INTRODUCTION

Grass cutter machines have become very popular today. Most common
machines are used for soft grass furnishing. The main parts of the Grass cutting
machines are DC motor, relay switch for controlling motor, Battery for charging it
through solar panel. It is placed in a suitable machine structure. The motors having
350rpm and 35rpm are connected to the electric supply by the use of a roll of wire.
The linear blades are attached in this machine. Working principle of the grass
cutter is providing a high speed rotation to the blade, which helps to cut the grass.
The blade will get kinetic energy while increasing the rpm. The cutting edges are
very smooth and accurate. Also electric grass cutting machines are much easier to
be used in garden, lawn and grass fields. In order to enhance the beauty of home-
lawns and gardens, Grass cutting machines are the best available option in the
industry. With the help of a lawn mower which is a machine with revolving blades
to help us cutting lawns at even length, people can easily maintain and beautify
their lawns and gardens without any hassle.

Now a day, there are plenty of options starting from the simplest push along
mower to the most advanced electric grass cutting machine. According to world
energy report, we get around 80% of our energy from conventional fossil fuels like
oil (36%), natural gas (21%) and coal (23%). It is well known that the time is not
so far when all these sources will be completely exhausted. So, alternative sources
should be used to avoid energy crisis in the nearby future. So introduce solar
energy for the machine process to work. A solar panel is a large flat rectangle. The
cells, each of which is about the size of an adults palm, are usually octagonal and
colored bluish black. Just like the cells in a battery, the cells in a solar panel are
designed to generate electricity; but where a battery cells make electricity from
chemicals, a solar panel cells generate power by capturing sunlight instead. Solar
grass cutter have no moving parts and hence require little maintenance and work
quite satisfactorily without any focusing device. It does not cause any
environmental pollution like the fossil fuels and nuclear power. Solar cells last a
longer time and have low running costs.

Problem Identification

The past technology of grass cutting is manually operated by the use of hand
devices like scissor, these results into more human effort and more time required
accomplishing the work. Also in old methods lack of uniformity of the
remaining grass. Also due to the use of engine powered machines increases the air
and noise pollution also this grass cutter require maintenance.

Purpose

The objective of our project is to design and automatic lawn mower which
operates on solar energy and avoids the drawback of old lawn mowers. The
purpose is to avoid energy crisis in India and reduces the human efforts, operating
cost and maintenance cost. Also solar based grass cutter keeps the environment
clean and healthy. It is used for cutting different types of grasses for various
applications. The whole machine operates on the solar energy stored in battery.
The IR sensor is used for the obstacle detection to avoid any damage of the human,
object and animal. Also we are using relay to control the motor connected to blades
as a switch. The prototype is charged from sun by using solar panel.
Main component

1. Battery
2. DC motor
3. Microcontroller Atmega328
4. Blade
 Block Diagram

Ultrasonic Grass Cutter

Sensor Motor

Micro-
controller
Bluetooth Robot Motor
Module
Circuit Diagram
 Working

The designed solar powered lawn mower comprises of direct current (D.C)
motor, are battery, solar panel and control Mechanism. Mowing is achieved by the
D.C motor which provides the required torque needed to drive the stainless steel
blade which is directly coupled to the shaft of the D.C motor. The solar powered
lawnmower is operated by the switch on the board which closes the circuit and
allows the flow of current to the motor which in turn drive the blade used for
mowing. The battery recharges through the solar charging controller. Performance
evaluation of the developed machine was carried out with different types of
grasses.

The working principle of solar grass cutter is it has panels mounted in a

particular arrangement at an in such a way that it can receive solar radiation with
high intensity easily from the sun. These solar panels convert solar energy into
electrical energy. This electrical energy is stored in batteries by using a solar
charger. The main function of the solar charger is to increase the current from the
panels while batteries are charging; it also disconnects the solar panels from the
batteries when they are fully charged and also connects to the panels when the
charging in batteries is low. The motor is connected to the batteries through
connecting wires .Between these two mechanical circuit breaker switches is
provided. It starts and stops the working of the motor. From this motor, the power
transmits to the mechanism and this makes the blade to slide on the fixed blade and
this makes to cut the grass.
 Component

ATmega328

Introduction

The Atmel ATmega328A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based

on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a
single clock cycle, the ATmega8A achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz.
This empowers system designer to optimize the device for power consumption
versus processing speed.

