
w 2
1366 1366 W/m 2widely known as the solar constant. And the radius of Earth is ( ) × 107m.
m π
w 4
The total power of solar radiation reaching Earth is then Solar power ¿ CA =1366 2× × 1014
m π
2 17
m = 1.73 × 10 W.
C is solar constant, and A is the surface area of the earth that is unmasked to Sun.
Each day has 86,400 s, and on average, each year has 365.2422 days.
The total energy of solar radiation reaching Earth per year is Annual solar energy = (Power)
sec
(time) = 1.73 × 10171w × 86400 / × 365.2422day = 5.46 × 1024 J.
day
To have an idea of how much energy that is, let us compare it with annual global energy
consumption; The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report
on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. The most recent estimate of
the world energy consumption was 5.67 × 1020 joules, in 2013. This is about only 0.01% of the
annual solar energy reaching on earth [28].

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2.7 Photo-voltaic effect
Photovoltaic (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semi
conducting materials that exhibit the photo voltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics,
photochemistry, and electro chemistry. It is also defined as the creation of voltage or electric
current in material upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical property or
phenomenon. The physical essence of the difference is usually that photoelectric emission
separates the charges by ballistic conduction and photo-voltaic emission separates them by
diffusion, but some "hot carrier" photo-voltaic device concepts blur even this line of distinction
[29].

Figure 6: Photo-voltaic effect [30].

2.8 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are structures designed to allow light to be directly converted into
electricity at the atomic level. A solar cell (also known as a photovoltaic cell or PV cell) is

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defined as an electrical device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the
photovoltaic effect. A solar cell is basically a p-n junction diode. Solar cells are a form of
photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics such as current, voltage, or
resistance vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cells can combine to form modules
commonly known as solar panels. The common single junction silicon solar cell produces a
maximum open circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts [31].

Components to Photovoltaic Cells:

Photovoltaic Effect: PV cells are able to create electricity at the atomic level using the
photovoltaic effect. Often the photovoltaic effect is confused with the photoelectric effect. One
is related to the other as both begin with the basic understanding that the universe is created of
two core entities: matter and energy. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. In
physics energy is defined as a source providing the ability to do work (e.g. light, heat, sound,
electricity). In the photoelectric effect, there are two components: photons (energy) and
electrons (matter). Photons are light “packets”. Each one carries a specific quantity (quanta) of
energy revealed in different frequencies of light (higher energy photons are found in higher
frequencies of light waves) [32].

Semi-Conductor: Semi-conductors have an intermediate band gap. Meaning they require more
energy to move electrons than a conductor, but less than an insulator. Once electrons are moved,
they create electron “holes” or unoccupied orbitals in the valance band and easily released
electrons in the conduction band. In PV cells, semi-conductors are often used because they can
regulate conduction band electrons and electron “holes” more readily, especially if the semi-
conductor is “doped” or impurities are added [33].

P-N Junction (Photo diode): The photo voltaic effect within a PV cell is able to produce an
electric current by using a P-N junction. The P-N Junction is made of two kinds of semi-
conductors. The N-type (N for Negative or electron-rich) is doped to have a high density of
electrons and few holes, while the P-type (P for Positive or electron-poor) is doped to be the
opposite. Electrons flow from areas of high to low concentration. The difference between these
concentrated areas is known as voltage. A P-N junction regulates the voltage, so current only
flows in one direction resulting in an electric current [34].

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Operation of Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells): PV Cells are able to convert light into electricity
by first allowing radiant energy from the sun to pass through a transparent layer (glass). Photons
are absorbed ejecting electrons from the doped N-type semiconductor layer. The amount depends
on intensity and angle of light sent and the continuing development of the manufacturing
technology. These electrons are passed to a conductor, which completes a circuit back to the P-
type semi conducting layer [35].

2.8.1 How do photovoltaics work

The diagram below illustrates the operation of a basic photo-voltaic cell, also called a solar cell.
Solar cells are made of the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, used in the
microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form
an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. When light energy strikes the
solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical
conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the
electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This electricity
can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool [36].

