Ecw311 - Topic 7 Sources For Water Supply

Sources of Water Supply
Lectured By: Awang Nasrizal Bin Awang Ali

Room: G321
Ext: 7436
Website: http://nasreyzal.weebly.com
Credits to BCB/UiTM
Previous Lesson
– the importance of water resources to public.
– factors affecting water usage (domestic, industrial,
commerce, public use, agricultural and NRW)
– factors affecting water demand (size of city,
commercial consumption, characteristics of population,
etc.)
– Environmental issues (effluent from industrial area,
agricultural activities, etc.)
– Other issues in managing the water supply
(inefficient agricultural system, etc.)
2 ANAA/UiTMKS/EC/ECW311
Learning Outcomes
 By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
 Identify the general water resources

 Identify the planning stage for water resources projects
 Identify measures taken to protect water resources
Sources of Water Supply
 Can be generally classified as the following:
Surface water: rivers, lakes & reservoirs

Groundwater: springs, tubewells, hand dug wells & storage
in sandy river banks
Reclaimed water: desalinated sea water & treated effluent,
for non-potable uses
Rainwater harvesting: collection of rainwater for small
house-holds
Surface Water
Water Springs
Tubewells
Hand Dug Wells
Storage in Sandy River Banks
Reclaimed Water
Rainwater Harvesting
Planning for Water Resources Projects
Five year plan Allocation (million RM)

1st Malaysia Plan (1966 – 1970) 150.80
2nd Malaysia Plan 172.85
3rd Malaysia Plan 509.09
4th Malaysia Plan 2020.14
5th Malaysia Plan 2731.68
6th Malaysia Plan (1991 – 1995) 3121.66
 Stage 1: Project identification

The need of project is established & project area is
identified.
 Stage 2:Reconnaissance investigation

Done to ascertain worthiness of the project, technical
practically and formulate recommendations for immediate &
future developments
 Stage 3: Feasibility studies
A more detail study involving technical aspects of water
resources available, water quality, water requirements,
sediment transport, water losses, construction, operational,
project maintenance & financial. (usually includes of
organization & management feasibility, environmental
feasibility, social & political feasibility studies)
 Stage 4: Detail plan study

Preparation of the detail plans, construction plans, operating &
maintenance plans.
Activities in Reconnaissance Investigations
Development of Surface Water
 Not all surface runoff can be tapped &
developed for water supply
 Bulk water storage usually held in rivers & lakes
 Water is abstracted from rivers directly or from an
impounded source (where you held the water)
 Yield: amount of water can be abstract for usage
 Amount of water available for yield depends on the
hydrological budget of catchment
Hydrological Budget for a Catchment
Water from Artificial Impounded Sources
• Artificial reservoirs needed when naturally surface water

sources insufficient to meet water demand.
• Water impounded during the wet season - used for dry
season.
• Dams, reservoirs created to store water all year round.
• > 400 dams in Malaysia
• Functions of dams :Hydroelectric generation, Flood
mitigation, Agriculture irrigation & Water Supply
Water from Artificial Impounded Sources
Storage size of reservoir can be determined by graphical

method known as Ripple method or Mass Curve
method.
Refer Example
Water from Natural Lakes
 Normally used for recreational than water supply.
 Better to preserve early before crisis occur.
 Utilised only during the water crisis in 1998. (Klang Valley)
Water from Rivers
 Main source of water supply in Malaysia.
 Water from rivers is initially stored in reservoirs before conveyed
to WTP (water treatment plant) :
reservoir ensures continuous supply during dry season
also improves water quality prior to treatment
 settlement of suspended solids & less pathogenic bacteria
(pneumonia or other infection)
Water from Rivers
River water quality plays an important role in identifying suitable
rivers and location where water can be abstracted for water supply.
Water quality will determine the type & extent of treatment
required
 River quality monitoring is handled by the Department of
Environment (DOE)
 Main sources of river pollution:
Suspended solid: rapid physical development – increases SS
(sediments) in water bodies
high BOD: waste from animal livestock
high ammonia levels: sewage (w/wtr in sewer) treatment plants
Development of Groundwater
 The use of GW is normally associated with arid zones
(region where lack of available water) in countries located
in the Middle-East and North Africa.
 GW in Malaysia has not been fully utilized < 2%.
 Availability of GW depends on the hydro-geological
formation of the country.
Availability of GW
Region Storage potential Annual recharge Annual safe yield
(109 m3) (109 m3) (109 m3)
Peninsular Malaysia 63 20 5.7
Sabah 14 14 2.2
Sarawak 22 30 3.9
Total 99 64 11.8
Safe yield; amount of water which can be yield for