Features

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions - Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 8KBytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 512Bytes EEPROM
– 1KByte Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

• True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

Block Diagram
Pin Diagram
Pin Descriptions

VCC

Digital supply voltage

GND

Ground

Port B (PB7:PB0) – XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7:6 is used as TOSC2:1
input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The
various special features of Port B are elaborated in Alternate Functions of Port B
and System Clock and Clock Options.
Port C (PC5:PC0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If
the RSTDISBL Fuse is un-programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level
on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if
the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 30-5. Shorter
pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various special features of Port
C are elaborated in Alternate Functions of Port C.

Port D (PD7:PD0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special
features of the ATmega8A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port D.

RESET

Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse
length is given in Table 30-5. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3:0), and
ADC (7:6). It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used.
If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note
that Port C (5:4) use digital supply voltage, VCC.

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the
A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit
ADC channels.
Arduino IDE

Connect your Arduino to the computer with the USB cable. You
do not need the battery for now. The green PWR LED will light. If there
was already a program burned into the Arduino, it will run.

Start the Arduino development environment. In Arduino-speak,

programs are called “sketches”, but here we will just call them
programs.

In the editing window that comes up, enter the following program,
paying attention to where semi-colons appear at the end of command
lines.

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Hello World");
}
void loop()
{}
Your window will look something like this

 Click the Upload button or Ctrl-U to compile the program and load
on the Arduino board.

 Click the Serial Monitor button . If all has gone well, the monitor
window will show your message and look something like this
Congratulations; you have created and run your first Arduino program!

Push the Arduino reset button a few times and see what happens

 Hint: If you want to check code syntax without an Arduino board

connected, click the Verify button or Ctrl-R.

 Hint: If you want to see how much memory your program takes up,
Verify then look at the message at the bottom of the programming
window.
HC05

Overview

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol)

module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port
Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR Enhanced Data Rate)
3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses
CSR Blue core 04‐External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology
and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as
small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development
cycle.

Specifications
Hardware features

 Typical ‐80dBm sensitivity.

 Up to +4dBm RF transmits power.
 Low Power 1.8V Operation, 3.3 to 5 V I/O.
 PIO control.
 UART interface with programmable baud rate.
 With integrated antenna.
 With edge connector.

Software features

 Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity.
 PIO9 and PIO8 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When
master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval,
while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.
 Auto‐connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto‐pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default.
 Auto‐reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range
of connection.
IC L293D:

The L293D motor driver is available for providing User with ease and user
friendly interfacing for embedded application. L293D motor driver is mounted on
a good quality, single sided PCB. The pins of L293D motor driver IC are
connected to connectors for easy access to the driver IC’s pin functions.

The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-

mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. This device are designed to drive inductive
loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other
high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL
compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington
transistor sink and a pseudo Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with
drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1, 2 EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an
enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active
and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are
disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high impedance state. With the proper
data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable
for solenoid or motor applications.
 Features:

 Easily compatible with any of the system

 Easy interfacing through FRC (Flat Ribbon Cable)
 External Power supply pin for Motors supported
 Onboard PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) selection switch
 2pin Terminal Block (Phoenix Connectors) for easy Motors Connection
 Onboard H-Bridge base Motor Driver IC (L293D)

Technical Specification:

 Power Supply : Over FRC connector 5V DC

 External Power 9V to 24V DC
 Dimensional Size : 44mm x 37mm x 14mm (l x b x h)
 Temperature Range : 0°C to +70 °C
Gear motor:

Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished

by an electric motor. Electric machines are a means of converting energy. Motors
take electrical energy and produce mechanical energy. Electric motors are used to
power hundreds of devices we use in everyday life. Motors come in various sizes.
Huge motors that can take loads of 1000’s of Horsepower are typically used in the
industry. Some examples of large motor applications include elevators, electric
trains, hoists, and heavy metal rolling mills. Examples of small motor applications
include motors used in automobiles, robots, hand power tools and food blenders.
Micro-machines are electric machines with parts the size of red blood cells, and
find many applications in medicine.

Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories: DC

(Direct Current) and AC (Alternating Current). Within these categories are
numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for specific
applications. In most cases, regardless of type, electric motors consist of a stator
(stationary field) and a rotor (the rotating field or armature) and operate through
the interaction of magnetic flux and electric current to produce rotational speed and
torque. DC motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from direct current.
There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all work on the same principles.
In this chapter, we will study their basic principle of operation and their
characteristics. It’s important to understand motor characteristics so we can choose
the right one for our application requirement. The learning objectives for this
chapter are listed below.
Learning Objectives:

 Understand the basic principles of operation of a DC motor.

 Understand the operation and basic characteristics of simple DC motors.
 Compute electrical and mechanical quantities using the equivalent circuit.
 Use motor nameplate data.
HC-SR 04 ultrasonic module:

HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic ranging module designed for embedded system

projects like this. It has a resolution of 0.3cm and the ranging distance is from 2cm
to 500cm. It operates from a 5V DC supply and the standby current is less than
2mA. The module transmits an ultrasonic signal, picks up its echo, measures the
time elapsed between the two events and outputs a waveform that’s high time is
modulated by the measured time which is proportional to the distance. The
photograph of an HC-SR04 module is shown below.

The supporting circuits fabricated on the module makes it almost stand

alone and what the programmer need to do is to send a trigger signal to it  for
initiating transmission and receive the echo signal from it for distance calculation.
The HR-SR04 has four pins namely Vcc, Trigger, Echo, GND and they are
explained in detail below.

Features:
1. resolution of this module 3mm
2. ranging distance is 2cm to 400cm
3. angle measurement is 30 degrees
4. trigger input pulse width is 10us
5. required current 15mA
6. Frequency 40 KHz

Pin Configuration:

 Vcc:  This pin is connected to the positive 5V DC

 Trigg: The trigger signal is applied to this pin for starting the
transmission. This signal must be HIGH for 10us. When a valid trigger
signal is applied, it generates 8 pulses of 40 KHz.
 Echo: At this pin, module generates the signal whose time period is
proportional to distance.
 GND:  This pin is connected to the ground.

HC-SR04 timing diagram:

 From the timing diagram, you can see that the 40KHz pulse train is
transmitted just after the 10uS triggering pulse and the echo output is obtained after
some more time. The next triggering pulse can be given only after the echo is
faded away and this time period is called cycle period. The cycle period for HC-
SR04 must not be below 50mS. According to datasheet, the distance can be
calculated from the echo pulse width using the following equations.

Distance in cm = echo pulse width in uS/58

Distance in inch = echo pulse width in uS/148

How to Operate this Ultrasonic Rangefinder Circuit?

1. Initially burn the program to the microcontroller

2. Now give the connections as per the circuit diagram
3.  While giving the connections make sure that Vcc of ultrasonic module is
connected to 5V DC
 4. Switch on the board supply
5. Place the obstacle in front the ultrasonic module, now you can observe the
distance on LCD.
6. Switch off the board supply.

Ultrasonic Rangefinder Project Circuit Applications:

 Used to measure the obstacle distance.

 This system used in automotive parking sensors and obstacle warning
systems.

 Used in terrain monitoring robots.

Limitations of the Circuit:

 This system is not able to measure longer distances.

IC 7805

LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Pin Diagram

Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator

are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output
voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily
as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components
to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or
may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the
design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
 Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power
supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants,
voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric system, voltage
regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all
customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from
the line.

Pin Configuration:

Pin Function Name

No

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The output of this project can be improved by increasing reduction of cost,

increasing the efficiency of the blades and weight reduction. We can implement
with booster circuit and speed control circuit for more reliable and stable operation.
If panel used of high watt, then the machine can be used during night time for
garden lighting or room lighting. Because we can store more power. And at night
time however you keep aside. So the power in the battery can be used for this
purpose. Due to the power demand we choose the renewable energy. So there is no
running cost. The DC motor is operated in low power with high efficiency. DC-DC
converter is maintaining the output voltage is constant and high. The sensors are
not affected the environment and animals. It will be very much useful for the user.
This project concludes that the DC motor is control in a constant speed by control
circuit. The DC motor maintains in a constant speed in the condition of the load
applied. The battery is charged by the photovoltaic panel in a constant voltage. The
output of the photovoltaic panel is varying but IC LM317T is act as a voltage
regulator and got the varying input from the photovoltaic and gave the output in
constant. The battery is sensing by the controller unit continuously it helps to
maintain the constant input to DC motor. The DC motor speed can be able to
maintain constant and the performance can be done in proper manner.
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