U-Shaped Concrete Hollow Blocks for Curling Curve Walls Using Crumbed

Rubber as Partial Replacement to Coarse Aggregates

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to School of Engineering and Architecture

DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF CALAPAN

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

RYAN CHRISTIAN I. SAPICO

NICKO ANGELO E. MERCADO

IVY ROSE D. SISCAR

2022

Recommended by:

Research Adviser: ENGR. JONN ARMAND CHOLO A. BARCEBAL

Date:

1
 Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of crumb rubber tire derived from

waste rubber tires to partially replace coarse aggregates in the production of U-Shape

Concrete Hollow Blocks (U-SCHB). It’s used as a component in Concrete Hollow Block

(CHB) has resulted in reduced of compressive strength performance. On the other hand,

Crumbed rubber tire aggregates when used as partially replacement to coarse aggregates

with mix percentage of 5% was possible to use as an alternative additive to CHB. Four

mixtures in the proportions of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of crumbed rubber tire replacement

were molded, cured, and evaluated for compressive strength of irregular CHB, 240 Psi in

14 days, and 300 Psi in 28 days, at curing age of 14 and 28 days respectively. The

compressive strength of the specimens from these batches was determined and compared.

As a result, revealed that in 14 days of curing age 0% only attained and exceeded the

minimum specified compressive strength. While 5%, 10% and 15% did not attain the

standard minimum requirements specified by Department of Public Works and Highways

(DPWH) on compressive strength (240psi) of irregular shape CHB. In 28 days of curing

age, the result revealed that 0% and 5% attained and exceeded the standard minimum

requirements specified by DPWH on compressive strength (300psi) of irregular shape

CHB. While 10% and 15% remain failed the test. The results from this experimental

investigation showed that by increasing percentage replacement of coarse aggregates by

crumbed rubber tire aggregates created proportional reduction of the compressive

strength making the U-SCHB lowered the compressive strength, found out that the

optimal mix with a 5% of crumbed rubber tire aggregates attain the required strength for

irregular shape non-load bearing CHB.

2
 Dedication

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have our

source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who

continuously provide spiritual, emotional, moral, and financial support.

To our brothers, sisters, relatives, project adviser, mentor, Engineers, friends, and

classmates who shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this study to our Almighty God, thank you for Your

Guidance, Strength, Power of Mind, Protection and Skills and for giving us a healthy life.

All of these, we offer to You.

3
 Acknowledgement

This study was made successful through the aid of significant persons who guided

and helped the researchers throughout the completion of this study. The researcher’s

utmost gratitude is given to the following individuals who helped broaden their

perspective as they went through this study.

Grateful appreciation to Engr., Engr., and Engr., their panel members for their

encouragement help them a lot in making the product out techniques and skills in writing

the paper correctly, providing brilliant inputs and giving helpful suggestions and

recommendations which helped the researchers improve and finished this study.

Special mention to Engr. Jonn Armand A. Barcebal, their Project Adviser, for

sharing his knowledge and expertise in doing this study, his commendable suggestions,

patience, and sincere assistance in finishing this work.

To Engr. Sherwin Jhed G. Francisco, and all other engineers and staffs in DPWH

who patiently accommodate and assisted in testing the samples they brought.

Their parents, who patiently supported us financially, morally, and spiritually

from the time we started conducting the study until its completion. Those support boosted

their morale and spirit in finishing what we started. We would also like to commend them

for the endless understanding and tireless motivation

Their friends and Loved ones, who have been there to keep us determined and

resolved making their way through, for cheering us high every time we felt worn out, and

for encouraging us to finish and submit our study within the submission date.

4
 To their Relatives and every individual who shared their support, either morally,

financially, physically, and for their prayers.

Above all, highest praise is given to Lord Jesus Christ whose infinite wisdom and

compassion granted him the strengths and guidance to overcome all the difficulties in

pursuing this study; to simplify his yoke and to make this humble work a reality, and

foremost, to the Almighty God, for the guidance and strength he bestowed on us all the

way as we accomplish this research study.

5
 Table of Contents

Title Page………………………………………………………………..……….…….….1

Abstract………………………………………………………………………..…………..2

Dedication……………………………………………………………………..…………..3

Acknowledgement……...……………………………………………………..…………..4

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….….……...6

Chapter I

The Problem and its Setting

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...............10

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………..….…..…..……12

Assumptions and Hypothesis………..………………………………………. …...…......14

Significance or Importance of the Study ……………………………………………..…16

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………….………….…17

Scope and Delimitation of the Study...………………………………….………….....…19

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………..21

Research Locale………………………………………………………………………….23

Chapter II

Related Literature and Studies

International Studies……………………………………………………………………..24

6
Local Studies……………………………………………………………………….…….29

Chapter III

Research Methodology

Research Design …………………….…..………………..………………..…….………34

Method of Collecting Data and Development of the Research Instrument ……………..36

Research Instrument………………………………………….………………….……….37

Reliability of the Instrument ………………………………………....……………...…..44

Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………………………….………..……..45

Sampling Design…………………………………………………………………………48

Statistical Treatment of Data……………………………………………………….……48

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Results and Discussion……………………….…………………………………….……50

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary of Findings ………..…………….………………...…….……………….……42

Conclusions ………..…………………...…….…………………………………….……43

7
Recommendations …..…..……………….…………………………………….……44

Chapter VI

References, Appendices, and Curriculum Vitae

References …..………..……………….……………………………………...…….……44

List of Appendices …..…….………….……………………………………...…….……45

List of Tables

Table 1…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……24

Table 2…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……46

Table 3…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……47

Table 4…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……48

Table 5…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……48

Table 6…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……51

Table 7…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……52

Table 8…………...…..…….………….……………………………………...…….……53

List of Figures

Figure 1…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……24

Figure 2…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……24

Figure 3…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……26

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Figure 4…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……30

Figure 5…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……37

Figure 6…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……38

Figure 7…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……39

Figure 8…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……40

Figure 9…………...…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……41

Figure 10……….....…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……42

Figure 11……….....…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……43

Figure 12……….....…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……44

Figure 13……….....…...…….………….……………………………..……...…….……54

List of Appendices

Appendix A. Questionnaire …………….……………………………......……...………66

Appendix B. Questionnaire ………........….……………………………...……...………67

Appendix C. Letter of Request to Conduct Study…………………...…...……...………68

Appendix D. Documentation …….……….……………………………...……...………69

Appendix E. Curriculum Vitae...………….……………………………...……...………70

Appendix F. Certificate of Originality …………………………………...……...………71

9
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Serpentine curved walls are being common in complex modern design right now.

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) are necessary to designed it properly and layout the

curvedness of wall designed by architect.

Lay outing curve wall is a much harder than making a linear wall. Also, it cost too

much in terms of adding more cement plaster and cement mortar to follow the curling

curve path of walls. And some cases they break and destroy the CHB to form a curve

layout that gives an additional expense to the owner and a lot of time to construct.

Cement is one of the prime materials to make a CHB and it is commonly used for

various applications in building a structure all over the world. Aggregates and cement

have a major role in making CHB. In Oriental Mindoro, quarrying is one of the most

common choices in business, but they can't see the threatening effects of removal of sand

and riverbeds in overall damage. (The Organisation Batang Naujan) said that "illegal,

public or private quarrying are one of the most causes of frequent floodings in Naujan.

This effect Creates a question of sustainability of coarse and fine aggregates in Oriental

Mindoro. Therefore, suitable engineering approach can be done.

Waste rubber tire is a tire that no longer to be use again by the other vehicle.

