Learning Module 4

BASIC CALCULUS 12

MODULE 4: INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTRODUCTION

In the previous module, the derivatives of given functions were computed using its
definition, differentiation rules, and the chain rule which will be discussed in this module.
In the antiderivatives, the process of differentiation will be reversed. The original functions
will be determined from given derivatives by applying a process called integration. The concept
of integration is important in the study of Calculus. Integration can be used to solve problems
involving exponential growth and decay, bounded growth, logistic growth, as well as problems
involving areas of plane regions.

MODULE LESSONS AND COVERAGE:

In this module, you will study the following lessons:
Lesson 1: Chain Rule and Higher-Order Derivatives
Lesson 2: Integration

Lesson No. MELC’s Competencies Week

Lesson 1 Chain Rule and Higher-Order Derivatives
Q4.1. illustrate the Chain Rule of differentiation
STEM_BC11
1
Q4.2.solve problems using the Chain Rule
STEM_BC11DIIIh-i-1
Q4.3.compute higher-order derivatives of functions
Lesson 2 Antiderivatives
Q4.4. illustrate an antiderivative of a function 3
STEM_BC11I-IVa1
Q4.5. compute the general antiderivative of
polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric 7
functions STEM_BC11I-IVab-1
Q4.6. compute the antiderivative of a function
using substitution rule
Q4.7 solve problems involving antidifferentiation
Q4.8 solve situational problems involving
exponential growth and decay
Q4.9. illustrate the definite integral as the limit of
the Riemann sums
The Definite Integral and Areas of Plane Regions 10
Q4.10 illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus STEM_BC11I-IVh1
Q4.11. compute the definite integral of a function
using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
STEM_BC11I-IVh2

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 Learning Module 4

Q4.11. compute the definite integral of a function

using the substitution rule STEM_BC11I-IVi2
Q4.12. compute the area of a plane region using
the definite integral STEM_BC11I-IVij-1
Q4.13. solve problems involving areas of plane
regions STEM_BC11I-IVj2

LESSON 1 CHAIN RULE AND HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES WEEK 1

Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to
(1) illustrate the Chain Rule of differentiation
(2) solve problems using the Chain Rule
(3) compute higher-order derivatives of functions

1.1 The Chain Rule

The derivatives of polynomial functions raised to the second power such as y= ( 4 x−3 )2 can
be found by either multiplying the polynomial by itself and then finding the derivative of the
product or by using the product rule for derivatives. If (4 x−3) is raised to a higher power such
as 8, to expand it is very time-consuming unless the Binomial Theorem is used. Problems arise if
the polynomial raised to a higher power contains more than two terms.
The Chain Rule provides a formula for the derivative of a composition of functions.

The Chain Rule

Let f be a function differentiable at c and let g be a function differentiable
at f (c ). Then the composition of g ∘ f is differentiable at c and
D x ( g ∘ f )( c ) =g ' (f ( c ) )∙ f ' (c )

Another way to state the Chain Rule is given below:

If y is a differentiable function of u defined by y=f (u) and u is a differentiable function of x
defined by u=g ( x), then y is a differentiable function of x , and the derivative of y with respect
to x is given by
dy dy du
= ∙
dx du dx
dy dy
where is the derivative of y with respect to x , is the derivative of y with respect to u, and
dx du
du
is the derivative of u with respect to x .
dx
In words, the derivative of a composition of functions is the derivative of the outer function
evaluated at the inner function, times the derivative of the inner function.
2
Example 1. Differentiate f ( x )=( 3 x 2−2 x +4 ) using Chain Rule.
2
Solution. We can rewrite f ( x )=( 3 x 2−2 x +4 ) as y=f ( u )=u 2 where u=3 x 2−2 x +4 , a
differentiable function of x . Using the Chain Rule, we have
' dy du
f ( x )= ∙
du dx
¿( 2u)(6 x−2)
¿ 2(3 x 2−2 x+ 4)(6 x−2)
3 2
¿ 36 x −36 x +56 x−16

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Example 2. Differentiate y=sin(2 x).

