K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

METHOD FOR FINDING

THE MAXIMAL AND THE MINIMAL VALUES

I. DERIVATIVE METHOD

Extreme Values Theorem:

If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b] and have derivative on (a, b), then there
exist maximal and minimal values of f(x) on [a, b].

1. Maximal and minimal values on the interval

Step 1: Solve the equation f ′ (x) = 0 and choose the roots in (a, b). Denote these
roots as x1, x2 , x3 , … , xn (Notice that it may has no root in (a, b)).

Step 2: Compute f(a), f(b) and f(x1 ), f(x2 ), … , f(xn ).

Step 3: max f(x) = max {f(a), f(b), f(x1 ), f(x2), …, f(xn)}

x∈[a,b]

min f(x) = min {f(a), f(b), f(x1 ), f(x2), …, f(xn)}

x∈[𝑎,𝑏]

Example 1: Given a positive integer n > 1, find the maximal and the minimal
values of the following function: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛 𝑥 (1)

Solution:

Let t = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 since -1 ≤ cosx ≤ 1 then t ∈ [0, 1]

(1) ⇔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑛 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑛

The maximal and minimal value of y is also that of f(t) = 𝑡 𝑛 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑛

f’(t) = 𝑛. 𝑡 𝑛−1 − 𝑛. (1 − 𝑡)𝑛−1

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

1
f’(t) = 0 ⇔ t =
2

1 1
We have f (0) = f (1) = 1 and f( ) = < 1.
2 2𝑛−1

1
Then max y = 1 and min y =
2𝑛−1

𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Example 2: Prove that if 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ then ≥ 𝛼 and the equality holds
2 3

if and only if 𝛼 = 0.

Solution:
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
≥ 𝛼 then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ≥ 3 𝛼 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 3 𝛼 ≥ 0
3

𝜋
Consider f(x) = tanx + 2 sinx -3x for x ∈ [0, )
2

We shall prove that f(x) ≥ 0 and f (0) = 0

We have
1
1 1 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 2 .(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +2) .(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −1 )2
f’(x) = + 2cosx – 3 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

−1
f’(x) = 0 ⇔ cosx = or cosx = 1
2

2𝜋
⇔ 𝑥 =± + 2𝑘𝜋 or 𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑘𝜋 (k ∈ N)
3

𝜋
Since 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ , x = 0 is the only solution of f’(x) = 0
2

𝜋 1 + √2
We have f (0) = 0 and f ( ) = → min𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)= f (0) = 0
2 3 𝑥∈(0, )
2

Thus f(x) ≥ f (0) = 0

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 K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

2. Maximal and minimal values on the infinite domain

The best approach to find maximal and minimal values on the infinite domain
is to investigate the shape of the graph, i.e investigate the slope table of
function…

Example 1: Let x, y be positive real number, find the maximal and the minimal
4𝑥𝑦 2
values of f (x, y) = 3
(𝑥 +√𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 )

Solution:
𝑥 𝑥
4𝑥𝑦 2 4𝑦 4𝑦
We have f (x, y) = 3 = 3 = 3
(𝑥 +√𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 +√𝑥2 + 4𝑦2 ) 𝑥 𝑥 2
(𝑦 +√(𝑦) + 4)
𝑦3

𝑥
Let t = > 0 then we consider
𝑦

3 3 3
4𝑡 4𝑡 . (√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) 4𝑡 . (√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) 𝑡 . (√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡)
f(t) = 3 = 3 3 = =
(𝑡 +√𝑡 2 + 4) (𝑡 +√𝑡 2 + 4) .(√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) 43 16

1 3 2 𝑡
f’(t) = .[(√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) + 3. 𝑡 (√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) . ( − 1)]
16 √𝑡 2 + 4

1 3 3
f’(t) = (√𝑡 2 + 4 − 𝑡) . (1 − )
16 √𝑡 2 + 4

3𝑡 1
f’(t) = 0 if and only if 1 − = 0 then t =
√𝑡 2 + 4 √2

We shall consider the variation table of f(t)

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

t 0 1 +∞
√2

f’(t) + adffadsd 0 −

f(t)

1 1
Thus 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑡∈(0,∞)𝑓(𝑡) = f ( ) =
√2 8

Example 2: Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers, prove that:

𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 1 𝑛
( ) +( ) ≥ 2( )
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2

Solution:
𝑎
Let t = ( ) then t ∈ [0,1]
𝑎+𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
Then ( ) +( ) = 𝑡 𝑛 +(1 − 𝑡)𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏

𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = n. 𝑡 𝑛−1 − n. (1 − 𝑡)𝑛−1

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 0 ↔ 𝑡 =
2

1 1 𝑛
𝑓(1) = 𝑓 (0) = 1 and 𝑓( ) = 2 ( )
2 2

1 1 𝑛
Thus min 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓( ) = 2 ( )
0≤𝑡≤1 2 2

𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 1 𝑛
Hence, 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑛 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑛 = ( ) +( ) ≥ 2( )
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

II. USING INEQUALITY

1. AM-GM inequality

Given n nonnegative real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn , then we have:

x1 + x2 + ⋯ + xn n
≥ √x1x2 … xn
n
The equality holds iff x1 = x2 = x3 = ⋯ = xn
x+y
Special case: For n = 2, we have: ≥ √xy.
2

Both sides are equal if and only if x = y.