Globally, an estimated one billion waste rubber tire are disposed and remove in every

year said by (WBCSD 2010). In the Philippines, based on Land Transportation Office

(LTO) an estimated Ten million registered vehicle as of year 2022. That means ten

10
million of tires are end it life’s every year resulting in environmental concerns. According

to (Berendsohn 2018) 100% of waste tire is classified and used go to 49% burn into fuels,

26% ground into filler or asphalt, 7% are blended for engineering purposes, 7% are

recycled into things and 11% are dump into landfills.

In above statement, the researchers want to develop the remaining 11% waste tire

into something useful in engineering project and promote waste tire into much eco-

friendly and pollution free country caused by waste tire.

According to El Gammal (2010), recycled waste rubber tire is an auspicious

material in the construction industry due to its lightweight, elasticity, energy absorption,

sound, and heat insulation properties. Thus, the researchers will conduct a study focusing

on substituting coarse aggregates by crumbed rubber tires with sizes 4.75mm to 10mm.

The researchers also evaluate the concrete compressive strength of the U-SCHB,

containing coarse size of rubber tire crumbed to the mixture as partial replacement to

coarse aggregates.

11
Statement of the Problem

The researcher’s study entitled " U-Shaped Concrete Hollow Blocks for Curling

Curve Walls Using Crumbed Rubber as Partial Replacement to Coarse Aggregates” aims

to answer the following problem.

1. The following are the problems that the researchers observed during laying

of curling path curves.

1.1 Conventional type of concrete hollow blocks cannot fit to the curve path of

wall.

1.2 Some CHB breaks and destroy to form a curve path of wall.

1.3 Thick plastering and cement mortar that consumes during lay outing curve

wall.

1.4 Skilled workers consume their time in cutting a CHB to layout a curve wall.

2. The following problem in terms of waste rubber tire.

2.1 Waste rubber tire that continues growing in all over the world.

2.2 Pollution effect of waste rubber tire in the global.

2.3 Bad effect of waste rubber tire in human health.

3. The researcher’s goal on this study is to answer the following question.

3.1 Can this project or output help all skilled worker to save time in lay outing

curve wall?

3.2 Does this output benefit the world in reducing waste rubber tire?

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3.3 Can guarantee that the use of the U-SCHB is strong enough and safe in terms

of compressive strength of CHB?

3.4 Does the outcome project or output will used and benefit the community?

13
Assumption

Specific question: How effective is the U-SCHB with crumbed rubber tire aggregates as

partial replacement in coarse aggregates in lay-outing serpentine wall?

Assumptions: There are certain factors to be considered in making this shape in terms of

its workability properties and adequacy during construction.

Specific question: How can it help the community in terms of global effect of waste

rubber tire pollution?

Assumptions: There are certain process to be known about recycling waste rubber tire

properly.

Hypothesis

Question: Can the U-SCHB with partial replacement of crumbed waste rubber tire in

coarse aggregates attain the minimum compressive strength, 240 psi in 14 days and 300

psi in 28 days given by National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP)?

Operational Hypothesis: The CHB will be subject to concrete compressive strength

(Universal Testing Machine) to ensure the strength produce by this block will attain the

minimum standard strength based in National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP).

Null Hypothesis: The CHB will not be subject to concrete compressive strength by

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to save money.

Question: Can the U-SCHB with partial replacement of crumbed waste rubber tire in

coarse aggregates will help the masonry workers to layout easily the curve wall?

14
Operational Hypothesis: The CHB will benefit the masonry workers and saves time in

layouting curve wall.

Null Hypothesis: The CHB will not benefit the masonry workers and will not saves time

in layouting curve wall.

Question: Can the U-SCHB with partial replacement of crumbed waste rubber tire in

coarse aggregates will help the government in reducing pollution caused by the waste

rubber tire?

Operational Hypothesis: The U-SCHB with partial replacement of crumbed waste

rubber tire in coarse aggregates will be beneficial to government.

Null Hypothesis: The U-SCHB with partial replacement of crumbed waste rubber tire in

coarse aggregates will not be beneficial to government.

15
Significance or Importance of the Study

This section provides a brief description of various importance and significance of

the study given the problem caused by waste rubber tires and lay outing CHB in curve

wall will be beneficial to the following group of people:

To the Mason Workers. The result of this study can benefit all the skilled

worker on construction site in layouting easily curve wall. For they will lessen the time of

building high rise curve wall without struggling in the conventional shape of CHB.

To the Community. The result of this study can benefit the people today and

future generation. For they will ensure that the health of everybody will be in a good

condition someday in minimizing the waste rubber tire by turning it too much eco-

friendly material use in construction.

To the Academe. As a civil engineering student, the fulfillment of this proposed

project will develop the interest of the student who took the same course to design

another experimental research that can also help the community and the environment.

This would also pose a great achievement to the instructors who taught and guide the

students in making this research output.

Future Researchers. This study presents a step-by-step manner in designing and

testing the U-SCHB with the used of crumbed rubber tires as partial replacement to

coarse aggregates. Out of granted points given already from this research, it could be

their start to explore more things, enhance, innovate, and improve the study for a greater

interest of benefits. They could also use the methods and results of this study as their

reference.

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Definition of Terms

AGGREGATES - Are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone

that, along with the water and Portland cement, are essential ingredients of concrete.

Since aggregate occupies about three–quarters of the volume of concrete, it contributes

significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength, durability, and

volume stability. Aggregates are formed from natural sources by the process of

weathering and abrasion, or by artificially crushing a larger parent (rock) mass.

AUSPICIOUS – Showing or suggesting that future success is likely to occur.

CHB - Concrete Hollow Blocks

CEMENT - A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens,

and adheres to other materials to bind them together.

CEMENT MORTAR - It is used as a binding material when building with brick, block,

and stone.

CEMENT PLASTER - Is a homogenous mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregates,

and water. To typically applied to masonry interiors and exteriors wall to achieve a

smooth surface.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - The ability of a certain material or structural element

to withstand loads that reduce the size of material, or structural element, when applied.

CRUMBED RUBBER - Is a recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap

tires.

17
CURING - Is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from

concrete during cement hydration.

CURING AGE – Number of days of sample in curing tank

DPWH MODEO– Department of Public Works and Highways Mindoro Oriental

District Engineering Office

LIGHTWEIGHT - Property of a rubber

ELASTICITY - Ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and

size when the forces causing the deformation are removed.

ENERGY ABSORPTION - Is defined as the energy absorbed by the specimen just

before the failure during the impact.

FIRE TEST or FLAMABILITY TEST - measure how easily materials ignite, how

quickly they burn, and how they react when burned.

GRAVEL - normally used as coarse aggregate. The maximum size of coarse aggregate

to be used in reinforced concrete work depends on the thickness of the structural member

and the space available around the reinforcing bars. Generally, a maximum nominal size

of 20 mm is found to be satisfactory in RC structural elements.

SOUND INSULATION - Is a kind measure to prevent the sound waves from

permeating.

HEAT INSULATION - Is the reduction of heat transfer by thermal energy between the

blocks.

18
FINE AGGREGATES - Are essentially any natural sand particles won from the land

though the mining process. It consists of natural sand or any crushed stone particles that

nine millimeters size below.

MOLDING – Steel form fabricated of U-SCHB

POSE - To set forth or offer attention or consideration.

Psi – Pressure per square inch

SAND - Taken from riverbeds and pits, is normally used as fine aggregate, after it is

cleaned and rendered free from silt, clay, and other impurities; stone (quarry) dust is

sometimes used as a partial replacement for sand

U-SCHB – U-Shaped Concrete Hollow Blocks

UTM – Universal Testing Machine (test for compressive, tensile, and flexural)

WEIGHTING SCALE - Used to measure the weight of an item.