Solution. We can rewrite y=sin(2 x) as y=f (u) where f ( u )=sin u and u=2 x . Hence,
dy du
y'= ∙
du dx
¿ cos u ∙ 2
¿ 2 cos(2 x)

Now, suppose we want to find the derivative of a power function of x . That is, we are
interested in D x [ f ( x )n ] . To derive a formula for this, we let y=u n where u is a differentiable
function of x given by u=f (x ). Then by the Chain Rule,
dy dy du
= ∙
dx du dx
n−1
¿nu ∙ f ' ( x)
¿n¿
Thus, D x [ f ( x )n ]=n ¿. This is called the GENERALIZED POWER RULE.
5
Example 3. Differentiate y=( 3 x 2 +4 x−5 ) .
Solution
D x [ ( 3 x +4 x−5 ) ]=5 ( 3 x +4 x −5 )
5 5−1
∙ Dx ( 3 x + 4 x−5 )
2 2 2

4
¿ 5 ( 3 x + 4 x−5 ) (6 x +4)
2

Example 3. Differentiate y= √3 x 3+ 4 x +1.

Solution. Write the radical expression in exponential form.
y= √3 x 3+ 4 x +1
1
¿ ( 3 x + 4 x +1 )
3 2

So we have,

D [ ( 3 x + 4 x +1 ) ]= ( 3 x + 4 x +1 )
1 1
1 −1
∙ Dx ( 3 x + 4 x +1 )
3 2 3 2 3
x
2
−1
1
¿ ( 3 x3 + 4 x +1 ) 2 (9 x 2+ 4)
2
9 x 2 +4
¿ 1

2 ( 3 x +4 x +1 )
3 2

2
9 x +4
¿
2 √ 3 x + 4 x +1
3

1.2 Higher-Order Derivatives of Functions

Higher-order derivatives are derivatives higher than the first derivative. Consider the function
y=f ( x ). The derivative of a given differentiable function f is called the first derivative of f with
respect to x . The first derivative is denoted by any of the following symbols:
' ' dy
y , f ( x) ,Dx y ,
dx

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The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative of f with respect to x and is
denoted by any of the following symbols:
'' '' 2 d2 y
y , f ( x ) , Dx y , 2
dx
The third derivative of f with respect to x is the derivative of the second derivative and is
denoted by any of the following symbols:
3
d y
y ' ' ' , f ' '' ( x ) , D3x y , 3
dx
In general, nth derivative of f with respect to x is the derivative of the (n−1) st derivative and is
denoted by any of the following symbols:
(n ) (n)
( ) n dn y
y , f x , Dx y , n
dx
Remarks
1. The function f can be written as f (0 )(x ).
2. In the notation f (n )(x ), n is called the order of the derivative.
Example 4. Find the fourth derivative of the function f ( x )=x 5−3 x 4 +2 x 3−x 2 +4 x−10 .
Solution. We differentiate the function repeatedly and obtain
' 4 3 2
f ( x )=5 x −12 x + 6 x −2 x +4
'' 3 2
f ( x ) =20 x −36 x +12 x−2
'' ' 2
f ( x )=60 x −72 x+12
f (4 ) ( x )=120 x−72
Example 5. Find the second derivative of the function defined by y=( 3 x 2−4 )( x 2−3 x ).
Solution. Using Product Rule, we compute the first derivative:
y ' =( 3 x 2−4 ) D x ( x 2−3 x ) + ( x 2−3 x ) D x ( 3 x 2−4 )
¿ ( 3 x −4 ) (2 x−3)+ ( x −3 x ) (6 x)
2 2

3 2 3 2
¿ 6 x −9 x −8 x +12+ 6 x −18 x
3 2
¿ 12 x −27 x −8 x +12
Similarly, we obtain the second derivative:
'' 3 2
y =Dx (12 x −27 x −8 x+12)
¿ 36 x 2−54 x−8
3 x+ 5 2
d y
Example 6. Let y= 2 . Find 2.
x +4 dx
Solution. Using Quotient Rule twice, we have
dy ( x + 4 ) D x ( 3 x+5 )−( 3 x+5 ) D x ( x + 4)
2 2
= 2
dx ( x 2 +4 )
( x2 + 4 ) ( 3)−( 3 x+5 )(2 x )
¿ 2
( x 2+ 4 )
2 2
3 x +12−6 x −10 x
¿ 2
( x 2+ 4 )