Example: Find the minimal value of the following function:

1 1
𝑦= +
|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|

Solution

(i) By AM-GM inequality,

1 1 2 2√2
𝑦= + ≥ = ≥ 2√2
|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| √|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥||𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| √|𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥|

𝜋
Moreover, 𝑦 ( ) = 2√2, we obtain min 𝑦 = 2√2
4

2. Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

Given n real numbers x1 , x2, x3 , … , xn and y1, y2 , y3 , … , yn , then we have:

n 2 n n

(∑ xi yi ) ≤ (∑ xi2 ) (∑ yi2 )
i=1 i=1 i=1

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

Proof:

We will use equivalent transformation to prove:

𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛

(∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ) ≤ (∑ 𝑥𝑖2) (∑ 𝑦𝑖2 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

⇔ ∑(𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ) + ∑ 2𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 ≤ ∑(𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 )2 + ∑(𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 )2

2

𝑖=1 𝑖≠𝑗 𝑖=1 𝑖≠𝑗

⇔ 0 ≤ ∑(𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 )2 – ∑ 2𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗
𝑖≠𝑗 𝑖≠𝑗

⇔ 0 ≤ ∑ (𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 )2 − 2𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 + (𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 )2

𝑖≠𝑗

⇔ 0 ≤ ∑ (𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 −𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 )2
𝑖≠𝑗

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
The equality holds if and only if = =⋯=
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦𝑛

Note that: we assume if 𝑦𝑖 = 0 then 𝑥𝑖 = 0.

Example: (Nesbitt’s inequality)

Given positive real numbers a, b, c. Prove that:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 3
+ + ≥
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 2

Solution:

By Cauchy – Schwarz, we have:

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

1 1 1
[(𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) + (𝑏 + 𝑐 )] ( + + )≥9
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐

This is equivalent to our inequality. Therefore, Nesbitt’s inequality is proved.

Example: Given 𝑎 > 𝑏. Find the maximal value of the following function

𝑦 = √𝑎 − 𝑥 + √𝑥 − 𝑏.

Solution:
2
We have 𝑦 2 = (√𝑎 − 𝑥 + √𝑥 − 𝑏) ≤ 2(𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑏) = 2(𝑎 − 𝑏).
𝑎+𝑏
Then, max 𝑦 = √2(𝑎 − 𝑏) ⇔ 𝑥 =
2

3. Minkowski inequality

Given four real numbers (a1 , a2 ) and (b1, b2). We have:

√a21 + b12 + √a22 + b22 ≥ √(a1 + a2 )2 + (b1 + b2)2

The equality holds if and only if a1b2 = b1a2

Proof:

In ℝ2 , let u be the vector 𝑢

⃗ = (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 ) and v be the vector 𝑣 = (𝑎2 , 𝑏2 ). We have:

‖𝑢
⃗ ‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖ ≥ ‖𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣‖

Hence our inequality is proved.

Example: Find the minimal value of a function

𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Solution:

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

2 2
1 2 √3 1 2 √3
We have 𝑦 = √(𝑥 − ) + ( ) + √(𝑥 + ) + ( )
2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3
⃗ = ( − 𝑥,
Take 2 vectors 𝑢 ) and 𝑣 = ( + 𝑥, ).
2 2 2 2

⃗ + 𝑣 = (1, √3) and 𝑦 = |𝑢

Then 𝑢 ⃗ | + |𝑣 | ≥ |𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣| = 2

Moreover, 𝑦(0) = 2. Hence, min 𝑦 = 2

4. Other inequalities

Sometimes we need to use some inequality that we state our-self

Example 1: Find the maximal and the minimal values of the following
function:
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑦 = √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Solution:
2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛
We have:−1 ≤ − √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≤ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≤ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≤ 1

Hence, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝜋
Moreover, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ( ) = −1, this implies min 𝑦 = −1 and max 𝑦 = 1
2

Example 2: Find the minimal value of the following function:

2
1 𝑛 2
1 𝑛
𝑦 = (cos 𝑥 + 2 ) + (sin 𝑥 + 2 ) with 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Solution:

𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
From the first part, we have ≥( )
2 2

Thus

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

2
1 𝑛 2
1 𝑛
𝑦 = (cos 𝑥 + 2 ) + (sin 𝑥 + )
sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
𝑛
1 1 2 2
1
≥ 𝑛−1 (cos 𝑥 + 2 + sin 𝑥 + )
2 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
𝑛
1 1 1
= 𝑛−1 (1 + 2 + )
2 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
1 4 𝑛
5 𝑛
= 𝑛−1 (1 + 2 ) ≥ 2 ( )
2 sin 2𝑥 2
𝜋 5 𝑛 5 𝑛
Since 𝑦 ( ) = 2 ( ) , we obtain min 𝑦 = 2 ( ) .
4 2 2

III. USING THE ROOT CONDITIONS OF THE EQUATION

Let f(x) be a function determining on the domain M. Denote as G : = f(M). Then

y ∈ G ⇔ there exists x ∈ M such that f(x) = y.

That means y = f(x) has a root in M. Therefore, we can find G

Note:

(1) f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) = 0 has root if and only if ∆≥ 0

(2) f(x) = acos x + b sin x + c = 0 has root if and only if a2 + b2 ≥ c 2

Example 1: Find the set of values of values of the function

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Solution:

Denote D as the the set of values of the function 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷 if and only if
the equation

𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 − 𝑦 = 0

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

has a root. This is equivalent to

𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ≥ (𝑐 − 𝑦)2

Thus,

𝑐 − √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑐 + √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

So, 𝐷 = [𝑐 − √𝑎2 + 𝑏2, 𝑐 + √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2]

Example 2: Find the minimal and maximal values of the following functions

cos2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(i) 𝑦 =
cos2 𝑥+1

2𝑥+1
(ii) 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+10

Solution:
1 1
(cos(2𝑥)+1)− (sin(2𝑥))
2 2
(i) We have 𝑦 = 1
(cos(2𝑥)+1)+1
2

1 1
(cos(2𝑥)+1)− (sin(2𝑥))
2 2
Then, denote D as the set of values of the function 𝑦 = 1 ,
(cos(2𝑥)+1)+1
2

then 𝑚 ∈ 𝐷 if and only if the equation

1 1
(cos(2𝑥 ) + 1) − (sin(2𝑥 ))
2 2 =𝑚
1
(cos(2𝑥 ) + 1) + 1
2
has a root. This is equivalent to

1 1 1
( − 𝑚) (cos(2𝑥 ) + 1) − (sin(2𝑥 )) − 𝑚 = 0
2 2 2

has a root. Therefore,

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

2
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
( − 𝑚) + ( ) ≥ ( − 𝑚 − 𝑚)
2 2 2 2 2

1 − √3 1 + √3
⇔ ≤𝑚≤
4 4
1−√3 1+√3 1−√3 1+√3
Hence, 𝐷 = [ , ] , so min 𝑦 = and max 𝑦 =
4 4 4 4

2𝑥+1
(ii) Denote G as the set of values of function 𝑦 = , then 𝑚 ∈ 𝐺 if and
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+10

only if the equation

2𝑥 + 1
=𝑚
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 10

has a root. This is equivalent to 𝑚𝑥 2 + (2𝑚 − 2)𝑥 + 10𝑚 − 1 = 0

has a root.

−1−√37 −1+√37
Therefore, Δ′ = (𝑚 − 1)2 − 𝑚(10𝑚 − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ ≤𝑚≤
18 18

−1−√37 −1+√37 −1−√37 −1+√37

Hence, 𝐺 = [ , ], so min 𝑦 = and max 𝑦 =
18 18 18 18

IV. DISCRIMINANT METHOD

Given a quadratic function f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) with discriminant

∆= b2 − 4ac. Then, we have the following properties:

(1) f(x) = 0 has root if and only if ∆ ≥ 0

(2) f(x) ≥ 0 for all x if and only if a > 0 and ∆ ≤ 0

(3) f(x) ≤ 0 for all x if and only if a < 0 and ∆ ≤ 0

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

Example 1: Given x, y ∈ ℝ. Find the minimal value of the following expression

𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1

Solution

Let m be the minimal value of A.

Then, 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 ∀𝑥, 𝑦 and there exists x, y such that the equality holds.

Consider x as the variable, we rewrite 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 as follows:

2𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 𝑚) ≥ 0

∀𝑥, 𝑦, and there exists x, y such that the equality holds

⇒ ∆1 = (𝑦 − 2)2 − 8(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 𝑚) ≤ 0

⇔ −7𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 − 4 + 8𝑚 ≤ 0

∀𝑦, and there exists y such that the equality holds

9
⇒ ∆′2 = 100 + 7(−4 + 8𝑚) = 0 ⇔ 𝑚 = −
7
9 6 10
Hence, min 𝐴 = − ⇔ (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , − )
7 7 7

Example 2 (K69 Final 2021 – 2022): Find the minimal value of the following
expression: 𝐴 = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1

for real numbers x, y.