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on analyzing the used of U-Shaped Concrete Hollow Blocks

for serpentine curve wall using crumbed rubber tire. It will conduct and build the output

CHB on our homes and test the compressive strength by the universal testing machine

(DPWH) after 14 days and 28 days of curing age respectively. The size of crumbed

rubber tire to be used as partial replacement to coarse aggregate is 4.75mm to 10mm. U-

Shaped CHB is classified as Type 1 Class A conforming to ASTM C90 (2009). A ratio of

1:2:4 (cement: fine aggregate: gravel) as per ASTM C-90 and water-cement ratio of

0.45L ASTM C150 (2007). The minimum compressive strength is 300 psi for individual

irregular shape CHB by DPWH. Gravel as coarse aggregates, sand as fine aggregates and

Portland cement 40 kg as binder. The size of U-SCHB is 17cm x 10cm x 20cm (L x W x

H). This CHB used specifically for curling curve wall. The data gathered will analyze

after the result in two consecutive testing, one is 14 days of curing process and two is 28

days of curing process. The participants of this study are the mason workers and all

individual affected by waste rubber tire pollution. This study is an experimental research

design that makes an output to test and analyze compressive strength result after two

consecutive testing of the CHB with the use of crumbed rubber tire as partial replacement

to coarse aggregates.

This study does not cover some data in testing including fire test and water

absorption test. This study limited the testing to concrete compressive strength only due

to lack of time in preparing the sample that will affect are whole research study. Also

limited financial resources in terms of paying different testing process. Concrete

20
compressive strength of U-SCHB will only the prime consideration of this study in terms

of analyzing the result.

Conceptual Framework

21
PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3

Input Process Output

Material needed  Producing a U-Shaped

concrete mixture of Concrete hollow

 Portland cement
1:2:4 ratio of blocks with
 Crumbed rubber
cement, sand, and crumbed rubber
tire
gravel for U-SCHB tire aggregates.

 Coarse using the crumbed

aggregates rubber tire with

coarse size of
 Fine aggregates
4.75mm to 10mm.
 Water
 We start at the U-
 Fabricated form
SCHB with no
of U-SCHB
crumbed rubber

 Weighing Scale tires and then every

mixed we add 5 %
Equipment necessary
of crumbed rubber
 Tools needed
until the
for mixing the
compressive
concrete.
strength of CHB

 Universal attain the proper

Testing Machine strength to be use.

(UTM)
 Applying the

Knowledge required proper measuring

when mixing,
Based on National
molding, curing,
Building Code of the 22
and testing in each
Philippines
U-SCHB with
Research Locale

The researchers will acquire the materials indicated in the necessary data to meet

the purpose of the study based on their quality that is significant to the study. The

reinforcement, manufacturing for specimens and laboratory tests of the concrete blocks

will be all conducted and collected around Calapan City, Or. Mindoro, mainly at Divine

World College of Calapan (DWCC)

23
 Chapter II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This part presents the different related literature from the past study. The

researchers choose the most important variables that we use in conducting this study and

those are waste rubber tire crumbed as an additive to concrete and compressive strength

of concrete.

RELATED WORKS

International Studies

(Negative) Jawad Ahmad, Zhiguang Zhou, Ali Majdi, Muwaffaq Alqurashi and

Ahmed Farouk Deifalla (2022) propose a thesis entitled “Overview of Concrete

Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete”

conducted an experimental method to test the output. Slump test Figure 1 and Table 1

24
 Figure 1. Slump Flow

Table 1. Summary of slump flow

show the flowability of concrete with the replacement of rubber as aggregate in concrete.

The flowability of concrete decreased with the addition of rubber as aggregate. In

addition, mixes created with fine crumb rubber were better to work with than those

prepared with

Figure 2. Compressive Strength

coarse tire chips or a combination of tire chips and crumb rubber, according to research.

The use of rubber aggregates is also believed to reduce slump due to their irregular forms

and sharp edges. Similarly, when natural coarse aggregates are partially substituted with

rubber aggregates, the slump is reduced because of the shape of the rubber aggregate

particles. The decrease in flowability of concrete with the incorporation of rubber is

mainly due to the rough and angular surface of rubber particles, on compressive strength

Figure 2 displays the compressive strength (CS) of concrete with the substitution of

rubber as aggregate. It can be noted that CS decreased as the substitution ratio of rubber

increased. The qualities of the concrete are dramatically changed when rubber is used as

25
a partial replacement for natural coarse and/or fine aggregate in concrete. According to

studies, adding rubber to concrete regularly lowers the material CS and elasticity when

compared to normal concrete. After the test was conducted the result stated that it has

been discovered that the increase in rubber concentration rubberized concrete loses

workability. However, it may be enhanced by adding admixtures such as plasticizers or

other filler ingredients; The lower specific gravity and tendency to absorb air of rubber,

rubberized concrete density reduces significantly when rubber content is increased.

Rubberized concrete is hence advantageous for lightweight buildings; The decline in

flexural capacity was lower than the decline in compressive capacity; and the silane

coating agents (SCA) process transforms the rubber’s hydrophobic surface into a

hydrophilic one and creates a chemical link between it and the cement matrix, enhancing

the rubberized concrete’s mechanical characteristics and durability

(Positive) Abubaker M. Almaleeh, Stanley M. Shitote and Timothy Nyomboi

(2016) proposed a thesis entitled “Use of Waste Rubber Tires as Aggregate in

Concrete” conducted the compressive strength test was done using both 150mm x

150mm cubes and 300mm x 150mm cylinders in accordance with (BS 1881-116: 1983)

and (ASTM C39).

Figure 3. Compressive Strength of the rubberized concrete for BS and ACI method

26
The compressive strength as figure 3 showed decreased significantly in both BS and ACI

method. The concrete in BS method lost up to 80% of the strength, when the fine rubber

tires aggregates were added. In the ACI method, the rubberized concrete strength dropped

by 85% of the control strength. And after the testing the study stated that the compressive

strength of rubberized concrete is suitable for concrete, and they find that the reduction in

strength is also accompanied by reduction in the density of the concrete. The rubberized

concrete has light weight in compare with the normal concrete. It was reduced by 15%

which could be an advantage in the architectural finishing. The plastic energy of the

rubberized concrete increasing proportional with the amount of rubber in concrete. Also,

the resistance of failure increasing proportionally with the amount of the rubber in

concrete. The plastic energy and the resistance of failure gave this concrete an advantage

for using it in sports field especially in tennis field, and others such as Basketball and

Volleyball. The flexural strength decreased by 65% with increase in the added percentage

of the rubber tires. Thus, rubberized concrete did not sustain bending. Splitting tensile

strength also reduced up to half of the strength of the control.

(Positive) Abdelaziz Meddah, Miloud Beddar, Abderrahim Bali (2015) proposed

a study entitled “Use of Shredded Rubber Tire Aggregates for Roller Compacted

Concrete Pavement” conducted to assess the effect of rubber particles on the

performance of RCCP, six mixes were prepared with different rubber content: 5, 10, 15,

20, 25 and 30%. These mixes were compared to the mix without rubber (control). The

used rubber particles were added to the concrete as a replacement of some part of the

total volume of crushed gravels.