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2
12−10 x−3 x
¿ 2
( x2 + 4 )
and obtain

=
d x 2 dx (
d 2 y d 12−10 x−3 x 2
( x 2 +4 )
2
)
( )
2
d 12−10 x−3 x
¿
dx x 4 + 8 x 2 +16

( x 4 +8 x 2+16 ) d ( 12−10 x −3 x 2 ) −( 12−10 x−3 x 2) d ( x 4+ 8 x2 +16)

dx dx
¿ 2
( x +8 x + 16 )
4 2

( x 4 +8 x 2+16 ) (−10−6 x)−( 12−10 x−3 x2 ) (4 x 3 +16 x)

¿ 2
( x 4 + 8 x 2 +16 )
5 4 3 2
6 x +30 x −48 x + 80 x −288 x−160
¿ 2
( x 4 +8 x 2 +16 )

Example 7. Find the fifth derivative of the function defined by f ( x )=e x sin x−3 e x cos x
Solution. We differentiate repeatedly applying the Product Rule and obtain
f ' ( x )=[ ( e x ) ( cos x ) + ( sin x ) ( e x ) ]−3 ∙[ ( e x ) (−sin x )+ ( cos x ) ( e x ) ]
¿ e x cos x+ e x sin x +3 e x sin x −3 e x cos x
¿ e x (4 sin x−2 cos x)
x x
f ' ' (x)=e [4 ( cos x )−2 (−sin x ) ]+(4 sin x−2 cos x )(e )
¿ e x (2 cos x +6 sin x)

f ' ' ' ( x)=e x [2 (−sin x ) +6( cos x)]+(2 cos x+ 6 sin x )(e x )
x
¿ e (8 cos x + 4 sin x)

f 4 ( x )=e x [8 (−sin x )+ 4 (cos x)]+(8 cos x +4 sin x)(e x )

¿ e x (12 cos x−4 sin x)
5 x x
f ( x)=e [12 (−sin x )−4 (cos x )]+(12 cos x−4 sin x)(e )
¿ e x (8 cos x −16 sin x )

LESSON 2 INTEGRATION WEEK 2-4

Lesson 2.1 Antiderivatives
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to
(1) illustrate an antiderivative of a function
(2) compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric
functions
(3) compute the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule
Terminologies and Notations:
 Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the antiderivative.

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 The symbol ∫ , also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidifferentiation.
 The function f is called the integrand.
 If F is an antiderivative of f , we write ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x ) +C .
 The symbol ∫ and dx go hand-in-hand and dx helps us identify the variable of
integration.
 The expression F ( x ) +C is called the general antiderivative of f . Meanwhile, each
antiderivative of f is called a particular antiderivative of f .
Antiderivative of a Function
Recall that the operation of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation. To
easily compute for the derivative of a function we make use of differentiation rules which were
already presented to you in Module 3. Let us recall by example.

Find the derivative of f ( x )=4 x 3 +5 x 2 +6 .

By using Rules 1, 2, 3, and 4, we have
' 3−1 2−1
f ( x )=4 ∙3 x + 5∙ 2 + 0

f ' ( x )=12 x2 +10 x 1

Thus, the derivative of f ( x )=4 x 3 +5 x 2 +6 is f ' ( x )=12 x2 +10 x .
On the other hand, antidifferentiation is the process of finding the antiderivatives of a
function. In other words, it is the reverse process of differentiation. To illustrate consider the
following.
Find the antiderivative of the function f ' (x)=12 x 2 +10 x .
To do this is to revert the process of differentiation until we come up with the original
function f ( x). So we have,
2 +1 1+1
12 x 10 x
f ( x )= + +C
2+1 1+1
3 2
12 x 10 x
¿ + +C
3 2
3 2
12 x 10 x
¿ + +C
3 2
3 2
¿ 4 x +5 x + C

Notice that the constant term in the original equation got lost in the process of
antidifferentiation. The letter C was used to represent this constant term.

