Assignment 01 Cadets Group 01

General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Sri Lanka
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Module Code/Name : CE 2133 – ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

Instructed By : Dr WCDK Fernando
Stream / Intake : Intake 38 / Civil Engineering
Group Number : 01
Group Members :
1. AUI DAYANANDA (C/ENG/21/6086/CE)
2. SAR SAMARAKOON (C/ENG/21/6091/CE)
3. RK DISANAYAKA (C/ENG/21/6108/CE)
4. DMDW DISSANAYAKE C/ENG/21/6110/CE)
5. PHKR KUMARA (F/ENG/21/6115/CE)
Surface water related problems in urban areas
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are quite appreciative that we were able to do Hydrology Assignment 1 within the time frame
specified by Dr. WCDK Fernando, our lecturer. Without the work and cooperation of our crew,
this job cannot be finished. Additionally, we are grateful to our professor for the encouragement
and support in completing this homework as well as for instructing us in this course. Finally, we
would want to thank all of our colleagues and supporters for their support. Desire to work with us
on this assignment for a period of time.
Page | 1 G r o u p 01
ABSTRACT
➢ The depletion and deterioration of the resource brought on by numerous anthropogenic

activities are the main issues with Sri Lanka's water resources.
➢ Domestic sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff extensively contaminate surface
inland waterways in metropolitan regions and rural areas, respectively. There is a
significant concentration of iron in hard, stony, alluvial regions, and there is a high fluoride
level in some sections of the dry zone's ground water.
➢ Another significant issue harming Sri Lanka's ground water supplies is overuse, notably
through tube wells.
➢ The growing health risks are the end outcome of the deterioration and exhaustion of water
supplies. Water-borne and vector-borne infections are common, especially in urban low-
income populations with subpar drainage and sanitary infrastructure. Despite policies and
regulations, the fight against water contamination has advanced relatively slowly. The most
important water and wastewater-related problems in Sri Lanka are examined in this report,
along with the solutions.
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….04
2.BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………………...06
3.PROBLEM……………………………………………………………………………………08
4.OBJECTIVES……………...………………………………………………………………….11
5.RESEARCH ARTICLES……………………………………………………………………..12
6.SOLUTIONS………………….………………………………………………………………14
7.REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….15
INTRODUCTION
➢ also plays a crucial role in shaping the nation's identity. A quick glance at Sri Lanka on
an atlas or globe reveals two key facts: it is an island country in the tropics, and due to its
unusual shape—which has earned it the nickname "teardrop island"—it seems to be a
teardrop dropping from southern India. Only Sri Lanka's water resources have allowed
for its economic revolution. This important natural resource has been a part of every Sri
Lankan's life since the beginning.
➢ The Sri Lankan population's historical and cultural ties to water are evident in the
country's agricultural sector. Tanks and reservoirs were constructed by ancient rulers to
irrigate vast paddy fields. Crop yields increased as a consequence, and farmers' and their
families' lifestyles also got better.
➢ These strategies are still in use today, with water being used more often in fields like
power generation and building. The country's top export sector and one of the major
drivers of industrial growth is the water-intensive garment and textile industry, which
accounts for more than 40% of all exports and 15% of the labor force, or over 500,000
people.
BACKGROUND
➢ Anuradhapura, which is situated in the North Central region of Sri Lanka, lies in the low-
country dry zone's DL1b agro-ecological zone, which is distinguished by an annual rainfall
of >900 mm. The District experiences both rainy and dry seasons, and temperatures often
range between 20°C and 30°C throughout the year. The district experiences three types of
precipitation: cyclonic, convectional, and monsoonal. The northeast monsoon contributes
significantly to the district's rainfall by bringing rain from September to March.In May
through June, the district only receives dry wind from the southwest monsoons, which
deliver minimal rain. On the banks of the Malwathu Oya River, Anuradhapura is located
in Sri Lanka's North Central Province, 205 km from of Colombo.
➢ The terrain is primarily flat, with a few lone hills and gently sloping plains. The Malwathu
Oya River runs northward to the east of Anuradhapura. The Wanni Complex of Lith
tectonic plates includes the Anuradhapura region. The Malwathu Oya River receives storm
water flow from every canal in the city. The second-longest river in Sri Lanka, the
Malwathu Oya River, travels through the Anuradhapura MC region in a south-north
direction until joining the sea in Mannar. On the right side of the river are the
Kumbichchankulama, Nuwara Wewa, and Pulyankuluma Tanks. On the left, you may find
the Alankuluma, Thissa Wewa, and Basawakkuluma Tanks.
Figure 2: Schematic area diagram of Anuradhapura MC
PROBLEM
❖ Adding wastewater and solid garbage to the canals
➢ There is no sewerage system in Anuradhapura MC. Wastewater from roughly 200