Figure 7: operation of a basic photo-voltaic cell [37].

A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure
or frame is called a photo-voltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain

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voltage, such as a common 12 volts system. The current produced is directly dependent on how
much light strikes the module those a number of modules electrically connected to each other
and produce photo-voltaic array. The conversion process is as shown in the diagram blow

Figure 8: solar cell, module and array [38].

The larger the area of a module or array, the more electricity will be produced. Photo-voltaic
modules and arrays produce direct-current (DC) electricity. They can be connected in both series
and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination

2.9 The Efficiency of the Solar Cells

Efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the Power output per unit area of the cell and the Power
Input per unit area of the light source [39].

Power Input Measurements: Input power is a result of the photons hitting the solar cell surface.
Several processes can happen to attenuate the light reaching the material that absorbs the
incoming light. Also, there will be a distribution associated with the wavelength dependence of
light. The material, itself, has wavelength dependence. The efficiency of the solar cell is usually
measured based on a source that mimics a certain region of the spectrum [40].

Power Output Measurements: The output power is measured as a function of the resistance
through an external load. There is a built-in potential in the solar cell that can be used to drive
current through an external load. However, the current can be limited by the resistance of the
solar cell itself (its ability to conduct the electrons) as well as by the resistance in the external

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load. If the external load has zero resistance, then we have a measure of the current that can be
provided, essentially limited by the movement of the electrons across the junction potential and
through the doped semiconductor to the external contact. This will be the maximum current that
the solar cell could provide in a particular light source, the short circuit current, I sc. Conversely, if
the external load has an infinite resistance, then no current can flow through the external
connection. The light then simply moves the electrons and holes to opposite contacts creating
the maximum potential possible from the solar cell for the particular light source being
investigated. The voltage available under no current flow conditions is called the open circuit
voltage, Voc. If current was flowing the potential would be reduced as the electrons move away
from the external junction. Ideally, then, the maximum power that could be generated would be,
if we could provide as much current as is possible under short circuit conditions, I sc. Also,
ideally, if the current load did not pull down the potential, then the maximum voltage possible
would be the open circuit voltage, Voc. The ideal maximum power then is the product of I sc and
Voc [41].

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Study area

This proposal will be conducted at Salale University physics department. The study will be focus
on the over view of energy emanation from solar power to relate those other energy incases of
the conversion and their principles.

3.2 Research design

The Research is used quantitative methods for the systematic review will be conducted in Salale
University and it describes the over view of energy emanation from solar power with other pub-
lished results of journals and articles as well as with the books to recombine each result.

3.3 Source of data analyzing

In this proposal the review of different books in the library and different ideas from the internet
will be conducted. The source of information’s is only second source of data collection like study
article in other way source of information is the material that used to complete the proposal work
by review article are gathered from searching from manuals, documentary and related books
from the library. The source and information of this study will be gathered and collected in many
sources’ different ways. The source of gathered will be only secondary source of data collection
like article, internet, and we use relate any document source. Data can be collected from the fol-
lowing material. Such as any kinds of books, internet, journals and information from our advi-
sor. The gathered information from internet, different books and documents will be compiled.
The literature will be prepared to compare and contrast published researchers and different arti-
cles about the topic after reading repeatedly. The study will be plotted in a graph, tables by using
the MATLAB software to out put the over viewed results.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET PLANING
Table 1: Time schedule
NO Activities Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1 Title selec- 
tion
2 Collection 
material
3 Proposal pre- 
paration
4 Project writ- 
ing
5 Project sub- 
mission date

6 Presentation 

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Table 2: Budget planning
NO Items Units Quantity Unit price Total cost
1 Pen Piece 2 20 40
2 Paper Ream 1 400 400
3 Ruler Piece 1 20 20
4 Photo copy Page 20 1 20
5 Print Piece 20 2 40
6 Transport km 00 0 00
7 Computer typist One 00 00 00
8 Mobile card Number 5 20 100
9 Flash Piece 1 200 200
Grand Total 50 663 820