Definition of Antiderivative of a Function

A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if
F ' ( x )=f (x)
for every value of x in I .

Example 8. An antiderivative of f ( x )=12 x 2+ 2 x is F ( x )=4 x 3+ x2 since the derivative of F is

given by F ' ( x )=12 x 2 +2 x=f ( x).

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Other antiderivatives of f ( x )=12 x 2+ 2 x are F 1 ( x )=4 x3 + x 2−1 and F 2 ( x )=4 x 3+ x 2 +1. In

fact, any function of the form F ( x )=4 x 3+ x2 +C , where C ∈ R is an antiderivative of f (x).
Example 9. An antiderivative of g ( x )=cos x is G ( x ) =sin x since G' ( x )=cos x=g(x) .
Other antiderivatives of g ( x )=cos x are G1 ( x )=sin x + π and G2 ( x )=sin x −1. Any function
G ( x ) =sin x+C , where C ∈ R is an antiderivative of g( x ).
The process of finding the antiderivative of a function is known as INTEGRATION. The
following are basic integration formulas.
Antiderivatives of Algebraic Functions

1. ∫ 0 dx=C
2. ∫ dx=x+C
3. ∫ k dx=kx +C where k is a constant
n+1
x
4. ∫ x n dx= n+1 + C(n ≠−1)

5. ∫ c f ( x ) dx=c ∫ f ( x ) dx
6. ∫ [f ( x )+ g ( x ) ]dx=∫ f (x) dx +∫ g( x) dx
7. ∫ [f ( x )−g ( x ) ]dx=∫ f (x )dx −∫ g ( x)dx
Antiderivatives of Functions Yielding Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

8. ∫ e x dx=e x+ C
x
a
9. ∫ ax dx= ln a
+C . Here , a> 0 with a ≠ 1.

1
10. ∫ x dx=∫ dx=ln ¿ x∨¿+C ¿
−1
x
Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions
11. ∫ sin x dx=−cos x +C

12. ∫ cos x dx=sin x +C

13. ∫ sec x dx=tan x +C

2

14. ∫ csc x dx=−cot x +C

2

15. ∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x +C

16. ∫ csc x cot x dx=−csc x +C

Example #9:
3 xdx=3 xdx

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Integration by substitution
Antidifferentiation is more challenging than differentiation. To find the derivative of a given
function, there are well-established rules that are always applicable to differentiable functions.
For antidifferentiation, the antiderivatives given in the previous lesson may not suffice to
integrate a given function.
A prerequisite is knowledge of the basic antidifferentiation formulas. Some formulas are
easily derived, but most of them need to be memorized.
No hard and fast rules can be given as to which method applies in a given situation. This
lesson focuses on the most basic technique - antidifferentiation by substitution - which is the
inverse of the Chain Rule in differentiation.
There are occasions when it is possible to perform a difficult piece of integration by first
making a substitution. This has the effect of changing the variable and the integrand. Suppose we
are given an integral of the form ∫ f ( g ( x )) ∙ g ' ( x)dx . We can transform this into another form by
changing the independent variable x to u using the substitution u=g ( x). In this case,
du '
=g ( x ) dx
dx
Therefore,

∫ f (g ( x ))∙ g ' ( x)dx=∫ f (u)du

This change of variable is one of the most important tools available to us. This technique is
called integration by substitution. It is often important to guess what will be the useful
substitution.
Usually, we make a substitution for a function whose derivative also occurs in the integrand.

Example 10. Evaluate ∫ ( x +4 ) dx .

