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Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells

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Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells

G. Karthik Pandiyan a,⇑, T. Prabaharan b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Vidya College of Engineering and Technology, Virdhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco schlenk Engineering college, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper deals with the various applications of nanotechnology in fuel cells. One of the major prob-
Received 24 December 2019 lems in today’s world is power crisis. This problem can be over come by using fuel cells. This fuel cells has
Accepted 19 January 2020 another advantage that they are zero-emissive in nature, comparing to fossil fuels. Because they use
Available online xxxx
hydrogen and oxygen as fuels, and the combustion product is also just water, which never causes pollu-
tion to the environment. Thus, the pollution can be controlled and indirectly preventing global warming,
Keywords: which is also one of the gigantic problem, now a days. But, any how, the fuel cells also pollute the envi-
Nanotechnology
ronment indirectly, during the process of production of hydrogen required as fuel. The implementation of
Fuelcell
Nonpolluting
nanotechnology in this method practically makes fuel cells, non-polluting. Here comes another problem
Storing hydrogen of storing hydrogen as required by the fuel cells. This problem can also be over come by implementing
Nanotubes nanotechnology. The carbon-nanotubes can be used in storing hydrogen efficiently, as per the
requirements.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International
Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.

1. Introduction 2. What is a fuel cell?

Fuel crisis is one of the major problem now a days. The fossil
fuel is the mostly used source of energy in automobiles and other
internal combustion engines [1,2]. Since it is a non renewable
source, the availability of fuel is gradually getting reduced, day
by day. So, it is a duty of an Engineer to introduce a system which
uses renewable source, or the one which is available in plenty. The
usage of hydrogen as a fuel, in fuel cells is one of the solution, that
is put forward by researchers [3]. But, practically, the fuel cells
faces a criticism that it pollutes the environment indirectly, during
the production of hydrogen by methods of steam reforming and
Electrolysis. This problem is solved by implementing nano-
particle in the production of hydrogen (Figs. 1–5) [4].
The another problem of storing hydrogen for required basic
quantity cannot by satisfied by the ordinary methods. Here also,
Nanotechnology is implemented to solve the problem. The
carbon-nanotubes are used for the storage of required amount of
hydrogen [5,6]. The methodologies used in fuel cells can be seen
in detail, as given below.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: karthikpandiyan.mech@srividyaengg.ac.in (G. Karthik Pandi-
yan), tpraba@mepcoeng.ac.in (T. Prabaharan).
The fuel cell is an electro chemical system that generate elec-
tricity by converting chemical energy into electrical energy. This
is mostly used as power source in air crafts, space crafts and long
distance space probes [8].
There is also a chance of using this system as a practical source
of energy in internal combustion engines. A fuel cell consists of two
electrodes separated by a special electrolyte that allows hydrogen
ions but not electrons to pass through it [7]. This system uses
hydrogen and oxygen as a fuels and the combustion product is
water. The problem lies in the production of hydrogen fuel
required. The problems are as explained below.
3. Problems in hydrogen production
The current methods of producing hydrogen involves the
method of steam reforming. This method involves the production
of hydrogen by heating water to very high temperature of about
3000 K. this method uses natural gas and thus generates air pollu-
tion in the form of carbon di oxide and carbon monoxide [9,10].
Another method involved in production of hydrogen is called
Electrolysis. Here, it does not causes pollution directly. But the gen-
eration of electricity, used for electrolysis, is generally produced

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.

Please cite this article as: G. Karthik Pandiyan and T. Prabaharan, Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
2 G. Karthik Pandiyan, T. Prabaharan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Hydrogen Storage [18].

Fig. 1. Fuel Cell [11].

Fig. 5. Silicon Waffer [20].

Fig. 2. Photoelectrochemical Cell [12].

from coal, oil or natural gas, which indirectly causes air pollution.
Nanotechnology researchers has developed a clean method of pro-
ducing hydrogen, which does not causes any kind of pollution.

4. Production of hydrogen using nanotechnology

One of the method of producing hydrogen, using Nanotechnol-

Fig. 3. Production of Hydrogen [15].
ogy has been tagged with a lengthy name: Photoelectrochemical
hydrogen production.
The working part of a photoelectrochemical-hydrogen-produc
tion device is a layer of nano-particles, roughly 30 nm in diameter,
placed on a conducting glass layer. The nano-particles are com-
posed of a semi-conducting metal oxide (say, an oxide formed of
titanium). The conducting glass plate is connected to a metal elec-
trode located a small distance from the layer of nano-particles.
The space between the electrode and nano-particles is filled
with water. Water seeps into the space between the nano-
patricles, providing the most possible surface contact between
the semi-conducting metal oxide and the water.

