Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related works of a number of local and foreign authors,

other researchers, developers and studies derived from the books, articles, and other

references such as the internet which are all necessary in framing the concept of the

study. And the theories and its compatibility issue to attain a deeper and better

understanding of the present study, various literature related to the study was

extensively read and analyzed.

Local Literature

Michael Kho Lim (2017) had the idea to publish a book on Filipino filmmaker

Lav Diaz and his works while studying film and watching Mr.Diaz’s films at

film festivals. The result was shine ni Lav Diaz: A long take on the Filipino Auteur

which details the life and works of the celebrated Filipino filmmaker. Based on the

Filipino filmmaker Lav Diaz was a result of a shine in Lav Diaz: A long take on the

Filipino. Michael kho lim in 2017 she had the idea to publish her own book. Ang

panahon ng halimaw (2018,Season of the devil),is a Filipino musical film directed by

Lav Diaz. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition

section at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. It won the Grand jury prize for

film in the (2019) Filipino Academy of Movies Arts and Science (FAMAS) Awards.

The film has a running time of 234 minutes. Ang panahong halimaw was created in

2018 season of the devil are directed by musical film director Lav Diaz, and was

selected to complete Golden Bear in the main competition section in 68th Berlin

International Film festival.

 In (2017), Jose Abad Santos went to Davao specifically to get a portrait of the

Philippine eagle. My fellow photographers mentioned that seeing the “Haribon” in the

wild for the first time could mesmerize you with its beauty. They added that you’ll be

in so much awe that you might end up just staring and forget to use your camera to

capture its beauty. So it made sense to visit the Philippine Eagle Center, run by the

Philippine Eagle Foundation, to familiarize myself with this majestic creature before I

get the chance to photograph it in the wild. Accompanied by birder friends from Davao,

we went to the Philippine Eagle Center as early as possible to avoid the crowd. There

are about four Philippine Eagles that are out of their enclosures, but I stayed with

Imbulog because, for me, he is the most photogenic. “Imbulog,” which means “to soar,”

is one of the captive-bred Philippine Eagles at the Center

Year (2018) Weavelyn Anne Vasallo I worked as an Art Editor of our school

publication. Also, I became Creative Director from our school production projects (

News production, Talkshow, Gameshow, Magshow, Commercials, Documentary,

Film, and Music Video) And lastly, I am a freelance graphic artist. I designed

magazines, posters, brochures, calling cards, invitations, tarpaulin and advertisements.

This helps me to enhance my skills, be responsible in beating deadlines, deal with

people, work in a team and design depending on the content and audience. Base in the

article Weavelyn anne Vasallo worked as an Art Editor of the school publication she

also become a Creative Director from there school production projects of (News

production, Talkshow, Gameshow, Magshow,Commercials , Documentary, Film, and

Music Video) and lastly she as a freelance graphic artist. She can design magazines,

posters, etc. the exchange of their skills help him to be responsible in beating deadlines,

deal with people, work a team and design on the content and the audience.
 According to Vogue Philippines is set to release its first issue in September

(2022) according to its report, Bea will be joined by Pam Quiñones, Trina Epilepsia

Boutain, Rhoda Campos-Aldanese as the fashion director, digital editor, and publisher,

respectively, of the magazine. “The values and the resolve of our community have been

tested on an unprecedented global and local scale. Vogue’s values of inclusivity,

diversity, sustainability, and respect for our natural environment remain critical at this

time,” Bea told Vogue Business. “My vision for Vogue Philippines is to lead the

industry with purpose, leaning into our Filipino values of optimism, bayanihan [the

spirit of helping others], and empathy through our stories. We celebrate craft and

creativity, empowering our community and urging our Filipino culture forward. ”Bea

Valdes, a Filipina accessories designer, is scheduled to become the editor-in-chief of

Vogue Philippines.According to a report by the fashion news website Business of

Fashion, Bea will be joined by Pam Quinones, Trina Epilepsia Boutain, and Rhoda

Campos-Aldanese as the magazine's fashion director, digital editor, and publisher, etc.

Our community's principles and resolve have been put to the test on a global and local

scale never seen before. "At this moment, Vogue's ideals of inclusivity, diversity,

sustainability, and environmental respect remain vital," Bea told Vogue Business. "My

goal for Vogue Philippines is to lead the industry with purpose, drawing on our Filipino

ideals of optimism and bayanihan helping

Foreign Literature

It was not an interesting year for films due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but

something that always remains constant is the Academy Awards. This year, the 94th

Academy Awards will take place on March 27. Recently, the Academy of Motion

Picture Arts and Sciences has announced a shortlist of 276 films that could be

nominated for the best picture award. Included in this list is "Spider-Man: No Way
Home," which has been a huge box office success despite the pandemic still raging on.