5

Solution
Notice that the integrand is in the fifth power of the expression ( x +4 ). By substitution, we let
u=x+ 4 . The point of doing this is to change the integrand into a much simpler u5 . However, we
must take care to substitute appropriately for the term dx too.
du
Now, since u=x+ 4 it follows that =1 and so du=dx . So, substituting x +4 and dx , we
dx
have

∫ ( x +4 )5 dx=∫ u5 du
The resulting integral can be evaluated immediately, we have

∫ ( x +4 )5 dx=∫ u5 du
6
u
¿ +C
6

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6
(x +4)
¿ +C
6

An alternative way of finding the antiderivative above is to expand the expression in the
integrand and antidifferentiate the resulting polynomial (of degree 5) term by term.

Example 11. Evaluate ∫ ( x 5 +2 ) 5 x 4 dx .

9

Solution
If we let u=x5 +2, then du=5 x 4 dx , which is precisely the other factor in the integrand. Thus,
in terms of the variable u, this is essentially just a power rule integration. That is,

∫ ( x 5 +2 ) 5 x 4 dx=∫ u9 du , where u=x 2+ 2

9

10
u
¿ +C
10
2 10
( x + 2)
¿ +C
10

z2
Example 12. Evaluate ∫ dz .
√ 1+ z3
Solution
du
In this example, we let u=1+ z3 so that =3 z 2. If u=1+ z3 , then we need to express z 2 dz in
dz
the integrand in terms of du or a constant multiple of du . To do this, we have

du 2
=3 z
dz
2
du 3 z
=
dz 1
2
du=3 z dz Cross-multiply then divide 3 on both sides

2 1
z dz= du
3
Thus,
2
z 1
∫ dz=∫
2
∙ z dz
√ 1+ z3
√1+ z 3

1 1
¿∫ ∙ du
√u 3
−1
1
¿
3
∫u 2
du

()
1
1 u2
¿ +C
3 1
2

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1
2
¿ u 2 +C
3
1
2
¿ ( 1+ z ) + C
3 2
3
Example 13. Evaluate the following integrals.

a. ∫ e3 x dx
b. ∫ 2 4 x dx
1
c. ∫ 2 x−1 dx
Solution
du
a. We let u=3 x , then du=3 dx . Hence, dx= .
3
du 1 1 1
∫ e3 x dx=∫ eu
3 3
= ∫ e u du= e u +C= e 3 x + C
3 3
du
b. We let u=4 x and so du=4 dx . Thus, dx= . Hence, we have
4
u 4x
∫ 2 4 x dx=∫ 2u du
4 4
1 u 1 2
= ∫ 2 du= ∙
4 ln 2
+ C=
2
4 ln 2
+C

du
c. We let u=2 x−1 and so du=2 dx . Hence, dx= . We have
2
1 1 du 1 1 1 1
∫ 2 x−1 dx=∫ u ∙ = ∫ du= ln|u|+C= ln |2 x−1|+C
2 2 u 2 2

Example 14. Evaluate ∫ cos ( 4 x+ 3) dx .

Solution. Observe that if we make the substitution u=4 x +3, the integrand will contain a much
1
simpler form, cos u , which we can easily integrate. So, if u=4 x +3, then du=4 dx and dx= du.
4
So,
1
∫ cos ( 4 x+ 3)dx=∫ cos u∙ 4 du
1
¿
4
∫ cos u du
1
¿ sin u+C
4
1
¿ sin( 4 x+ 3)+C
4

Example 15. Evaluate the integral ∫ e

sin x
cos x dx .

Solution. We let u=sin x so that the other factor in the integrand cos x dx=du . Thus,

∫ esin x cos x dx =∫ eu du
u
¿ e +C

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sin x
¿e +C
Recall that we had earlier presented the integrals ∫ sin x dx and ∫ cos x dx . Now that we
already know integration by substitution, we can now present the integrals of other trigonometric
functions: tan x , cot x , sec x , and csc x .
sin x
First, let us use substitution technique to find ∫ tan x dx . Note that tan x= . Hence,
cos x
sin x
∫ tan x dx=∫ cos x dx
Now, if we let u=cos x , then du=−sin x dx. Thus, we have
sin x
∫ tan x dx=∫ cos x dx
1
¿ ∫ (−du)
u

1
¿−∫ du
u

¿−ln |u|+C

¿−ln |cos x|+C

Equivalently, −ln|cos x|+ C=ln |cos x|−1=ln |sec x|+C .