Please cite this article as: G. Karthik Pandiyan and T. Prabaharan, Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
 G. Karthik Pandiyan, T. Prabaharan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
To get a handle on how a photoelectrochemical cell works, we
must think for a moment about the way, electrons move light
strikes a layer of nano-particles, knocking the loosely bounded
electrons from few atoms-just like what happens inside a solar cell.
Those electrons move through the conducting glass layer to the
metal electrodes and place a negative charge on it [1].
So now there is a layer of nano-particles that electrons are rush-
ing out of-and near by metal electrode that electrons are rushing
into. Water filling the space between the two interacts with the
electrons producing hydrogen.
In practice, the photoelectrochemical cell need a little help to
make a reaction occur. By attaching a solar cell, the extra energy
required to the electrons in a photochemical cell.
By this process, a photoelectrochemical cell makes hydrogen
from water and sun light. Various researchers believe that is the
near – idea model for replacing the current method of using natu-
ral gas to produce hydrogen. In fact, one company, Hydrogen Solar,
Ltd., is building an experimental power plant in Las Vegas, Nevada,
to demonstrate just this process [2].
5. Production of hydrogen with designer molecules
A plant takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, and
releases oxygen. Scientists have been looking at the process that
plants use to produce oxygen to see whether we can emulate it.
So what happens inside the plant? When a molecule called
chlorophyll absorbs sun light, electrons in the chlorophyll are
pushed from their orbital. The electrons, water, and carbon-di-
oxide reacts to form sugar through the process of photosynthesis.
The plant uses this sugar as food – and produces, as a byproduct,
the oxygen we breath every day. At the end of this process, the
chlorophyll molecule is unchanged – it can go back to help change
other water and carbon-di-oxide molecules into sugar and oxygen
[11].
A molecule like chlorophyll that assist in a reaction but is
unchanged by it and hangs around to assist other molecules in
the reaction is called as a catalyst [13,14].
Researchers are attempting to design molecules that absorbs
sunlight and produce hydrogen from water, just as chlorophyll
produces oxygen from water. At Virgenia Tech, some floks have
moted that molecules containing atoms of rudhenium can absorb
light and produces electrons, so they put an atom of rudhenium
at each end of a designer molecule. They also put an atom of rho-
dium in the center of molecule to transfer electron to water. They
filled out the structure of their designer molecule with atom of car-
bon, hydrogen, chlorine, and nitrogen – and came up with a mole-
cule that produces hydrogen from sunlight and water, just as
chlorophyll produces oxygen [15].
Although still in the laboratory stages, this research holds out
the promise of using a clean process – similar to one in nature –
to produce hydrogen for generating energy.
6. Storing hydrogen
Hydrogen fuel cells pose one other major problems to nan-
otechnology researchers: After we have generated hydrogen,
exactly how we store it? If hydrogen fuel cells are to be effective
in automobiles, hydrogen storage system should store 6% (by
weight) of hydrogen compared to weight of storage tank [16]. In
addition, u should be able to remove hydrogen easily when you
need it.
Conventional methods store hydrogen as a compressed gas or a
liquid. To store enough of it to power a car, the tank must approx-
imately, the size of Rhode island.
Please cite this article as: G. Karthik Pandiyan and T. Prabaharan, Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
3
Researchers are attempting to develop light weight, compact
solid materials that do the job as a storage tank: these materials
absorb hydrogen, the way the sponge absorbs water, and hold it
(without leaking) until you need it. Theoretically, these material
could be refilled with hydrogen in a reasonable amount of time
and be re-used many times.
Although materials exists that currently perform this role, they
only store about one percent of hydrogen by weight (versus the
six-percent-by weight required). Researchers are looking at using
nano particle to enhance the properties of existing solids – as well
as the possibility if developing entirely new materials.
A new material to store hydrogen is made of carbon-nanotubes.
Experimental results at this point are mixed; the reasons for these
differences are not clear. For example, researchers at the national
renewable energy laboratory have reported that carbon-
nanotubes, in the presence of certain metals, can hold eight per-
cent by weight hydrogen; other results report achieving only one
percent.
7. Miniature fuel cells
Now-a-days, the design of energy sources able to power porta-
ble devices like cellular phones, laptop computers or nomatic sen-
sors networks is a challenge. These devices are powered with
batteries that require human intervention and electrical energy
sources to recharge. Moreover they generate wastes incompatible
with their proliferation.
In the next 10 years, the international technology road map for
semi-conductors forecasts a decrease of voltage required to power
the working of microcircuits towards 0.6 V. The use of miniature
fuel cells appears an attractive way to power portable electronics
with clean and refillable energy source.