consumption without producing unacceptable negative
effects (induced infiltration - lowering water table,
decreased river flows)
Type of Sources for Water Pollution
1. Point Sources – contaminants that enter a waterway
from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe.
Ex. Discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a
factory or a city storm drain.
2. Non-Point Sources – refers to contamination that
does not originate from a single discrete
source. It is often a cumulative effect of small
amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area.
Ex. Leaching out nitrogen compounds from fertilized
agricultural lands, animal waste in forests, parking
lots.
27 UiTMKSarawak/ FCE/ Bidaun/ ECW311
Protection of Water Resources
 An important factor in planning stage.
 Badly contaminated water requires more
sophisticated treatment methods hence higher costs.
 Prevention is better than cure.
Protection of Surface Water
• Regulatory & economic instruments.
• Establishing effective water quality monitoring network,
which is capable of providing warning on pollution incidents
and pin pointing the responsible parties.
• Regulate farming & animal husbandry in order to
reduce pollution from non point sources, such as runoff
containing fertilizers.
Protection of GW
 Contamination can be due to:
Leachate from landfill
Intrusion of salt water
 GW can be protected by proper design of landfill, which
incorporate significantly thick impermeable clay layer
together with layers of High Density Polyethlene to prevent
leachate from percolating towards any groundwater
reservoir beneath the landfill.
 A system of perforated pipes should also be incorporated
to collect the leachate, which then pumped to a
wastewater treatment plant before returned to the natural
water course.
Protection of GW
 Fresh GW is less dense compared to sea water.
 Sea water may intrude into wells if the pumping
rate is too high that the drawdown curve creates a
hydraulic gradient causing sea water to move towards the
well.
Protection of Rural Water Supply
• Water sources for rural water supply include rivers, lakes,
rainwater, springs & GW.
• Measures of water quality protection depend on the
method of abstraction.
• Generally the quality of rural water is reasonably good in
terms of physical & chemical characteristics but less in
biological characteristics (due to solid waste disposal &
sanitation)
 Consists of a collection tanks & storage tank.
 Collection tank is provided with a valve at the bottom to
flush the initial rain water.
 Subsequent water collected will fill the collection tank &
later overflow into the storage tank.
Springs
Springs
 Spring box will collect & protect water.
 The side of the box which is adjacent to the aquifer is
either open or perforated to allow water into the box.
 The box has 2 openings i.e. to the supply outlet & for
overflow.
 Bund prevents excessive runoff to flow towards the
box.
 Clay puddle prevents surface water from infiltrating
into the aquifer near the box opening area (surface
contamination).
Hand Dug Well
Groundwater - Hand Dug Well
 A concrete apron to prevent surface contaminants from
getting into the well.
 Solid wall to prevent the earth surrounding the well
from collapse.
 Clay puddle to prevent infiltration from surrounding
soil.
Groundwater – Tube Well
Tube Well
 A concrete apron to prevent surface contaminants
from getting into the well.
 Solid casing to prevent infiltration from surrounding
soil (besides ensuring negative pressure in the tube for
lifting water)
 Perforated tube at the inlet of the tube also acts as filter
to prevent soil particles from being drawn to the surface.
The End

Ecw311 - Topic 7 Sources For Water Supply

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Sources of Water Supply

Lectured By: Awang Nasrizal Bin Awang Ali

 Identify the general water resources

Surface water: rivers, lakes & reservoirs

Five year plan Allocation (million RM)

 Stage 1: Project identification

 Stage 2:Reconnaissance investigation

 Stage 4: Detail plan study

• Artificial reservoirs needed when naturally surface water

Storage size of reservoir can be determined by graphical

Safe yield; amount of water which can be yield for

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