27
 The study finds and states that the effect of incorporated rubber on water

absorption rate by capillarity. It should be noted that the absorption of water decreased

with the increase of rubber content in the mix. This was due to the lower absorbency of

rubber particles compared to natural aggregates, which reduced the effective area crossed

by water. These results agree with those obtained on ordinary concrete with rubber

additions and reported in the literature. These former studies indicated a reduction in

porosity of concrete with the increase of rubber content

Also stated that it should be noted that the final densification level of RCCP

specimens was simultaneously affected by the applied compaction effort and rubber

content in the mix. The increase in the compaction effort improved the density, while the

rubber content was less than 20%. However, the density of specimen decreased for mixes

RCCP25 and RCCP30. This behavior might be due to the deformability of rubber

particles. During compaction under effort higher or equal to the standard compaction

stress, the volume of rubber particles decreased. It should be noted that once the load was

removed the rubber particles relaxed and decompressed. Therefore, a particular attention

should be taken during compaction phases if the rubber particles were used at rates higher

than 20%.

Also, that the results obtained show that the consistency of RCCP mixes was

improved by incorporating rubber, which reduced the vibrating compaction time by 30%

for a partial substitution of gravel content of about 30%. Unit weight, mechanical

properties and water absorption decreased with increasing rubber content, while the

ductility and cracking resistance of the mix increased. The compaction of RCCP mixes

was affected simultaneously by the intensity of the applied stress level of compaction and

28
the rubber content. However, particular attention should be taken in the field during

compaction phases for mixes when using rubber particles at ratios higher than 20%. On

the other hand, the addition of rubber particles to RCCP may be beneficial due to the

improvement of some properties such as high ductility, low porosity, and the low unit

weight. Recycling and valorizing shredded rubber in pavements may help eliminating

some quantities of wastes and at the same time reduce the needs of natural aggregates.

The rubberized RCCP can be used for some projects such as low traffic pavements, rural

roads, and large areas of pedestrians. However, the optimal rubber content to be used

depends on technical requirements and the destination of project. Finally, to make use of

these results in situ, it is recommended to build an experimental full-scale pavement.

Local Studies

(Positive) Anjerick Topacio, Nikko C Gozo, Sydh Roeth and V Marquez (2015)

Proposed research entitled “Use of Recycled Rubber Tire Crumbs for Waterproofing

of Concrete” conducted the concrete slump test (ASTM C 143M-00). This test is

performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very

closely related to workability. It refers to the ease with which the concrete flows. It is

used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is mainly affected by

consistency example, wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete

of the same consistency may vary in workability. And Compressive strength test is a

mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear

before fracturing. The test piece, usually in the form of a cube, prism, or cylinder, is

compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine by a gradually applied

load. The results of this test method are used as a basis for quality control of concrete

29
proportioning, mixing, and placing operations; determination of compliance with

specifications; control for evaluating effectiveness of admixtures and similar uses. The

specimens for the compressive strength of concrete test were cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28

days. After the testing the result shows that the results for the compressive strength test of

the different design mixes for different number of days are tabulated below and

summarized graphically in Figure 4. As the reduction of fine aggregate and coarse

aggregate increases, the compressive strength of concrete drastically decreases. Batches

of each kind of cylinder specimen were tested after curing for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days

respectively to identify its variation. The compressive strength test was done at ASTEC

Materials Testing Center in No. 102 Aguinaldo Highway, Brgy. Sampaloc-1, Pala Pala,

Dasmariñas, Cavite using a Universal Testing Machine. And after the testing was done,

we analyze it, and based on the result it stated that recycled rubber tire crumbs be used as

partial replacement of aggregate which can reduce the water absorption, permeability and

sorpitivity of concrete which can make it waterproof. The mixture of RC-2 and RC-4

having 32.73% of rubber tire crumbs proved that it has the smallest absorption and

sorpitivity probably because it has a finer sieve that prevented air

30
 Figure 4. Summary of compressive strength results

voids that made the concrete more compacted which is essential in waterproofing.

However due to its rubber content, the compressive strength of these mixtures was

reduced drastically but it be used for non-load bearing like fences, façade-type walls, and

low volume pathways. RC-2 design mixture has a lower absorption than conventional

concrete that is normally used in the construction industry but higher rate of absorption

than commercial concrete with waterproofing chemical admixture. It has potential for

waterproofing but concrete with admixture shows greater reduction of rate of absorption

as well as permeability and strength. RC-2 rubber concrete mixture has the lowest rate of

absorption among the design mixes provided by the researchers. Compared to normal

concrete that is conventionally used in the construction industry, RC-2 has lower rate of

absorption. But then, compared to commercially used concrete for waterproofing

incorporated by a chemical admixture, RC-2 has higher rate of absorption than that.

Rubber concrete has a potential of reducing concrete ‘s water absorption as well as

permeability

(Negative) Ruel R. Cabahug, Jasper L. Bacol, Pegelou Jhon S Lagutin, Leroy

John B. Luniza, Gil Carlo H. Mamon, Paolo Nicole Edritz G. Pilapil (2016) conducted a

study entitled “Crumb Rubber Tire as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in

Concrete Hollow Blocks” conducted an experimental method with standard size CHB as

test specimens whose mixture is composed of cement, fine sand, choker aggregates,

water, and crumb rubber tire. Crumb rubber tire replaced certain volume of fine

aggregates by weight at different level of percentage with constant volume of cement and

water ratio. A control mix of cement and fine aggregates without crumb rubber tire

31
aggregates is also produced to compare results. Crumb rubber tire were mixed as weight-

for-weight replacement of fine aggregate at 20%, 40% and 60% to prepare concrete

hollow. The study adopted the standard concrete masonry unit dimensions set by the

National Building Code of the Philippines and National Structural Code of the

Philippines for load-bearing walls with dimensions 6” x 8” x 16” and must weigh 30

lbs/block. And after the testing conducted the result stated that the findings showed

unfavorable acceptance of crumb rubber as partial replacement to fine aggregates in

concrete hollow block production because results revealed that compressive strength is

reduced by 83%, thereby producing a very weak CHB product.

(Negative) Carmela Denise Isberto, Krystoffer Lloyd Labra, Jan Marielle

Landicho and Richard De Jesus (March 2021) proposed a thesis entitled “Effect of Rice

Husk Ash and Crumb Waste Rubber Tires to Microstructure and Strength of

Concrete” conducted this study was divided into four phases: preparation and quality

assessment of RHA, pretreatment and quality assessment of CWRT, preparation, and

testing of mortar specimens, and preparation of concrete specimens with RHA and

CWRT, testing for compression and assessing concrete’s microstructure by SEM. In

preparing mortar specimens, ASTM C109 was followed. Two sets of mortar were

prepared: one for mortar with RHA, and another with CWRT. For RHA mortar, 5% to

20% cement replacement, at 5% interval, were investigated with six (6) mortar samples

each. A controlled set (i.e. 0% RHA) was also prepared with 6 samples. For CWRT

mortar, 6 samples were prepared for control (0% CWRT) and another 6 mortar samples

for 10% CWRT replacement of fine aggregates. Mortar with RHA specimens were tested

for physical properties, microstructure, and compression. The RHA amount that yielded

32
the highest compressive strength sets the amount of replacement of RHA for cement in

concrete specimens. From mortar tests, it was determined that RHA in concrete was

optimal at 10% replacement by weight of cement. Six (6) concrete cylinder samples were

made for each varying CWRT, for a total of 42 concrete cylinders, tested for compression

on the 28th day. Concrete was tested for compression in compliance with ASTM C39.

And after the test was conducted, the result stated that the use of CWRT in concrete had

been shown to reduce the mechanical properties of concrete. RHA, on the other hand, as

a supplementary cementitious material had been shown to improve concrete’s strength.