Solution

Let m be the minimal value of A.

Then, 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, and there exists x, y, z such that the equality holds.

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Consider x as the variable, we rewrite 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 as follows:

4𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝑧)𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑚) ≥ 0

∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, and there exists x, y, z such that the equality holds.

∆1= (1 − 𝑧)2 − 16(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑚) ≤ 0

⇔ −16𝑦 2 + 16(𝑧 + 1)𝑦 + (−15𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 15 + 16𝑚) ≤ 0

∀𝑦, 𝑧, and there exists y, z such that the equality holds.

⇒ ∆′2 = 64(𝑧 + 1)2 + 16(−15𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 15 + 16𝑚) ≤ 0

⇔ −11𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 − 11 + 16𝑚 ≤ 0

∀𝑧, and there exists z such that the equality holds.

7
⇔ ∆′3 = 9 + 11(−11 + 16𝑚) = 0 ⇔ 𝑚 =
11
7 1 7 3
Hence, min 𝐴 = ⇔ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (− , , )
11 11 11 11

Example 3: Find m such that the following inequality holds for all x, y, z

−𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑚𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2

Solution

Consider x as the variable, we rewrite the inequality as follows:

−𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑧 + 1)𝑥 + (−3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 − 2) ≤ 0

for all x, y, z

⇒ ∆1= (𝑚𝑧 + 1)2 + 4(−3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 − 2) ≤ 0

⇔ −12𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + (𝑚2𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑚𝑧 − 7) ≤ 0

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

for all y, z

⇒ ∆′2 = 4 + 12(𝑚2 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑚𝑧 − 7) ≤ 0

⇔ 3(𝑚2 − 4)𝑧 2 + 6𝑚𝑧 − 20 ≤ 0

for all z

𝑚2 − 4 < 0
⇒{
∆′3= 9𝑚2 + 60(𝑚2 − 4) ≤ 0
4√115 4√115
Solve the system of inequalities, we obtain − ≤𝑚≤
23 23

V. TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD

Suppose we need to find the maximal and minimal values of a function f(x, y)
for x, y satisfying the equation G(x, y) = 0 where

(x − x0 )2 (y − y0 )2
G(x, y) = 0 ⇔ + =1
a2 b2
x = x0 + acost
Then, let { and the problem will transform into finding the
y = y0 + bsint
extrema of f(x0 + acost, y0 + bsint)

Example 1 (K67 Final 2020 – 2021): Given real numbers x, y satisfying 𝑥 2 +

𝑦 2 = 1. Find the minimal and maximal values of the following expression

𝑃 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 1

Solution

𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Let { 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 .

3 1
Then, we have 𝑃 = cos 2 𝑡 − 2sin2 𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 +
2 2

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

1 3 2
It can be deduced that: min 𝑃 = − √( ) + 22 = −2
2 2

1 3 2
max 𝑃 = + √( ) + 22 = 3
2 2

Example 2 (K69 Final 2021 – 2022): Find all the possible values 𝛼 such that the
inequality:

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1
≤ 𝛼 (∗)
𝑥+𝑦+2

has real roots x, y satisfying 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 (∗∗)

Solution
𝑥−2𝑦+1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥+𝑦+2

Then, the inequality 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝛼 has roots if and only if min 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝛼

We rewrite (**) as follows (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 1

𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Let { .
𝑦 = 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡−3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−5
Then, we have (*) is equivalent to 𝑓 (𝑡) = ≤𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+2

Obviously, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2 > 0 ∀𝑡. This implies that 𝑓(𝑡) is defined for all t.

Let G be the set of all possible values of 𝑓(𝑡), then 𝑚 ∈ 𝐺 if and only if the
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡−3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−5
equation 𝑓 (𝑡) = = 𝑚 has roots.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+2

This is equivalent to the equation (𝑚 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝑚 + 5 = 0

has roots.

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K69K Group 12: Nguyen Quynh Nhu – Hoang Viet Trung – Nguyen Phung Nguyen

It can be deduced that

−11 − 2√19 −11 + 2√19

(𝑚 − 1)2 + 32 ≥ (2𝑚 + 5)2 ⇔ ≤𝑚≤
3 3
−11−2√19 −11+2√19
Then the codomain of 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝐺 = [ , ],
3 3

−11−2√19 −11−2√19
so min 𝑓(𝑡) = ⇒𝛼≥
3 3

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