254 6_ POWER FLOW ANALYStS 6.11.

FAST DECOUPLED POWER FLOW SOLUTION 255

methods: SHUNT CAPACITORS

TRANSFORMER TAP
(a) Gauss-Seidel power flow (see Example 6.9). Bus No. Mv",
Designation Tap Setting
(b) Newton-Raphson power flow (see Example 6.11). 1 4.0
(c) Fast decoup[ed power flow (see Example 6.13). 4 2 3 0.960
2.0
5 2 - 13 0.960
5.0
6 3 - 13 1.017
The load data is as follows.
2.0
11 4- 8 1.050
1.5
4 - 12 1.050
12 2.0
LOAD DATA 15 6 - 19 0.950
0.5
S" Load Su, Load 19 7- 9 0.950
5.0
No. MW Mvac No. MW Mvac
1 51.0 41.0 14 24.0 [2.0 The line and transformer data containing the series resistance and reactance
2 22.0 15.0 15 70.0 31.0 in per unit and one-half the total capacitance in per unit susceptance on a
3 64.0 50.0 16 55.0 27.0 lOO-MVA base are tabulated below.
4 25.0 10.0 17 78.0 380
5 50.0 30.0 18 [53.0 67.0
6 76.0 29.0 19 75.0 [5.0 LINE AND TRANSFORMER DATA
7 0.0 0.0 20 48.0 27.0 Su, Bu, R, X, 1B , Bu, Su, R, X, ~B,
8 0.0 0.0 21 46.0 23.0 No. No. pu pu pu No. No. pu pu pu
9 89.0 50.0 22 45.0 22.0 1 2 0.0005 0.0048 0.0300 10 22 0.0069 0.0298 0.005
10 0.0 0.0 23 25.0 12.0 1 18 0.0013 0.0110 0.0600 11 25 0.0960 0.2700 0.010
11
12
25.0
89.0
15.0
48.0
24
25
54.0
28.0
27.0
13.0
I 2
2
3
7
0.0014 0.0513 0.0500
0.0103 0.0586 0.0180
11
12
26 0.0165
14 0.0327
0.0970
0.0802
0.004
0.000
13 31.0 15.0 26 40.0 20.0 i 2 8 0.0074 0.0321 0.0390 12 15 0.0180 0.0598 0.000
2 13 0.0035 0.0967 0.0250 13 14 0.0046 0.0271 0.001
Voltage magnitude, generation schedule, and the reactive power limits for- 2 26 0.0323 0.1967 0.0000 13 15 0.0116 0.0610 0.000
the regulated buses are tabulated below. Bus I, whose vollage is s~cified as 3 13 0.0007 0.0054 0.0005 13 16 0.0179 0.0888 0.001
VI = l.025LO°, is taken as the slack bus. 4 8 0.0008 0.0240 0.0001 14 15 0.0069 0.0382 0.000
4 12 0.0016 0.0207 0.0150 15 16 0.0209 0.0512 0.000
GENERATION DATA 5 6 0.0069 0.0300 0.0990 16 17 0.0990 0.0600 0.000
Bu, Voltage Generation Mvar Limits 6 7 0.0053 0.0306 0.0010 16 20 0.0239 0.0585 0.000
No. Mag. MW Min. Max. 6 11 0.0097 0.0570 0.0001 17 18 0.0032 0.0600 0.038
1 1.025 6 18 0.0037 0.0222 0.0012 17 21 0.2290 0.4450 0.000
2 1.020 79.0 40.0 250.0 6 19 0.0035 0.0660 0.0450 19 23 0.0300 0.1310 0.000
3 1.025 20.0 40.0 150.0 6 21 0.0050 0.0900 0.0226 19 24 0.0300 0.1250 0.002
4 1050 100:0 40.0 80.0 7 8 0.0012 0.0069 0.0001 19 25 0.1190 0.2249 0.004
5 1045 300.0 40.0 160.0 7 9 0.0009 0.0429 0.0250 20 21 0.0657 0.1570 0.000
26 1015 60.0 15.0 50.0 8 12 0.0020 0.0180 0.0200 20 22 0.0150 0.0366 0.000
9 10 0.0010 0.0493 0.0010 21 24 0.0476 0.1510 0.000
The Mvar of the shunt capacitors insta1led at substations and the transformer -_" 10 12 0.0024 0.0132 0.0100 22 23 0.0290 0.0990 0.000
tap settings are given below. 10 19 0.0547 0.2360 0.0000 22 24 0.0310 0.0880 0.000
10 20 0.0066 0.0160 0.0010 23 25 0.0987 0.1168 0.000
256 6 POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

CHAPTER
Slack

I
G G
7
2 1 rlSl-3
26
10
~
G 8
1
-T r
L
OPTIMAL DISPATCH
OF GENERATION

~T
13
5 l-

18 i.. 6 7 4

. ~L
r~
9 T 12 I 14- 16

II 25 f.L I 19 10
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The fonnulation of power flow problem and its solutions were discussed in Chap-
ter 6. One type of bus in the power flow was the voltage-controlled bus, where real
power generation and voltage magnitude were specified. The power flow solution
23 J 24 15 provided the voltage phase angle and the reactive power generation. In a practical
power system, the power plants are not located at the same distance from the center
of loads and their fuel costs are different. Also, under nonnal operating conditions,