"Spider-Man: No Way Home" is on the best picture shortlist because the proper

paperwork was submitted and the film was released after February 2021. While it does

not mean that "Spider-Man: No Way Home" will definitely be nominated for best

picture, it does mean there's a chance. Due to COVID- 19 Eli Engler was given an

interesting film but something that always remains constant is the Academy Awards.

The 94th Academy Awards will take place on March 27.Sciences announced a shortlist

of 276 films that could be nominated for the best picture award. Spider-Man No Way

Home has been included in the list. Spider-Man No Way Home is on the best picture

shortlist because of proper paperwork. The film was released after February 2021

meaning that Spider-Man No Way Home was definitely nominated for best picture. (Eli

Engler, 2021)

The use of social media and social networking sites (SNS) has increased

dramatically over the past decade, with platforms such as Facebook, Snapchat, and

Instagram steadily growing in popularity. As a result of the increased use of these

predominantly photo-based platforms, photo related behaviors have increased as well.

In 2006, 79% of teens reported posting photos of themselves on their social media

profiles; by 2012, this statistic had jumped to 91%. Beyond taking and posting “selfies,”

adding filters to change the appearance of photos has grown in popularity. A recent

sample of Instagram accounts showed that 25% of images posted with the hashtag

“#selfie” and even 10% of selfies posted with the hashtag “#NoFilter” used a filter

provided by Instagram According to this article, it is a social media networking site

that increased dramatically over the past decade, using the following platforms such as

Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram are growing in popularity. As a result of the increase of

these predominantly photo-based platforms, the behaviors have increased as well. In

2006 at least 79% of teens reported posting a photo of themselves on their social media

profiles. In 2012 this statistic had jumped to 91% of teens using it. Accepts taking and

posting selfies. Adding a filter to the appearance of the appearance of photo that grow

as popularity a recent example are instagram that have at least 25% of image posted

with a hashtag a #selfie and have a at least 10% of #NoFilter. (Smith & Anderson,

2018).

In (2021) Swerzenski, J. D. Visual literacy is creating awareness of

manipulation, a task made continuously harder by the prevalence of photoshopped or

digitally altered photos through fake news or our everyday usage of photo editing apps.

So how are educators to build awareness of visual literacy when manipulation has

become ubiquitous? I argue that understanding the credibility of visual content must go

beyond viewing the image as identifying whether a photo has or has not been

manipulated. Instead, it requires a technical comprehension of the process by which

images are created, allowing educators to discern between visual lies and everyday

image editing. To this end, I position Photoshop as a teaching tool, one that offers

educators and students a backstage view at the mechanisms of image alteration

technology. In building a technical and rhetorical understanding of three key Photoshop

tools--airbrush, layers, and filters--I outline a guide for using these tools grounded in

critical considerations of how their use affects visual meaning. From this

understanding, educators can move beyond blanket criticism of visual manipulation and

into the ethical nuances of photo editing that distinguish meme from misinformation.

According to Swerzenski J. D she visualizes creating an awareness of

manipulating continuously harder by the prevalence of photoshopped. Or digitally

altered photos trough fake news in our everyday usage of photo editing apps. She want

to give awareness to somebody that a higher chance that a news are fake or edited.
Allowing educators to discern between visual lies and everyday image editing. A

position of editing is to edit a photo. There are three understanding key of photoshop

tools- airbrush of how their use affects visual meaning. Some educators can move

beyond blanket critic of visual manipulation and into ethical nuances of photo editing

distinguish meme from misinformation.

In the year (2019) Ahn, Ho-Young the present phenomenological study,

explored how some college women make sense of images of the body manipulated by

Photoshop and how they perceive the Photoshop disclaimer labels currently mandated

in several European countries. In-depth interviews with 16 female college students

revealed four themes regarding the meanings of Photoshopped images in advertising

including participants feelings that Photoshopping had a negative impact on self-

esteem, despite Photoshop's negative impact, they still held a desire to look like a

Photoshopped model the concept of the ideal body is shifting, and photo-editing is a

social norm. In addition, four themes were revealed in relation to the mandatory

Photoshop disclosure including feeling hopeful for teenagers, complicated ethical

beliefs related to photoshop disclosure, a desire to purchase products with these

disclosures, and a desire to support creative and artistic freedom. Ahn, Ho-Young

present phenomenological study. She explores how college women make sense of

images of the body manipulated by photoshop and how they perceive the photoshop

she currently mandated in several European countries. Her interview with 16 female

college students revealed four themes regarding the meaning of photoshopped images.