Thus, this study explored the potential of RHA to counter the negative effect of CWRT

when these two materials are incorporated in the production of concrete. Some notable

findings are as follows: (1) To maximize the potential of RHA, rice husk must be

converted into RHA that is highly pozzolanic and reactive. This was achieved by burning

at the range of 400 to 600 C, with slow cooling for 6-8hrs, and finally, grinding for 2

hours. Pre-treatment of CWRT with NaOH solution showed to have resulted to the

highest compressive strength from mortar with CWRT treated for 20-min. However,

statistical analysis showed the difference between strength results to be not significant;

(5) RHA and CWRT in concrete resulted in lower workability with increasing CWRT.

Air content also increases with increasing CWRT; (6) Maximizing the amount of CWRT

that can be used in concrete without compromising strength properties showed 5%

CWRT with 0% RHA was the optimal mix for concrete.

33
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research is designed to investigate the effectiveness of using U-shaped

Concrete Hollow Blocks for curling curve walls. The experiment was designed in Five

steps: (1) the preparation of raw materials, (2) incorporating of materials with proper mix

proportion, (3) the formation of concrete blocks to U-Shape molding, (4) outputs’ curing

process within 14 and 28 days of curing age respectively, and (5) finally, the testing of

the U-SCHB samples for compressive strength test. The research aims to investigate the

use of crumbed rubber as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates.

To conduct the experiment, crushed limestone rock, cement and crumbed rubber

was used. The crushed limestone rock was used to prepare aggregates, while the cement

was mixed with the aggregates to form the concrete mix. Different proportion of crumbed

34
rubber and coarse aggregates were used in the mixtures to obtain the optimum mixture

condition.

Four different mixture proportions were prepared as follows: 0 % crumbed rubber

the control mix, 5 % crumbed rubber, 10% crumbed rubber and 15% crumbed rubber.

For each proportion, one mold is casted, which were used to determine the formed

blocks' maximum compressive strength. The prepared CHB were subjected to test for

compressive strength to determine the overall effectiveness of the obtained mixtures.

The curing process of CHB involves submerging the samples in water and

maintaining a temperature range between 20-25°C for a period of 14 and 28 days. During

this time, the compressive strength of the blocks is tested and any samples that fall

outside of the set average mean value are considered invalid.

35
Method of Collecting Data and Development of the Research Instrument

There has been a lot of interest lately in using U-SCHB as curling curve wall

materials. U-SCHB are more commonly used in making retaining walls. However,

recently, there has been renewed interest in using them as curling curves for curved walls.

In a previous work, it was shown that the elastic modulus of crumb rubber was higher

than that of coarse aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock.

To fully utilize the benefits of a rubberized U-SCHB in a concrete curve wall, the

elastic modulus of the crumb rubber must be comparable to that of coarse aggregates.

This study will compare the effects of replacing coarse aggregate with crumb rubber on

the elastic modulus and compressive strength of concrete made with the U-SCHB.

Concrete mix proportions were taken from previous studies which used U-SCHB with

plain concrete and other types of curling-curve wall construction. The method of

collecting data in this study includes splitting samples into three groups according to their

aggregate content and comparing their physical properties. A conventional 14-day and

28-day curing age compressive strength test will also perform on all the models. The

36
results of this study will indicate if replacing the coarse aggregate with crumb rubber is a

viable partial replacement for concrete mixes designed for curling curve walls

constructed with U-SCHB.

Research Instruments

The methods and procedures used in the fabrication of the actual

specimens, and the testing of the specimens in accordance with ASTM C129

Preparation of Materials:

Rubber

Rubber that will be used in

this project will be obtained using

vehicle exterior rubber at junk shops

for sustainable way to recycle this

material. By purchasing these

items from a junk shop, we are

supporting the shop and the

environment by keeping these materials out of the landfill. Then manually cutting the

37
rubber interior to a thickness of 4.75mm to 10mm allows it to be used as a replacement

for coarse aggregates in the production of hollow blocks. By cutting the rubber interior to

a thickness within this range, it can be used in place of traditional coarse aggregates to

provide strength and durability to the blocks.

Figure 5. Crumbed rubber

Concrete Mix

38
 Type I Ordinary Portland cement will be the type of cement to be used in the

project. Ordinary Portland Cement Type I is a common type of Portland cement that is

widely used in construction. It is often used in the production of concrete, mortar, and

grout, and is suitable for a variety of applications. Some of the key characteristics of

Type I cement include a moderate level of heat evolution and a fast rate of strength

development. It is also moderately resistant to sulfate attack and has good durability and

water-tightness. Type I cement is a versatile and widely-used building material that can

be used in a variety of construction projects.

Figure 6. Ordinary Portland Cement

39
Fine and Coarse Aggregates

Sand and gravel will be utilized as both coarse and fine aggregates in the

production of hollow blocks. Coarse aggregates are typically larger and have a rougher

texture than fine aggregates, which are typically finer and have a smoother texture. In this

project of U-SCHB, the coarse aggregates will be partially replaced with crumb rubber

and be typically mixed with the cement in high hopes to create a strong and durable core,

while the fine aggregates are used to fill in the gaps and create a smoother surface on the

finished CHB. By using sand and gravel as both coarse and fine aggregates, the CHB will

have a strong and durable structure hope so, as well as a smooth and consistent surface.

Figure 7. Coarse Aggregates and Fine Aggregates

40
Tools and Machines:

Molder

A fabricated steel plate, U-SCHB mold with 17cm x 10cm x 20cm (LxWxH)

dimension was fabricated specially for this project.

41
 Figure 8. U-Shaped Steel Plate Molder

Ice Crusher

The researchers used an ice crusher machine to make crumbed rubber into desired

particle sizes to be utilized in the production of the U-SCHB.

Figure 9. Ice Crusher

42
Weighing Scale

The materials used to make the hollow blocks were weighed on the scale to

calculate the percentage of rubber replacement in each test sample per kilogram based on

computed kilogram by its each density of material.

Figure 10. Weighing Scale

43
Trowel and Shovel

The trowel

and shovel were

used for scooping

and mixing of

the materials to

produce hollow

blocks.

44
 Figure 11. Shovel and Trowel

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

A universal testing machine (UTM) was used to test the compressive strength of

the hollow blocks. This allows the researchers to evaluate the strength and durability of

the blocks, and to ensure that they meet specifications for use in construction.

45
 Figure 12. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Reliability of the Instruments

Experimental research is a powerful tool for investigating cause-and-effect

relationships, as it allows the researchers to control for other factors that may influence

the results. To ensure the reliability and validity of their findings, the researchers

carefully design and implement their experiments. They used established and validated

methods, properly calibrate, and maintain their equipment, and follow standardized data

collection procedures. By following these best practices, the researchers can generate

high-quality data that advances our understanding of the world and contributes to the

body of scientific knowledge and civil works.

46
Data Gathering Procedure

Mix Design:

Concrete proportions must be selected to provide workability, consistency,

density, strength, and durability, for the application based on ACI 211.1-91. Based on the

nominal mix design method, there are two different ways in proportioning concrete

mixture namely by volume or by mass. Volume method is the most common and

convenient method in mixing concrete to attain the desired strength of concrete. Concrete

mixture involves cement, sand, gravel, and water cement ratio. Proportioning by volume

method had been

Table 2. Mixture Proportioning by Volume Method

47
long practiced and it is proven effective and successful. Most construction industry used

this method in proportion the mixture of the concrete. Table 2 shows the ratio of the

cement, sand, and gravel mixture.