The idea developed in this work is to try to reproduce the
molecular structure of nafion films using harder inorganic
materials.
To be fully compatible with microelectronics processes and
standard microfabrication techniques the fuel cells will be inte-
grated on a silicon substrates. The membrane is then made of por-
ous silicon for proton conducting molecules on the surface of the
pores that required conductivity.
8. Next-generation fuel cells
8.1. Introduction
A fuel cell is a power generation device that converts chemical
energy into electricity with very high efficiency. The fuel cell has
the potential to serve a wide range of applications, including sta-
tionary power, automotive power, a well as a power source for por-
table electronics. The worldwide market for fuel cells is estimated
to reach $11 billion by 2013, with the automotive application par-
ticularly promising as a new, high-efficiency and clean power
source. As a potential substitute for the internal combustion
engine, fuel cells have already demonstrated the ability to convert
chemically stored energy directly into electricity with two to three
times greater efficiency than the traditional combustion pathway.
Furthermore, a fuel cell running on hydrogen and air creates water
as the only byproduct (the hydrogen and oxygen molecules com-
bine to provide the electricity). Internal combustion engines oper-
ate at an efficiency of 20–30%, while fuel cells have a practical
operating efficiency of 50–60%. Furthermore, next-generation fuel
cells will have the ability to run on cleaner fuels such as methanol,
ethanol or natural gas without any penalties on gas mileage and
maintenance costs [17].
4 G. Karthik Pandiyan, T. Prabaharan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
8.2. Challenge
One of the keys to making a fuel cell work is a catalyst, the
active material which facilitates electrochemical reaction of hydro-
gen and oxygen/air. The most common catalyst is platinum, but it
is expensive and limited in supply. Currently, the amount of plat-
inum catalyst required per kilowatt to power a fuel cell engine is
about 0.5 to 0.8 g, or 0.018 to 0.028 oz. At a cost of about $1,000
per ounce, the platinum catalyst alone would cost between
$1,500 to $2,500 to operate a small, 100-kilowatt mid-sized, light
duty vehicle - a significant cost given that an entire 100-kilowatt
gasoline combustion engine costs about $2,000–3,000. To make
the transition to fuel cell-powered vehicles possible, the automo-
bile industry needs a catalyst which is better and less expensive
[18].
8.3. Solution
QSI’s catalyst solution is to use lower cost metals, engineered at
the nano scale to replace platinum. Palladium is one example, as it
resembles platinum chemically, is extracted from copper-nickel
ore, and is already used as a catalyst material in the catalytic con-
verters of automobiles.
It is 75% less expensive than platinum, and when used at the
nano scale in direct methanol fuel cells, palladium has demon-
strated an increased power density of 45%. This power enhance-
ment is due to the improved selectivity of the palladium catalyst
and the additional surface area in nano scale materials, translating
to a dramatic efficiency improvement of the catalytic reaction.
Thus, using nano scale palladium is both less expensive and leads
to better performance. Additionally, work underway with cobalt
and nickel has also shown promising results, which can further
lower costs.
QSI is among a handful of leading companies that can currently
manufacture commercial quantities of high purity, narrow distri-
bution, nano metals and alloys used as catalyst materials in fuel
cell membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). Using QSI nano metals
in fuel cell electrodes significantly increases catalytic surface area,
enhances durability, extends life cycles, and leads to a reduction in
device size. Thus, QSI’s nano materials are fundamental to enabling
next generation fuel cell technology [19,20].
QSI is also working on compact high-temperature fuel cells,
capable of reforming of hydrocarbons like methanol, ethanol and
natural gas to hydrogen in situ, for use in fuel cells for power pro-
duction, under a recent U.S. Army grant.
In this project for next-generation fuel cells, QSI is developing a
Unitized Reformed Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell, operating at 300 °C,
with proprietary development of membranes and bi-functional
anodes, the latter capable of functioning as both a fuel reforming
catalyzed membrane support and a high-temperature hydrogen
anode for the fuel cell.
9. Conclusion
The air pollution is one of the great problem that we are facing
now. This air pollution is mainly caused due to the exhaust gas of
industries and vehicles. If the fuel cells are used as a power source
in the vehicle as well as industries, the air pollution will be con-
trolled to a good extend.
The fuel cells used now a days are huge in size and cannot be
used as IC engines, that are required by vehicles. But by the appli-
cation of nano technology, as given before, reduces the size of fuel
cells and makes its use easier. By this we can overcome fuel crises
in future.
Please cite this article as: G. Karthik Pandiyan and T. Prabaharan, Implementation of nanotechnology in fuel cells, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
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org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.368
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