commercial stores is partially treated at one small facility. The facility comprises of
two septic tanks, an infiltration tank, and intake pipelines. The daily capacity of this
facility is 25 m 3. Sludge from the septic tanks is removed by a vacuum vehicle at the
owners' or users' request. However, pollution in the surrounding areas is being brought
on by overburden and poor maintenance. Septic tank waste is dumped into a local canal
that connects to Malwathu Oya. Black water was entering the drainage canal at the time
of the field survey. Conduit Canal The solid waste disposal area of Anuradhapura MC
receives sludge from domestic septic tanks.
➢ Regular homes' toilets and kitchens send greywater untreated into public sewer
systems, which are then connected to public water systems. During wet seasons,
sewage overflows from the septic and infiltration tanks, polluting the nearby regions.
Malwathu Oya and adjacent water reservoirs could also be contaminated, which is a
growing concern .
Figure 3: Drainage Canal
1. Hospital for Teaching in Anuradhapura (1,972 beds)
➢ The hospital uses a rotating biological contactor process for the newly built ward in
addition to the OD procedure to treat wastewater. Greywater is dumped directly into a
canal, while treated water from both systems is discharged into the neighboring
Ponnarankulama wewa.
2. The Army Camp in Anuradhapura
➢ Around 1,350 people, or around 25% of the camp's population, are in the service.
Wastewater is treated primarily by a stabilization pond and discharged to Nuwara wewa
3. Anuradhapura Air Force Camp
➢ The service population is about 1,500 which is approximately 25% of the camp’s
population. Wastewater is treated by the OD process, and treated water is used to
irrigate rice paddies and container plants within the Camp
Figure 4: Wastewater Treatment Facility for Commercial Stores
Table 1- Water Quality of Malwathu Oya
Figure 5: Water Sampling Location
OBJECTIVES
➢ This report's objective is to identify and assess the recognized water-related problem,
which is the discharge of solid waste and wastewater into waterbodies, as well as to
research current remedies to the problem and develop fresh ones.
RESEARCH ARTICLES
SOLUTIONS
➢ The city center and neighboring regions are partially covered by a stormwater-drainage
network that also collects the majority of domestic greywater produced by homes and
institutions. Since the canals and drainage system are ultimately aimed at Malwathu Oya,
there is a risk of river water pollution. In the MC region, access to restrooms needs to be
enhanced.
➢ The management of collected septage and its disposal present a significant challenge to the
MC. 2008 saw the installation of a small-scale treatment facility outside the main bus
terminal to solve this problem. Although another treatment facility was established in the
Wijayapura region to allow disposal and thorough treatment of collected septage, the plant
only handles the septage dislodged from public latrines in the area. Now, this facility
receives city septage for treatment.
➢ The city lacks a sewer network, and MC hopes to build one that at the very least covers
the areas where a lot of people are expected to live. Additionally, their projected city
development plan has designated the installation of a well-built storm drainage system as
a priority issue.
Figure 6: Sewage Treatment Plant
REFERENCES
1. A Study Based on Anuradhapura District in Sri Lanka, Kaleel Jamir.

(Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil)
2. The project for the strategic master plan under the sewerage sector in the democratic
socialist republic of Sri Lanka (phase 1), section ii, strategic sewerage master plan
Anuradhapura ,May 2017
3. Solid and Liquid Waste Management and Resource Recovery in Sri Lanka: A 20 city
analysis ,Nilanthi Jayathilake, Indrajith Udaya Kumara and Sudarshana Fernando

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General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Sri Lanka

Module Code/Name : CE 2133 – ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

➢ The depletion and deterioration of the resource brought on by numerous anthropogenic

Figure 2: Schematic area diagram of Anuradhapura MC

❖ Adding wastewater and solid garbage to the canals

➢ There is no sewerage system in Anuradhapura MC. Wastewater from roughly 200

Figure 3: Drainage Canal

1. Hospital for Teaching in Anuradhapura (1,972 beds)

2. The Army Camp in Anuradhapura

3. Anuradhapura Air Force Camp

Figure 4: Wastewater Treatment Facility for Commercial Stores

Table 1- Water Quality of Malwathu Oya

Figure 5: Water Sampling Location

Figure 6: Sewage Treatment Plant

1. A Study Based on Anuradhapura District in Sri Lanka, Kaleel Jamir.

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