This study used experimental method with U-SCHB as test specimens whose

mixture is composed of cement, fine sand, coarse aggregates sizes 4.75mm to 10mm,

water and crumb rubber tire sizes 4.75mm to 10mm. Crumb rubber tire replaced certain

volume of coarse aggregates by weight at different level of percentage with constant

volume of cement and water ratio.

A control mix of cement and fine aggregates without crumb rubber tire aggregates

is also produced to compare results. Crumb rubber tire were mixed as weight-for-weight

replacement of coarse aggregate at 5%, 10% and 15% to prepare concrete hollow blocks.

The CHB is classified as Type 1 Class A conforming to ASTM 129 (2006) and water-

cement ratio of 0.45L ASTM C150 (2007). The minimum compressive strength is 2 MPa

(300 psi) for non-load bearing individual concrete hollow block. The researchers will use

the range of compressive test 2 MPa (300 psi) matching with the CHB in the locality.

Sieve analysis were performed on aggregates and crumb rubber tire to determine

the gradation or distribution of it within a given sample.

The crumb rubber tire replacement is presented in Table 3. Designation of

samples is also shown to consider in this experimental investigation.

Sample Specimen Content of crumb rubber Content of gravel coarse

aggregates (%) aggregates (%)

A (Control mix) 0 100

48
 B 5 95

C 10 90

D 15 85

Table 3. Crumb Rubber Tire Replacement

The actual proportion of cement, fine aggregates, crumb rubber tire and coarse

aggregate are based with quantity design mix by volume method of Max Fajardo are used

during the production of different design mixtures of CHB specimens. These are

presented in Table 4.

U-Shaped CHB Components

Percentage of rubber
Water Cement Sand Gravel Rubber
replacing gravel
(L) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)

0% 5.4 4.39 9.75 29.25 0

5% 5.4 4.39 9.75 27.79 1.46

10% 5.4 4.39 9.75 26.33 2.93

15% 5.4 4.39 9.75 24.86 4.39

Table 4. Actual proportion of cement, aggregates, and crumb rubber

49
 The specimens were divided into 2 groups of 12 specimens according to the

number of days of curing. The distribution in each level of percentage replacement to the

specimens is presented in Table 5.

Group Number of specimens at different percentage mix Total

0% 5% 10% 15%

14 days 3 3 3 3 12

28 days 3 3 3 3 12

Table 5. Number of specimens at different percentage of crumb rubber replacement

The specimens were cured using wetting method for 14 and 28 days respectively.

Then each series of molded U-SCHB was tested for compressive strength using the

Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The CHB were taken out from curing tank and were

allowed to dry for 24 hours in open air before testing.

Sampling Design

The materials were prepared and mixed in conformity with ASTM 129 (2006).

The sand, gravel, cement, crumbed rubber tire and water were laid on a metal steel plate

and hand mixed with cement mixing equipment until they were thoroughly homogenous

blend. After that, poured it to the U-SCHB steel form and press it until it became fully

blended and molded the concrete completely. After that the U-SCHB were place to the

open area and wait it to dry for 24 Hours and kept in storage until it will be dry. The U-

SCHB specimens were then immersed in water for curing in temperature ranging 20-25

50
degree Celsius in 14 and 28 days respectively before subjecting to compressive test and

analyze the result.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Statistical treatment of data is the process of analyzing and interpreting data using

statistical methods. This involves a variety of techniques, such as calculating means and

standard deviations. The goal of statistical treatment of data is to extract meaning and

insights from the data, and to communicate these findings in a clear and concise manner.

Using the following formula below allows the researchers to draw accurate and reliable

conclusions from their data.

Mix Design Formula for U-SCHB with Crumbed Rubber as Partial Replacement

Percentage of weight reduction = { 1 – (5 % weight ÷0 %weight ) } (100 %)

VT = Total volume of 1 sample U-SCHB

Cement = (VT)(Total No. of samples per Specimen)(Design Mix Factor cement)

Sand = (VT)(Total No. of samples per Specimen)( Design Mix Factor sand)

Gravel (coarse aggregate 3/8”) = (VT)(Total No. of samples per Specimen)(Factor sand)

51
Water = (VT)(Total No. of samples per Specimen)( Design Mix Factor water)

Compressive Strength Test

Load and stress are two physical properties that are related to the forces applied

on an object. Load is a measure of the force applied on an object, whereas stress is a

measure of the force per unit area on an object. In this project where the UTM applies

pressure on U-SCHB, the load would be the pressure applied by the testing machine, and

the stress would be the measure of the intensity of that pressure. In order to find the

compressive strength of the samples, the researchers used the formula:  

CS=P/A

Where,

CS = Compressive Stress (N/mm^2) MPa

P = Applied load in (N) Newton

A = Cross-sectional area of the sample (mm^2)

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered

from the sieve analysis test and compressive strength test of CHB. They were presented,

analyzed, and interpreted in the following:

Results and Discussion

52
Sieve Analysis Test of the Rubber Used in U-Shaped CHB

Sieve analysis test is done to know the percentage retained of the produced

crumbed rubber of the researchers that will be used in creating U-SCHB. The particle

size apt to be included in the production ranges between 4.75mm to 10mm.

The test is performed by placing the crumbed rubber sample onto the 4.75 sieve,

which is the one with the largest openings available in the laboratory, and then shaking

the stack of sieves for a specified amount of time, which is five (5) minutes.

Weight of Total
Paper Bag Weight
Total Weight 526.2 g 54.4 g 471.8 g
of Rubber
Weight of 154.7 g 54.4 g 100.3 g
Sieved Rubber
Percent Retained
in 4.75mm to 21.26%
10mm Sieve
Table 6. Sieve Analysis Test Result

The data shows that 21.26% from 471.8 grams of crumbed rubber was retained

and will be used in the production of U-SCHB.

Compressive Strength of U-Shaped CHB

The compressive strength test is done on concrete hollow blocks to determine the

maximum load they can withstand before failing under compression. Samples are

collected, cured for 14 and 28 days, and placed on a flat surface before being subjected to

an even load. The test is used to ensure the blocks meet minimum strength requirements

and are suitable for their intended construction application.

Using the universal testing machine located at DPWH MODEO, the different

design mixtures of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% crumb rubber tire aggregates were tested at

53
corresponding age of curing of 14 days and 28 days respectively. Table presents the

compressive strengths obtained by the specimens.

SAMPLES COMPRESSIVE GOVERNING

RESULTS
IDENTIFICATION STRENGTH SPECIFICATION
247 psi PASSED
CONTROL 276 psi 240 psi PASSED
269 psi PASSED
174 psi FAILED
5% 218 psi 240 psi FAILED
174 psi FAILED
174 psi FAILED
10% 174 psi 240 psi FAILED
218 psi FAILED
73 psi FAILED
15% 73 psi 240 psi FAILED
58 psi FAILED
This table shows the compressive strength test results of U-Shaped CHB cured at 14

days.

Table 7. Compressive Strength of U-SCHB at 14 days of curing

The Table 7 shows that at 14 days of curing only the CONTROL specimens

passed the governing specification set at 80% of the standard compressive strength of

CHB.

SAMPLES
COMPRESSIVE GOVERNING
IDENTIFICATIO RESULTS
STRENGTH SPECIFICATION
N
348 psi PASSED
CONTROL 377 psi 300 psi PASSED
363 psi PASSED
318 psi PASSED
5% 333 psi 300 psi PASSED
306 psi PASSED
10% 283 psi 300 psi FAILED
279 psi FAILED

54
 292 psi FAILED
192 psi FAILED
15% 193 psi 300 psi FAILED
189 psi FAILED

This table shows the compressive strength test results of U-Shaped CHB with 28

curing days.