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 CHAPTER FIVE

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Discussion
Challenges are inevitable in every type of project involving one or many individuals, and the
most important skill is utilizing those challenges as learning experiences. Our project was not
any different. We have been facing multiple challenges, and though it was not easy coping with
them, we were able to learn and improve from those challenges. Our objective in this project is
to create a solar cooker. The whole process began with some theory crafting of the prototype de-
sign and functionality, followed by calculations that support our theories and ensure it function-
ality. After that, we divided the workload using the Gantt Chart which mad emit extremely orga-
nized and time-efficient. During the process of making the prototype, we had to go through vari-
ous material options to ensure the highest quality and efficiency possible. To do that, we used
SolidWorks to simulate the prototype and experiment with different materials. That has risen a
challenge with the availability and the price of some materials and led to us having to shift our
decisions regarding some material choice. To sum up, the journey of working on this project has
been enjoyable as it gave us the feeling of creating something of usefulness to humans’ everyday
activities.

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 CHAPTER 6:

SUMMARY and FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Summary
Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is
equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed. Renewable energy is a
subset of sustainable energy. Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their
needs. Solar energy is the energy that emanates from the sun. It is created by light and heat
which is emitted by the sun, in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is an important source of
renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active
solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal power, ultimately derive from
solar energy. The amount of solar energy reaching the earth in 1 year is approximately about
10000 times greater than the world annual energy consumption. So, using solar collector we can
capture sunlight and change it into usable heat energy. The three types of solar collectors which
are important to capture sun light and convert it in to usable energy are flat-plate collector,
integral collector-storage system and evacuated-tube solar collector.

Solar energy is abundantly available and has been utilized since long both as electricity and as a
source of heat. Solar energy has many uses such as solar water heating, Solar Cooking,
Photovoltaics (PV), Water Purification etc. Direct circulation systems and indirect circulation
systems are the two types of solar water heater systems. The three main styles (classes) of solar
cookers which are in use today are box cooker, panel cooker and Parabolic Cookers. Solar
electricity systems transform light energy into electricity. We can make electricity from solar
energy by either the photo-voltaic or solar thermal systems. Solar water Disinfection is a method
of purifying water using sunlight. The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage or electric
current in a material upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical
property/phenomenon. The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. In
either case, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-
energy state. The main difference is that photoelectric effect is now usually used when the
electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a vacuum) and photo-voltaic effect used when
the excited charge carrier is still contained within the material. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are
electrical devices that convert sunlight energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
The three components of the photovoltaic cells are Photovoltaic Effect, Semi-Conductor and P-N
Junction (Photo diode). A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other to give a
photo-voltaic module, and a number of modules electrically connected to each other and produce
photo-voltaic array.

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 i.e. Cell→ Module→ Array (in increasing order)

The efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the Power output per unit area of the cell and
the Power Input per unit area of the light source.

6.2. Future recommendations

There are few ideas that we had in mind while working on this project. One idea that seemed in-
teresting on paper was adding solar panels to store energy in batteries to our prototype. While
this idea is extremely revolutionary to our design, it brings forward multiple financial and envi-
ronmental issues to our idea. The creation process of batteries has proved to be extremely harm-
ful and hazardous to our environment which is against our idea of creating an environmentally
friendly solar cooker. In addition to that, adding solar panels brings forward drastic increase to
the financial side of the prototype, while requiring batteries to ensure its usefulness. Another rec-
ommendation is to try to finalize the prototype as soon as possible because one issue that a lot of
students fail to understand is that finishing the prototype is still an early step to ensuring its func -
tionality and readiness. This is a major issue that a lot of students face during their time working
on projects and it can be avoided by simply putting more effort earlier on to avoid unpleasant
outcomes when time becomes tighter. Change the system from an active solar water heater to
passive one. Change the position of the water tank and making it the highest point (above the
manifold). Finding a better reseller or fabricating the Evacuated Tubes. Adding a thermocouple
connected to a control panel to automate the duration of water circulation.

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