GROUP III

MEMBERS:
Enriquez, Keith Andrei
Aninzo, Jim Rey
Numos, Juris
Macadaan, Alexies Jade
Larga, Althea Jellian
Reyes, JC Marie
Agana, May Jasmine
Alemania, Recel
Natural Sources of Light

Natural sources of light include the sun and other

stars. In stars, hydrogen atoms are fused to form
helium atoms. Vast quantities of energy are
released in the fusion process and takes the form
of light. The Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis
(Northern and Southern Lights) occur when
streams of electrons and other electrically
charged particles shot out from the sun excite
gases in the atmosphere. Meteors give off light
when heated by friction as they pass pass
through through the atmosphere. The light given
off as a result of heat is called incandescent light.

Examples:
Artificial Sources of Light

Artificial sources of light include matches,

candles, incandescent electric lamps, and
other forms of incandescent light. In
fluorescent lamps, phosphorescent
substances glow when struck by ultraviolet
rays. In neon lights and similar lights,
gases glow when bombarded with
electrons.

Examples:
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

1. Speed of Light
Light traves at 299, 792 km/second (Pavico 2017). The
first to measure the speed of light was Olaus Roemer, in
1675 using eclipses of Jupiter moons. Later, more
precise measurement was made by determining the
speed of radio waves, and by complicated methods
involving lasers and cesium-beam atomic clocks. The
speed of light is believed to be the maximum speed
attainable by any material object.

2. Refraction
Light travels fastest in a vacuum. It moves somewhat
more slowly through the air, still slower through water,
and slower yet through the glass. When light passé from
one substance into another its change of speed causes it
to be bent or refracted.

Use is made of refraction by lenses and prisms to make

telescopes, microscopes, cameras, eyeglasses, and
other optical devices. The refraction of light by air causes
mirages. The twinkling of stars and the halo are often
seen about the moon as the results of refraction.
3. Reflection
Part of the light that falls on a surface bounces, or is
reflected. Regular reflection occurs in mirrors and
smooth, polished, metal surfaces. Diffuse reflection
occurs on rough surfaces.

Use is made of regular reflection in mirrors, reflecting

telescopes, and the reflectors used in spotlights,
automobile headlights, and other lighting applications.

4. Interference
Interference light waves occur when light is passed
through two tiny holes onto a screen. The effect is to
produce alternating bands of light and shade.
Interference occurs only in waves.

5. Diffraction
It is the bending of waves as they pass about obstacles
and their spreading after passing through openings. Light
is diffracted when it passes through a tiny hole. When
light is diffracted, it is separated into a spectrum
consisting of the colors that form white light.
COLORS OF LIGHT
Objects are visible because they give off or receive light.
Objects that give off light are called luminescent, and
those that receive light are said to be illuminated. Some
illuminated objects transmit light, and nearly all absorb
and reflect light. Transparent objects transmit most of the
light that reaches them, thus making it possible to see
objects through them. Clear glass is an example.
Translucent substances, such as frosted glass and
waxed paper, are partially transparent; they diffuse light,
and thus objects cannot be seen through them. Opaque
substances transmit no light.

The colors of objects depend on how they reflect and

absorb light. White light is made up of violet, blue, green,
yellow, orange, and red light. When passed through a
prism, it separates into these colors. A substance that
reflects all colors of white light is white. A substance that
absorbs all these colors is black. Most objects absorb
some colors and reflect the others. They are called by the
colors they reflect. Thus an object that absorbs all colors
except blue is called blue.
INTENSITY OF LIGHT

Light ordinarily travels in straight lines. One proof of this

is the sharp shadows of objects lighted by small sources
of light. As it travels, light spreads and grows dimmer.
The area covered by a beam of light increases with the
square of the distance from the source. The intensity of
illumination decreases at the same rate.

The intensity of light can be amplified if the energy of

light is increased without changing the frequency or wave
length. Ordinary optical devices, such as burning glasses
and telescopes, do not amplify but merely concentrate
light rays or increase the apparent size of the light
source. True amplification can be achieved by lasers and
other electronic devices in which light rays stimulate the
atoms in a crystal or other medium. In light amplified by a
laser, light rays are parallel to one another, instead of
fanning out all directions as from an ordinary source.