Table 8. Compressive Strength of U-SCHB at 28 days of curing

The Table 8 shows that at 28 days of curing the specimens in CONTROL and

with 5% OF CRUMBED RUBBER passed the governing specification of the standard

compressive strength of CHB for non-load bearing.

The graph in Figure 13 shows the comparison of the average results of

compressive strength of specimens between the curing days of the U-shaped CHB.

It can be observed here that the U-SCHB at 28 days shows greater results than the

U-SCHB at 14 days of curing. Looking again at the graph results we can recommend the

U-SCHB with 5% rubber partial replacement as it passed the standard compressive

strength for non-load bearing CHB.

55
 Compressive Strength of U-Shaped Concrete Hollow Blocks

CONTROL

5%

10%

15%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

28 DAYS 14 DAYS
Figure 13. Average Compressive Strength of Specimens at 14 Days and 28 Days

Cost analysis

The cost analysis has been conducted between the control mix (Specimen A) and

the specimen containing 5% of partial replacement of rubber (Specimen B) of the U-

SCHB to see the if the samples are economical and can be used commercially.

Price

56
For Specimen A

Cement = 4.39 kg = ₱ 280.00/ pcs = (280/40)(4.29) = ₱ 30.03

Sand = 9.75 kg = ₱ 450.00/ m^3 = (450)(0.006093716 m^3) = ₱ 2.74

Gravel = 29.25 kg = ₱ 825/ m^3 = (825)( 0.01218743339 m^3) = ₱ 10.06

Water = 5.4 L = ₱ 0.24/ L = (10)( 5.4) = ₱ 1.290

Total cost for specimen A = ₱ 44.1206 for 9 pcs U-SCHB

For Specimen B

Cement = 4.39 kg = ₱ 280.00/ pcs = (280/40)(4.29) = ₱ 30.03

Sand = 9.75 kg = ₱ 450.00/ m^3 = (450)(0.006093716 m^3) = ₱ 2.74

Gravel = 27.1875 kg = ₱ 825/ m^3 = (825)( 27.1875/2400) = ₱ 8.3073

Rubber = manual production = ₱ 0.00

Water = 5.4 L = ₱ 0.24/ L = (10)( 5.4) = ₱ 1.2906

Total cost for specimen B = ₱ 42.3679 for 9 pcs U-SCHB

Specimen B save by = ₱ 44.1206 - ₱ 42.3679

Specimen B save by = ₱ 1.7527

57
 Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the findings, summary and conclusions, and

recommendations of this investigation.

58
Summary of Findings

The study aims to determine the feasibility of partial replacement of crumb rubber

from waste tires to utilize industrial waste materials for possible construction application

such as U-SCHB production. The results of this experimental investigation provided

important information to researchers who wished to undertake such investigation using

crumbed rubber tires aggregates for U-SCHB. The results of the analysis present the

following findings:

1. The study found out that acceptance of crumb rubber tire as partial

replacement to coarse aggregates in U-SCHB production is feasible, because

results revealed that compressive strength is attainable by 5% proportion at 28

days of curing age, thereby producing an eco-friendly and unique design of

CHB product will be a huge help in our society in reducing the effect of waste

rubber tire.

2. Every gradual increase of crumb rubber tire aggregates in the design mix

(Class A 1:2:4) the harder to mold and bind. This resulted in gradual increase

of voids in the CHB Surface.

3. Air content or volume of voids also increases with increasing crumb rubber

tire because of weight reduction in the CHB.

4. Shredding the rubber with the use of ice crusher is a lot more difficult to do.

After shredding it, we subjected the rubber sample to sieve analysis test with

the result of 21.26% of sample was retained in the 4.75mm to 10mm size.

5. With the control mix, specimen A, the compaction of concrete is properly

tamped, and it has not absorbed plastic energy. The results from 14 days and

59
 28 days respectively consistent attained the minimum required compressive

strength. Making it possible to use the U-SCHB for curling curve wall.

6. Specimen B (5%), C (10%), and D (15%), the compaction percent of concrete

is hard to tamper, every gradual increase of rubber, the more it became harder

to bind. And more loosed compressive strength.

7. In molding this U-SCHB the process in production of this shape is an

endeavor. It takes time to create a sample because of its composition of

section and connections to make it U-Shaped.

8. The surface of CHB with Crumb rubber tire has an output with minimal

honeycombs. That decrease the volume of concrete and creates voids in U-

SCHB.

9. The surface of CHB without crumb rubber tire aggregates has plain surface.

The shape and volume of the concrete followed the design.

10. Based on the results, only specimen A (control mix) and B (5% rubber) passed

the required minimum compressive strength of irregular shape U-SCHB, and

it would be safe to use as a non-load bearing CHB. Specimen C and D failed

to attain the minimum compressive strength. This also ascertained that U-

SCHB could help our mason worker in lay-outing curve path wall. Hence, it

could help the environment by reducing a huge amount of waste rubber tire all

over the world and turn it to eco-friendly construction materials.

Conclusions

Based on the Findings, the researcher has come up with the following conclusions:

60
1. Waste rubber tire crumbs can be used as a partial replacement of coarse

aggregates which can attain the required minimum compressive strength of 300

psi by 28 days of curing age and could make another possible eco-friendly and

design specific construction material.

2. The reduction in strength is also accompanied by increasing the replacement of

rubber tire aggregates in coarse aggregate. The rubberized U-SCHB has light

weight in comparison with the control mix. From specimen A to B, it was reduced

the weight by 0% - 14.29% which could be an advantage in lay-outing curve wall

in high rise.

3. The mixture of specimen B which is 5% of crumb rubber tire aggregates proved

that it is the maximum mix proportion of partial replacement of coarse aggregates

in design ratio of class A (1:2:4) concrete proportion. However due to its rubber

content, the compressive strength of these mixtures was reduced drastically but it

can be used for non-load bearing like curve fences and curve wall.

4. Specimen C and D design mixture has revealed that in this proportion it is not

possible to substitute it as a partial replacement to coarse aggregates in CHB

design mix.

5. Using specimen B, the compressive strength of U-SCHB made with crumb rubber

tire aggregates can be improved by 12%, making U-SCHB possible to use as non-

load bearing CHB for curling curve wall.

6. Using specimen C and D, the compressive strength of U-SCHB made with crumb

rubber tire aggregates can reduced the strength by 5% - 36%. Therefore,

substituted with more crumb rubber tire makes the CHB weaker.

61
 7. Specimen D rubber concrete mixture has the lowest rate of compressive strength

among the design mixes provided by the researchers.

8. Crumb Rubber tire aggregates has a potential use as a partial replacement to

coarse aggregate in mixing concrete design ratio with a maximum percentage of

5% of rubber tire, but adding more percentage of rubber maximum than that,

CHB was no longer to be in good use.

9. Due to elastic property of rubber tire, it contributes to reducing compressive

strength by absorbing compaction of concrete. The plastic energy of the

rubberized U-SCHB increasing proportional with the amount of rubber in

concrete but inversely proportional to the strength.

10. Compressive strength of rubberized CHB is suitable for curling curve non load

bearing wall. At 5% replacement of rubber aggregates, the strength was about 338

psi which it could be enough and safe to be use.

Recommendations

Based on the Findings and Conclusions, the following are recommended:

1. This study endeavors to inform researchers who may be interested to use rubber

crumbed from scrap tires as a concrete material. Having obtained such findings,

crumb rubber should be recommended for coarse aggregate replacement to

concrete hollow blocks production.