Similarly, we can use substitution technique to show ∫ cot x dx=ln ¿ sin x∨¿+C ¿. Here, we
cos x
use cot x= and choose u=sin x.
sin x

Let us now find ∫ sec x dx . The usual trick is to multiply the numerator and the denominator
by sec x + tan x .
sec x + tan x 1
∫ sec x dx=∫ sec x ∙ sec x + tan x dx =∫ sec x + tan x ( sec x tan x + sec2 x ) dx
Now, if we let u=sec x+ tan x , then du=sec x tan x+ sec 2 x dx . Thus we have
1
∫ sec x dx=∫ sec x +tan x ( sec x tan x +sec2 x ) dx
1
¿ ∫ du
u

¿ ln ¿ u∨¿+C ¿

¿ ln |sec x + tan x|+C

Similarly, we can show ∫ csc x dx=ln¿ csc x−cot x∨¿+C ¿.

Hence, we have the following formulas in addition to the antiderivatives of Trigonometric

Functions:
1. ∫ tan x dx=−ln ¿ cos x∨¿+C=ln|sec u|+C ¿

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WEEK 5-6
 Learning Module 4

2. ∫ cot x dx=ln ¿ sin x∨¿+C ¿

3. ∫ sec x dx=ln ¿ sec x+ tan x∨¿+C ¿
4. ∫ csc x dx=ln ¿ csc x−cot x∨¿+C ¿
Lesson 2.2 Definite Integrals and Areas of Plane Regions
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to
(1) illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(2) compute the definite integral of a function using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(3) compute the definite integral of a function using the substitution rule
(4) compute the area of a plane region using the definite integral
(5) solve problems involving areas of plane regions

The following are the integration rules for definite integrals.

a b

1. ∫ f (x )dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
b a

2. ∫ f (x )dx=0
a

b
3. ∫ c dx=c ( b−a ) where c is constant
a

b b b

4. ∫ [f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ]dx=∫ f ( x )dx ±∫ g( x)dx

a a a

b b
5. ∫ c f ( x) dx=c ∫ f (x )dx where c is any constant
a a

b c b

6. ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

Definite Integral of an even function

a a
7. ∫ f ( x) dx=2 ∫ f (x)dx
−a 0

Definite Integral of an odd function

a

8. ∫ f ( x) dx=0
−a

Definition of Definite Integral

The definite integral of a function f ( x) from a to b is given by

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∫ f (x )dx
a

where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit of the integral.

To evaluate a definite integral, the first thing to do is to integrate the function being evaluated
and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

Let f be a continuous function on the close interval [a , b] and F (x)
is an antiderivative of f (x) on [a , b], then
b

∫ f (x )dx= [ F ( x ) ] ba =F ( b ) −F ( a )
a

where f ( x )=F ' ( x ).

2
Example 16. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ 4 x dx.
1
Solution
2 2

∫ 4 x dx=4 ∫ x dx
1 1

]
2 2
4x
¿
2 1

¿ 2x ]2
2

1
¿ [ 2 ( 2 ) ]−[ 2 ( 1 ) ]
2 2

¿ 2 ( 4 )−2
¿6
After integrating 4 x , replace the x in the antiderivative first by the upper limit and then by
the lower limit. Simplify the resulting numerical expressions and find the difference.
4

Example 17. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ (2 x −3 √ x )dx .

1
Solution
4 4 4

∫ (2 x −3 √ x )dx =∫ 2 x dx−∫ 3 √ x dx
1 1 1

4 4
¿ 2∫ x dx−3 ∫ √ x dx
1 1

]
3 4
2
2x 3x 2
¿ −
2 3
2 1

]
3 4
2 2
¿ x −2 x 1

13
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

¿ x 2−2 ( √ x ) ]
3 4
1

¿ [ ( 4 ) −2 ( √ 4 ) ]−[ ( 1 ) −2 ( √1 ) ]
2 3 2 3

¿ [ 16−2 ( 2 )3 ] −[ 1−2 ( 1 )3 ]
¿ 0−(−1)
¿1
1

Example 18. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ (3 x−2)dx .

