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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

MAT121
INTRODUCTION TO MAPPINGS & FUNCTIONS

Dr. S.O. Edeki

 Mappings and Functions: notations & definitions

. Let  and  be two numbers, then the notation:

 
is read " is mapped to  ".
Here,  represents the INPUT value WHILE 
represents the OUTPUT value.

S.O. Edeki
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 Ex1: Consider the following:

Write
. out the input value(s) and output value(s)
given the following:
(a) xx , 2
0<x  5, x 
(b) x  x , 2
0<x  5, x 
(c) x x , 0<x  16, x is a perfect number
Note: p.n. has their sqrt as integers.
S.O. Edeki
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 Definition: MAPPING

. We will give the following definitions based

on our results from Ex1 above.
MAPPING: A mapping is a rule which converts
a NUMBER to a NUMBER OR to NUMBERS .
That means, that one INPUT yields one or
more OUTPUTS.
S.O. Edeki
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 Definition: FUNCTION
Let X and Y be two non-empty sets, with
. x  X , y  Y , then a function f  x   y is
a rule which assigns to EVERY element
in X a UNIQUE member in Y .
** A function maps a single number to a
single number.
S.O. Edeki
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 Notation: FUNCTION
Note:
. While X  Y is read "X is mapped to Y ",
we read f : X  Y as " f maps X to Y ".
OR we say that "f is a function such that X
is mapped to Y "
f : X Y can be expressed as
f  x   y, for x  X , y  Y
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 Ex2 : Which of the mappings are functions?

. (a) x
1
(b) x   x
x
(c) x p where p  x  02

(d) x p where p  x  0 2

1
(e) x x (f) x
x 1

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 Domain of a function

. Let f : X  Y be a function, then the

domain of f is a set of x  value( s )
that are well-defined. The domain is a set
input values that are problem-free.
The domain of f : X  Y is denoted as:
dom  f    x : x  X , a problem-free input
S.O. Edeki
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 Ex3: Domain of a function

. Find the domain of the following functions:

1
(a) f :x (b) f : x  4  x
x
1
(c) f :x (d) f : x  x  2 x  1
2

4 x
(e) f  x  3  y if f ( x)  x
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 Examples of functions

. Examples of functions include the following:

* Polynomial function * Constant function

* Logarithmic function * Exponential function
* Trigonometric function * Hyperbolic function

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 Range of a function
Let f : X  Y be a function, with a domain
.
dom  f  , then the range of f is a set of
y  values that correspond to dom  f  , thus,
we denote the range of f as:
Ran( f )   y : y  f ( x), x  dom  f .
The range is a set of OUTPUT values.
S.O. Edeki
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 Ex4: Range of a function
Find the range of the following functions:
. (i) f : x  x +3
2

(ii) g : x   x +3 for x  0
2

(iii) h : x  x +3
2
for x  1, 2,3, 4,5.
Note: The relationship btw domain and range
of functions and their inverses will be treated.
(i) f ( x)  3, (ii) f ( x)  3 (iii) 4, 7,12,19, 28
S.O. Edeki
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 Solution to Ex4 (i): Range of a function

Write f : x  x +3 as f  x   x +3
2 2
(*)
.
But for any value of x, we have that:
x 02

 x 3 03
2
(**)
The LHS of (**) equals f  x  from (*), so the
domain is: y  f  x   3 i.e. y  3,  

S.O. Edeki
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 Class Quiz on Range of a function

.
Find the range of the following functions:
(i) f : x  2  sin x
(ii) g : x  3  cos x

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 Substitution in functions
The usual ways of substitution will be followed:
. Find the following:

(a) f  3 if f  x   x  2
2

(b) f  3 if f  x   2  2
x

(c) f  4 x  if f  x   x  5
(d) f  2  x  if f  x   x  x  1
2

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 Composition of functions

. Let f ( x) & g ( x) be two functions. Then, the

composition of f ( x) & g ( x) is a new function
obtained by following a certain rule. Thus,
f g  ( x)  f g  f  g ( x)   f  g 
is obtained by taking g ( x) FIRST then f ( x).

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 Ex5: Composition of functions

. (a) Let f  x   x +3 and g  x   2 x  1 , find:

2

(i) f g (ii) g f (iii) Is g f  f g ?

(b) Let f  x   2 x, m  x   x  1, and g  x   e ,

x

then find: (i) g f (ii) g f m

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 0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

. A function f  x   y for f : X  Y is said

to be 1-1 if elements in the domain are NOT
assigned to the SAME element in the range.
Mathematically, f  x  is 1-1 if:
f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2

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 Ex6: 0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

(a) Determine if the following functions are 1-1:

.
(i) g  x   2 x  1 (ii) f  x   x  4
2

(iii) h  x   3 x  4 (iv) m  x   x  4
4

Note: *** Horizontal line test of injectivity

****: Domain restriction for injectivity

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