62
2. The mix proportion that could be used for non-load bearing curve wall is

specimen B mix which has 1.46 kg of crumbed rubber tire, 4.39 kg of cement,

9.75 sand and 27.79 kg of gravel.

3. Waste rubber tires must not be thrown out or burned instead it should be kept and

recycled as crumbed rubber tire aggregates, for they possess the properties

suitable for construction material one is in making U-SCHB.

4. Water – cement ratio should be change to Class double A to see if the

compressive strength will vary directly proportional to attain specimen C and D

the required minimum compressive strength.

5. When placing the rubber concrete specimen to concrete molds, a strict

implementation of the Standard Tamping Procedure must be observed to prevent

concrete voids which is essential in reducing compressive strength.

6. A previous experiment showed that replacing more than 5% of fine aggregates in

a concrete mixture will drastically reduce its compressive strength that will fail

the required minimum compressive strength, and this was the basis in reducing

the crumb rubber tire aggregates in this experiment. However, the 10% and 15%

increasing on crumb rubber aggregates were provided by the researchers and it is

recommended for future studies to try to increase the reduction of fine aggregates

than coarse aggregate and see if the mixture can still attain sufficient strength

good enough for non-bearing curve structures.

7. Maximizing the amount of crumb rubber tire that can be used in concrete without

compromising strength properties showed 5% was the optimal mix for concrete.

Critical investigations and further improvements of the study are advised for

63
 future researchers to better emphasize and enhance the mechanical properties of

concrete containing crumb rubber tire. Other various proportions of crumb rubber

tire to partially replace coarse aggregates other than those employed in this study

may be explored.

8. A higher cement water ratio is recommended for further study. This is because at

higher percentage of cement water ratio increase directly proportional in

compressive strength.

9. Crumb rubber tire treatment raises the price of utilizing rubber as a concrete

coarse aggregate. The cost of rubber surface modification should be investigated

to evaluate its cost effectiveness and identify the cheapest and most effective

approach, which is the key for more construction applications.

10. The thermal and water properties of rubberized U-SCHB should be explored and

analyzed in detail. To investigate if it affects the compressive strength of different

types of CHB.

Chapter VI

References, Appendices, and Curriculum Vitae

References

Madonna T. Virola (July, 2021). "Illegal, public or private quarrying are one of the most

causes of frequent floodings in Naujan”, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1465204/oriental-

mindoro-town-declared-under-state-of-calamity

64
WBCSD.RK (2010). Globally, it is estimated that approximately 1 billion end-of-life

tires (around 17 million tons) are generated every year,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344921003542

Berendsohn.R. (2018). Standardized Globally Unique Specimen Identifiers. Specimen

Identifiers. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2: e26658,

https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26658

El Gammal (2010), Compressive Strength of Concrete Utilizing Waste Tire Rubber,

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/micr.20796

Kadir Ö., Taner D., Hasan Özgür I. (June 8, 2021), Study of effect of waste tire rubber

which is a recycling material in production of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) boards,

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14777606211019408

Jawad A., Zhiguang Z., Ali M., Muwaffaq A., Ahmed F. (2022). Overview of Concrete

Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete,

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1717e0012U

Abubaker A., Stanley S. and Timothy N. (2016), Use of Waste Rubber Tires as

Aggregate in Concrete,

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290396182_Use_of_Recycled_Rubber_Tire_Cr

umbs_for_Waterproofing_of_Concrete

Abdelaziz M., Miloud B., Abderrahim B. (2015), Use of Shredded Rubber Tire

Aggregates for Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement,

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2020.00090/full

A Topacio, N. Gozo, S. Roeth and V. Marquez (2015), Use of Recycled Rubber Tire

Crumbs for Waterproofing of Concrete,

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2020.00090/full

R.Cabahug, J.Bacol, P.Lagutin, L.Luniza, G.Mamon, P.Edritz G. Pilapil (2016), Crumb

Rubber Tire as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in Concrete Hollow Blocks,

https://mjst.ustp.edu.ph/index.php/mjst/article/view/94

C.Isberto, K.Labra, J.Landicho and R.De Jesus (March 2021), Effect of Rice Husk Ash

and Crumb Waste Rubber Tires to Microstructure and Strength of Concrete,

https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/219

ASTM C90, (2009). Standard Specification for Hollow Load-bearing Concrete Masonry

Units, American Society for Testing and materials, Washington D.C.

66
ASTM C150, (2007). Standard Specification for Portland Cement Type 1, American

Society for Testing and materials, Washington D.C.

Reschner, K., (2008). Scrap Tire Recycling: A Summary of prevalent Disposal and

Recycling Methods, from http://www.wastemanagementworld.com/articles/2003

/07/scap-tyre-recycling.html.

Roodman, D.M., and Lenssen, N., (1995). A Building Revolution: How Ecology and

Health Concerns are Transforming Construction. Worldwatch Institute, pp.1-67.

Shirule, P.A., and Hussain, M., (2015). Resuse of Scrap tire as partial replacement of fine

aggregate in concrete and its impact on properties of concrete. International Journal of

Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 4444, pp. 353-359.

Siddique, R., and Naik, T.R., (2004). Properties of Concrete containing scrap-tire rubber

– an overview. Waste Management, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 218-226

List of Appendices

Appendix B. LETTER OF REQUEST TO CONDUCT STUDY

67
 List of Tables

Table 1 SUMMARY OF SLUMP FLOW

Table 2 MIXTURE PROPORTIONING BY VOLUME METHOD

Table 3 CRUMB RUBBER TIRE REPLACEMENT

Table 4 ACTUAL PROPORTION OF CEMENT, AGGREGATES, AND

CRUMBED RUBBER

Table 5 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF

CRUMBED RUBBER REPLACEMENT

Table 6 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST RESULT

Table 7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF U-SCHB AT 14 DAYS OF

CURING

Table 8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF U-SCHB AT 28 DAYS OF

CURING

List of Figures

Figure 1 SLUMP FLOW

Figure 2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

68
Figure 3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RUBBERIZED CONCRETE FOR

BS AND ACI METHOD

Figure 4 SUMMARY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS

Figure 5 CRUMBED RUBBER

Figure 6 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

Figure 7 COARSE AGGREGATES AND FINE AGGREGATES

Figure 8 MOLDER

Figure 9 ICE CRUSHER

Figure 10 WEIGHING SCALE

Figure 11 SHOVEL AND TROWEL

Figure 12 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

Figure 13 AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SPECIMENS AT 14

DAYS AND 28 DAYS

69
 List of Appendices

Appendix A.

QUESTIONNAIRE OR SURVEY

70
 Appendix B.

LETTER OF REQUEST TO CONDUCT STUDY

71
72
73
 Appendix C.

DOCUMENTATION

74
SIEVE ANALYSIS

MATERIALS

75
 MATERIALS

PROCESS OF FORMULATION OF OUTPUT

76
Mixing all of the materials and producing variety of samples.

77
78
79
80
 CURING

FIRST DAY OF CURING All the U-Shaped CHB are submerged in water for curing.

14TH DAY OF CURING Samples of U-shaped CHB are taken out of the water after 14

days and left to air dry for 24 hours before subjected to testing.

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 CURING

28TH DAY OF CURING Samples of U-shaped CHB are taken out of the water after 28

days and left to air dry for 24 hours before subjected to testing.

82
TESTING

83
84
 Appendix D.

CURRICULUM VITAE

85
 Appendix E.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

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