3

Solution. The lower limit of integration is larger than the upper limit of integration. Interchange
the limits and put a negative sign ¿ before the symbol of integral.
1 3

∫ (3 x−2) dx=−∫ (3 x−2)dx

3 1

[ ]
2 3
3x
¿− −2 x
2 1

{[ ][ ]}
2 2
3 ( 3) 3 ( 1)
¿− −2 ( 3 ) − −2 (1 )
2 2

¿−
[( ) ( ) ]
27
2
3
−6 − −2
2

¿−
[ ( )]
27−12 3−4
2
−
2

¿−
[ ( )] 15 −1
2
−
2

¿− ( 152 + 12 )
15 1
¿− −
2 2

−15−1
¿
2

−16
¿
2

¿−8
2

Example 19. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ (3 x +2 x−1)dx .

2

Solution. By the second integration rule for definite integrals,

2

∫ (3 x2 +2 x−1)dx =0
2

14
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

since the upper and lower limits are equal.

2

Example 20. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ ( x −3 x +1)dx .

4 2

−2
Solution
If f ( x) is an even function, then f ( x )=f (−x ).
To find out, we have to substitute −x for all x in the function f ( x )=x 4 −3 x 2+1 . That is,
4 2 4 2
f (−x )= (−x ) −3 (−x ) + 1=x −3 x +1=f ( x)

Since f (−x )=f (x ), then the function f ( x )=x 4 −3 x 2+1 is an even function.

To evaluate the definite integral, let us apply the 7th integration rule. We have,
2 2

∫ ( x 4−3 x 2+1)dx=2∫ ( x 4 −3 x 2 +1)dx

−2 0

[ ]
5 3 2
x 3x
¿2 − +x
5 3 0

¿2 ( 25 3
5
−2 + 2 )
¿2 ( 325 −8+2)
¿2 ( 32−40+10
5 )
¿2 ( 25 )
4
¿
5
2

Example 21. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ (x −4 x )dx .

3

−2
Solution
If f (−x )=−f (x ) then the function f ( x) is an odd function.
To find out if the function f ( x )=x 3−4 x is an odd function, we have

f (−x )= (−x )3 −4 (−x)

3
¿−x + 4 x
and,

−f ( x )=−( x −4 x )
3

¿−x3 + 4 x

Since f (−x )=−f ( x ), then the function f ( x )=x 3−4 x is an odd function.

15
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

To evaluate the definite integral, let us apply the 8th integration rule. We have,
2

∫ ( x 3 −4 x )dx =0
−2

Example 22. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ ( 4 x+ 1 ) 4 dx .

3

Solution. The substitution rule was already used in evaluating indefinite integrals. Similarly, this
rule can also be used to evaluate some definite integrals.
Let u=4 x +1
du=4 dx
To evaluate the definite integral, we have
2 2

∫ ( 4 x+ 1 ) 3
4 dx=∫ u du
3

0 0

]
4 2
u
¿
4 0

]
4 2
(4 x +1)
¿
4 0

4 4

¿
[ 4 ( 2 ) +1 ] −
[ 4 ( 0 ) +1 ]
4 4
94 14
¿ −
4 4
6 561 1
¿ −
4 4
6 561−1
¿
4
6 560
¿
4
¿ 1 640
2

Example 23. Evaluate the definite integral ∫ ( 3 x −4 x−5 ) ( 6 x−4 ) dx .

