Ecw311 - Topic 10 Water Supply Treatment

Topic 10 - Water Treatment
Lectured By: Awang Nasrizal Bin Awang Ali

Room: G321
Ext: 7436
Website: http://nasreyzal.weebly.com
Credits to BCB/UiTM
Previous Lesson
 Identify water impurities (contaminants)
 Identify water borne disease (bacteria, protozoa, etc.)
 Identify drinking water supply standards (treated, untreated)
 Identify & understand water quality testing
2 ANAA/UiTMKS/EC/ECW311
Learning Outcomes [LO]
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
 Understand the water treatment process –
chemical & physical treatment
Water Treatment Process
 Physical Process
 Chemical Process
 Physicochemical Processes
Water Treatment Process
 Physical processes:
Involves removal of impurities by physical methods only
E.g. screening & sedimentation
 Chemical processes:
Requires addition of chemicals
E.g. coagulation, flocculation & disinfecting
 Physicochemical processes:
Indicates that both physical & chemical processes are
involved.
Collection of Water
 Intakes are structures consisting of screens and

conduits that convey water from source to a storage or
pump.
 Intakes are required to collect water from surface
sources for water supply.
 These intakes must be designed so that the required
flow can be withdrawn despite variations in flows,
quality, temperature etc.
Basic Processes in Water Treatment System
Screens Coagulation Flocculation
Disinfectant Filtration Sedimentation
Screens
 Used at the surface water intakes to prevent the entrance
of materials which might damage pumps or other
mechanical equipment.
 Screens can either be stationary or moveable.
 2 types:
 Coarse screen
 Fine screen
ANAA/UiTMKS/EC/ECW311
Screens
Coarse screen
Simplest type consists of bar grills.
Inclined bars makes it easy to be cleaned.
It is best to group bars into frames for smaller mesh
so that each frame can be lifted out, cleaned and
lowered back into position.
Duplicate should be provided to prevent
unscreened water to enter during cleaning or stop the
abstraction.
Screens
Fine screen:
 Placed after coarse screen.
 Remove finer floating debris: twigs (tree branch),
small fish etc.
 Cleaning is done by hand (manually)
Coagulation
 It is the process of adding & mixing chemicals which

is capable of producing an adsorbent bulky flocs in raw
water.
 Normally followed by immediate / quick mixing to
form fine flocs.
 Lime & soda (mixture of calcium oxide and sodium or
potassium hydroxide) is added to obtain optimum pH
value for coagulation to take place & increase the pH
value after treatment to reduce corrosiveness.
Coagulants
 Coagulants: chemicals that can react with water to

form the flocs (loosely clumped mass of fine particles).
 Commonly used coagulants are based on aluminium
and iron.
 Aluminium: Aluminium Sulphate, Sodium Aluminate,
Potash Alum and Ammonia.
 Iron: Ferric Sulphate, Ferrous Sulphate and Ferric
Chloride.
Coagulants
 Added to water either as a solution or in powder or
in slurry (semi-liquid) form.
 Adding coagulants to water is a process known as
dosing, which is done in continuous and controlled
manner.
Flocculation
 Flocculation: the process of slow mixing in which the

fine flocs are brought into contact in order to promote
their agglomeration (process of gathering into mass).
 The rate of flocculation depends on the number of
particles present, the relative volume they occupy, and
the velocity gradient in the basin.
 Optimum doses of coagulants can be determined by Jar
tests, for varying pH values, and maximum amount of
floc obtainable can be ascertained by direct observation.
Flocculation
 Older treatment plants may have separate flocculation
basin.
 Newer plants are more likely integrated, to incorporate
dispersion of the coagulant, flocculation, and
sedimentation in a single unit called contact clarifier
and flocculator-clarifier.
Flocculation Basins
Suspended Solid Contact Clarifier
Flocculator - Clarifier
Sedimentation
 Sedimentation (clarification) is a process where the
particles or suspended solids settle.
 Discrete particle settle freely through water and attain
a constant settling velocity given by:
4 g  s   d
v
3CD 
 The equation can be modified and known as Stoke’s
Law written as:
v
g
 s   d 2
18
Sedimentation
 Sedimentation tank may be rectangular, square or
circular.
 Rectangular basins – flow is in the direction of the longer
axis (flow pattern will minimizes the effect of inlet and
outlet disturbances.
Sedimentation
 Detention Time
 Velocity of Particle
Typical Surface- Water Treatment System
Typical Groundwater Treatment System
Filtration
 Process after settlement process.
 Sedimentation remove 80%, remaining removed by filter.
 Efficiency of sedimentation tank will affect later process.
 Able to remove suspended material and colloidal material.
 Chemical constituents also changed.
 Number of bacteria removed.
 Divided into
 mechanical straining
 Sedimentation, absorption and electrostatic attraction
 Electrical effects
Filtration
Types of Filter: (Refer i-Discuss)
 Slow sand Filter (biological sand filtration)
 Rapid Sand Filter
Filtration
Types of Filter: (Refer i-Discuss)
Slow sand filter: They consist of fine sand, supported by

gravel. They capture particles near the surface of the bed and
are usually cleaned by scraping away the top layer of sand
that contains the particles.
Rapid-sand filter: They consist of larger sand grains
supported by gravel and capture particles throughout the
bed. They are cleaned by backwashing water through the
bed to 'lift out' the particles.
Disinfection
 Process to reduce organisms in water to such a low levels
that no infection of disease will results when the water is
consume.
 Common disinfectants used are (pg. 103-106):

 Chlorine
 Chloramine
 Chlorine dioxide
 Ozone
Instructions
 Share all the assignment reports that have been presented.
 Do review problems 5.10, pg. 106-107
Please & Share

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Ecw311 - Topic 10 Water Supply Treatment

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Topic 10 - Water Treatment

Lectured By: Awang Nasrizal Bin Awang Ali

 Intakes are structures consisting of screens and

Screens Coagulation Flocculation

Disinfectant Filtration Sedimentation

 It is the process of adding & mixing chemicals which

 Coagulants: chemicals that can react with water to

 Flocculation: the process of slow mixing in which the

Slow sand filter: They consist of fine sand, supported by

 Common disinfectants used are (pg. 103-106):

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