16 college students felt that photoshopping had a negative impact on self-esteem. They

still held a desire to look like a photoshopped model. They say the concept of the ideal

body is shifting and photo-editing is a type of social norm.

Dieter Bohn in the year (2021) is often unfiltered and unchanged, and there's
definitely something about that spontaneity and simplicity that captures the moment.

However, it also means you're missing out on the advanced editing and enhancing

features available to you on your phone, via a variety of apps—features that are getting

better all the time as the software and hardware involved get more powerful. Here are

some great photo editing apps to try. You might be surprised at how well they work and

how easy they are to use. based on the article Dieter Bohn has unchanged and definitely

has something of that spontaneity and simplicity. It also means you're missing out on

the advantages of editing in your phone. There are different apps that you can use to

edit a photo like google photos, apple photos, snapseed, Pixlr, and so on and so on.

Local Studies

Joseph Israel Laban (died July 25, 2021) was a Filipino journalist, independent

filmmaker, playwright, and a Fulbright Scholar. He also attended New York University

on a Fulbright Scholarship for his master's degree in Journalism with a concentration

in News and Documentary. He was the Co-Owner of One Big Fight Productions, a film

and television production company. He was also the Founder and Festival Director of

the Sine Totoo Philippine International Documentary Film Festival.

Mang Kepweng Returns is a Filipino fantasy comedy horror film. The film is

a remake of the 1979 film Mang Kepweng where the titular protagonist, a funny

albularyo, was portrayed by comedian Chiquito. (Giuseppe Bede Sampedro, 2017).

Ang panday is a 2017 Filipino superhero fantasy action film based on the

eponymous comic book character created by Carlo J. Caparas along with his co-creator

Steve Gan. Serving as the seventh installment of the Panday series, the film is directed

and produced by Coco Martin, who also stars in the title role. (Rodel Nacianceno, 2017)

Jim Dorsch has been a writer and editor for 25 years, specializing in food, drink

and entertainment. The 2011 GMA Films thriller, The Road, was the first all-Filipino
film in many years to be commercially released in North America. The movie ran in

more than 50 American and Canadian theaters in May 2012, released through

Hollywood-based Freestyle Releasing. The film is subtitled in English, with the original

Tagalog soundtrack. (Jim Dorsh, 2022)

Foreign Studies

Image Editing is an intense process that involves various other jobs such as

clipping path, correction mask, color correction, removing unwanted objects,

cartooning, vector graphics and flash animation. It’s obvious that these are all a part of

creative methods that can simply make your images outstanding, hence, are very

advantageous for customers from different industries and sectors. With these services

customers can separate objects from their background, correct colors and adjust tone in

images, insert extra photographs or graphics in the photographs, remove unwanted

elements from your images, change the color of all the sections of an image, give

photographs a unique shape and incorporate 3D effects in the images. All these

advantages have made image editing a widely preferred choice in the world. These

services are being demanded for domestic, commercial and industrial applications.

According to Fan Ye, "Application of Photoshop Graphics and Image Processing in the

Field of Animation", Journal of Sensors, vol.(2021) With the rapid development of

digital art and machine science and technology, the production form of modern

animation tends to be diversified, and with the important role of animation color in the

animation film foil and rendering, more and more attention was paid by the animation

design industry. Computer graphic technology is a new type of artistic creation method,

and its birth and development are closely related to computer technology. (Lavalle,

2017)

Analysis on the Application of Video Editing Skills Based on Image Mosaic in

Film and Television Works (2021) Video editing is the post-production work of film

and television works, which plays a decisive role in the creation effect of film and

television works. The communication effect of film and television works is mainly

realized by video editing, and the overall style and director's intention in the works are

fully expressed by using reasonable video editing techniques. Therefore, it is necessary

to analyze the application of video editing skills in film and television works. (Zerun

Wang, 2021)

For instance, some of the options below can handle RAW files, or remove

unwanted elements from the background of an image, or change how they look with

seriously clever AI-based filters. You'll also find options like white balance, layers,

exposure and more. And of course there are also fun features such as stickers, plus the

ability to share images quickly to social media. (Sally Wiener Grotta, 2022)

According to Chen, J., Ishii, M., Bater, K. L., Darrach, H., Liao, D., Huynh, P.

P., Reh, I. P., Nellis, J. C., Kumar, A. R., & Ishii, L. E. (2019). Association Between

the Use of Social Media and Photograph Editing Applications, Self-esteem, and

Cosmetic Surgery Acceptance. Social media platforms and photograph (photo) editing

applications are increasingly popular sources of inspiration for individuals interested in

cosmetic surgery. However, the specific associations between social media and photo

editing application use and perceptions of cosmetic surgery remain unknown.