2 2

1
Solution
Let u=3 x 2−4 x−5
du=( 6 x −4) dx
By substitution rule,
2 2

∫ ( 3 x −4 x−5 ) ( 6 x−4 ) dx=∫ u2 du

2 2

1 1

]
3 2
u
¿
3 1

]
2 3 2
(3 x −4 x−5)
¿
3 1

16
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

2 3
[3 ( 2 ) −4 (2)−5] ¿3
¿ −
3 3
3 3
(−1) (−6)
¿ −
3 3
−1 (−216)
¿ −
3 3
1 216
¿− +
3 3
−1+ 216
¿
3
215
¿
3
Areas of Plane Regions Using Definite Integrals
Consider a continuous function f . If the graph of y=f (x ) over the interval [a , b] lies entirely
b

above the x -axis, then ∫ f ( x )dx gives the area of the region A R bounded by the curve y=f ( x ),
a

the x -axis, and the vertical lines x=a and x=b . This is illustrated in the figure below:

Example 24. Find the area of the plane region bounded by y=3 x +1, x=1, and the x -axis.
Solution. The graph of the plane region is shown in the figure below.

17
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

As you can see in the figure, the plane region is in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane.
Hence,
b 3
A R=∫ f ( x )dx=∫ (3 x+1)dx
a 1

Evaluating the integral and applying the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get
3
A R=∫ ( 3 x +1 ) dx
1

]
2 3
3x
¿ +x
2 1

¿ ( 272 +2)−( 32 +1)

¿ 13 square units

Areas Between Curves

If f and g are continuous functions on the interval [a , b] and f (x) ≥ g (x) for all x ∈[a , b] ,
then the area of the region A R bounded above by y=f ( x ), below by y=g ( x), and the vertical
lines x=a and x=b is
b
A R=∫ [ f ( x ) −g ( x ) ] dx
a

Example 25. Find the area of the plane region bounded by the curves y=x 2−2 and y=x .
Solution. We start by finding the points of intersection of the two curves. Substituting y=x into
2
y=x −2 , we obtain
2
x=x −2
2
x −2=x Right side is equal to the left side
2
x −x−2=0 Equate to 0
( x−2 ) ( x+1 ) =0 Factor left side of equation

( x−2 )=0 ( x +1 )=0

x=2 x=−1

When x=2, y=2 and when x=−1, y=−1. Hence, we have the points of intersection (2 , 2)
and (−1 ,−1). The graphs of these curves are shown below and the shaded region.

18
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

Therefore, the area of the plane region is

2
A R=∫ [ x−( x −2)] dx
2

−1

]
2 3 2
x x
¿ − +2 x
2 3 −1

[ ][ ]
2 3
22 23 (−1 ) (−1)
¿ − +2 ( 2 ) − − +2 (−1 )
2 3 2 3

( 8
3
1 −1
)
¿ 2− + 4 −( − −2)
2 3
9
¿ square units
2
Application of Definite Integral
Parcels of land are shaped in the form of regular polygons – usually triangles and
quadrilaterals. However, there are possibilities that one can acquire a piece of land with an
irregular shape. This can happen in places where the property being acquired is near a river.
River currents normally erode the soil, changing the shape of the riverbank. Sometimes, land is
divided irregularly resulting in irregular shapes of the land parcels.

Consider the word problem below:

Juan wants to acquire a lot

200 π meters wide and with length
bounded from the road side to the
banks of “Ilog Ahas”, which follows
the equation

200
y=cos x+
π

a. Find the area of the lot.

b. If the price per square meter is

₱ 500 , how much is the cost of
the land?

19
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
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 Learning Module 4

Solution
a. Suppose we place the x -axis along the side of the road and the y-axis on one side of the
lot, as shown. Note that the y -axis is placed such that it runs along the farthest side of
“Ilog Ahas”. We can now apply definite integrals to find the area of the region. (Refer to
the figure.)
200 π
A= ∫ cos x +
0
( 200
π
dx)
]
200 π
200
¿ sin x+ x
π 0

200 200
¿ sin ( 200 π )+ ( 200 π )−sin 0+ ( 0)
π π
¿ 40 , 000 square meters

b. The price of the lot is

₱ 500 ( 40 ,000 )=₱ 20 , 000 , 000

References
Book
[1] Mercado, J. (2016). Basic Calculus. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
[2] Mapa, F. (1984). Introduction to Calculus. National Book Store

Website
[3] lrmds.deped.gov.ph

20
Basic Calculus 12│Integral Calculus
No part of this material may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from XKHS.