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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

MAT121
INTRODUCTION TO MAPPINGS & FUNCTIONS

Dr. S.O. Edeki

 Mappings and Functions: notations & definitions

. Let  and  be two numbers, then the notation:

 →
is read " is mapped to  ".
Here,  represents the INPUT value WHILE 
represents the OUTPUT value.

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 Ex1: Consider the following:
Write out the input value(s) and output value(s)
.given the following:
(a) x→x , 2
0<x  5, x 
(b) x → −x , 2
0<x  5, x 
(c) x→ x , 0<x  16, x is a perfect square number
Note: perfect square number has its sqrt as integers.
Ex: Perfect square number vs perfect number.
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 Definition: MAPPING

. We will give the following definitions based

on our results from Ex1 above.
MAPPING: A mapping is a rule which converts
a NUMBER to a NUMBER OR to NUMBERS .
That means, that one INPUT yields one or
more OUTPUTS.
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 Definition: FUNCTION
Let X and Y be two non-empty sets, with
. x  X , y  Y , then a function f ( x ) = y is
a rule which assigns to EVERY element
in X a UNIQUE member in Y .
** A function maps a single number to a
single number.
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 Notation: FUNCTION
Note:
. While X → Y is read "X is mapped to Y ",
we read f : X → Y as " f maps X to Y ".
OR we say that "f is a function such that X
is mapped to Y "
f : X →Y can be expressed as
f ( x ) = y, for x  X , y  Y
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 Ex2 : Which of the mappings are functions?

. (a) x→
1
(b) x →  x
x
(c) x→ p where p − x = 02

(d) x→ p where p − x = 0 2

1
(e) x→ x (f) x→
x −1

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 Domain of a function

. Let f : X → Y be a function, then the

domain of f is a set of x − value( s )
that are well-defined. The domain is a set of
input values that are problem-free.
The domain of f : X → Y is denoted as:
dom ( f ) =  x : x  X , a problem-free input
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 Ex3: Domain of a function

. Find the domain of the following functions:

1
(a) f :x→ (b) f : x → 4 − x
x
1
(c) f :x→ (d) f : x → x − 2 x + 1
2

4− x
(e*) f ( x − 3) = y if f ( x) = x
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 Examples of functions

. Examples of functions include the following:

* Polynomial function * Constant function

* Logarithmic function * Exponential function
* Trigonometric function * Hyperbolic function

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 Range of a function
Let f : X → Y be a function, with a domain
.
dom ( f ) , then the range of f is a set of
y − values that correspond to dom ( f ) , thus,
we denote the range of f as:
Ran( f ) =  y : y = f ( x), x  dom ( f ).
The range is a set of OUTPUT values.
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 Ex4: Range of a function
Find the range of the following functions:
. (i) f : x → x +3
2

(ii) g : x → − x +3 for x  0
2

(iii) h : x → x +3
2
for x = 1, 2,3, 4,5.
Note: The relationship btw domain and range
of functions and their inverses will be treated.
(i) f ( x)  3, (ii) f ( x)  3 (iii) 4, 7,12,19, 28
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 Solution to Ex4 (i): Range of a function

Write f : x → x +3 as f ( x ) = x +3
2 2
(*)
.
But for any value of x, we have that:
x 02

 x +3 0+3
2
(**)
The LHS of (**) equals f ( x ) from (*), so the
domain is: y = f ( x )  3 i.e. y  3,  )

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 Class Quiz on Range of a function

.
Find the range of the following functions:
(i) f : x → 2 + sin x
(ii) g : x → −3 − cos x

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 Substitution in functions
The usual ways of substitution will be followed:
. Find the following:

(a) f ( 3) if f ( x ) = x + 2
2

(b) f ( 3) if f ( x ) = 2 + 2
x

(c) f ( 4 x ) if f ( x ) = x + 5
(d) f ( 2 − x ) if f ( x ) = x − x + 1
2

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 Composition of functions

. Let f ( x) & g ( x) be two functions. Then, the

composition of f ( x) & g ( x) is a new function
obtained by following a certain rule. Thus,
(f g ) ( x) = f g = f ( g ( x) ) = f ( g )
is obtained by taking g ( x) FIRST then f ( x).

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 Ex5: Composition of functions

. (a) Let f ( x ) = x +3 and g ( x ) = 2 x − 1 , find:

2

(i) f g (ii) g f (iii) Is g f = f g ?

(b) Let f ( x ) = 2 x, m ( x ) = x + 1, and g ( x ) = e ,

x

then find: (i) g f (ii) g f m

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 0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

. A function f ( x ) = y for f : X → Y is said

to be 1-1 if elements in the domain are NOT
assigned to the SAME element in the range.
Mathematically, f ( x ) is 1-1 if:
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )  x1 = x2

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 Ex6: 0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

(a) Determine if the following functions are 1-1:

.
(i) g ( x ) = 2 x − 1 (ii) f ( x ) = x − 4
2

(iii) h ( x ) = −3 x + 4 (iv) m ( x ) = x − 4
4

Note: *** Horizontal line test of injectivity

****: Domain restriction for injectivity

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