21
r-5 20 the generation capacity is more than the total load demand and losses. Thus, there
are many options for scheduling generation. In an interconnected power system,
the objective is to find the real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant
in such a way as to minimize the operating cost. This me..i.ns that the generator's
real and reactive power are allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a
17
1 1 particular load deinand with minimum fuel cost. This is called the optimal power
flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is used to optimize the power flow solution of large
FlGURE6.l6 scale power system. This is done by minimizing selected objective functions while
One·line diagram for Problem 6.14. maintaining an acceptable system performance in terms of generator capability
limits and the output of the compensating devices. The objective functions, also
257
302 7. OPTIMAL DISPATCH OF GENERATION 7.7. DERIVATION OF LOSS FORMULA 303

REGULATED BUS DATA generator's operating costs in SIh, with Pi in MW are as follow:
Bu, Voltage Min. Mvar Max. Mvar
No. Magnitude Capacity Capacity Ci = 240 + 7.0P\ + 0.OO70Pr
2 1.020 40 250 C 2 = 200 + 1O.OP2 + 0.OO95Pl
3 1.025 40 150 C3 = 220 + 8.5P3 + 0.OO90P;
4 1.050 40 80
C 4 = 200 + Il.OP4 + 0.oo90pi
5 1.045 40 160
26 1.015 15 50 C5 = 220 + 1O.5P5 + o.oo80pl
C 21i = 190 + I2.0P26 + 0.o075P16
Transformer tap settings are given in the table below. The left bus number is as~
sumed to be the tap side of the transformer.
The genemtor's real power limits are
TRANSFORMER DATA GENERATOR REAL POWER LIMITS
Transformer Tap Setting
Gen. Min.MW Max.MW
Designation Per Unit
1 100 500
2 3 0.960 2 50 200
2- 13 0.960 3 80 300
3 - 13 1.017 4 50 150
4- 8 1.050 5 50 200
4-12 1.050 5 50 120
6 - 19 0.950
7- 9 0.950 Write the necessary commands to obtain the optimal dispatch of generation
usin~ dispatch. Continue the optimization process until the difference (absolute
The shunt capacitive data is
value) b<!tween the scheduled slack generation. determined from the coordination
equation. and the slack generation, oblained from the power flow solution, is within
SHUNT CAPACITOR DATA
0.001 MW.
Bus No. Mvar
We use the following commands:
1 4.0
4 2.0 clear
5 5.0 basemva ... 100; accuracy '" 0.0001; max iter "" 10;
6 2.0
9 3.0 'l. Bu, Bus Voltage Angle --L~ad-- --Generator---Injected
11 1.5 1. Nocode Mag. Degree MY Mvar MW Hvar Qmin Qmax Hvar
12 2.0 busdata'"' [l 1 1.025 0.0 51 41 0 0 0 0 4
15 0.5 2 2 1.020 0.0 22 15 79 0 40 250 0
19 5.0 3 2 1.025 0.0 64 50 20 0 40 150 0
4 2 1.050 0.0 25 10 100 0 25 80 2
Generation and loads are as given in the data prepared for use in the MATUB 5 2 1.045 0.0 50 30 300 0 40 160 5
~nvironment in the matrix defined as busdata. Code 0, code 1. and code 2 are used 6 0 1.00 0.0 76 29 0 0 0 0 2
or the load buses, the slack bus, and the voltage-controlled buses, respectively. 7 0 1 .00 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~alues. for basemva. accuracy, and maxiter must be specified. Line data are as 8 0 1 .00 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
given 10 the matrix called linedata. The last column of this data must contain 1 9 0 1 .00 0.0 89 50 0 0 0 0 3
for lines, or the tap setting values for transfonners with off-nominal tum ratio. The 10 0 1 .00 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 1 .00 0.0 25 15 0 0 0 0 1.5
304 7. OPTIMAL DISPATCH OFOENERATION 7.7. DERIVATION OF LOSS FORMULA 3.'

12
13
•
0
1.00
1.00
0.0
0.0
B9
31
48
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
12
13
15
14
0.01800
0.00460
0.05980
0.02710
0.00000
0 . 00100
1
1
14 0 1.00 0.0 24 12 0 0 0 0 0 13 15 0.01160 0.06100 0 . 00000 1
15
16
0
0
1.00
1.00
0.0
0.0
70
55
31
27
0
0
0
0 0
• • 0
0.5 ·
0
13
14
16
15
0.01793
0.00690
0.oa8eo
0.03820
0.00100
0 . 00000
1
1
17 0 l.00 0.0 78 38 0 0 0 0 0 15 16 0.02090 0 . 05120 0 . 00000 1
18 0 1.00 0.0 153 67 0 0 0 0 0 16 17 0.09900 0.06000 0.00000 1
19 0 1.00 0.0 75 15 0 0 0 0 5 16 20 0.02390 0.05850 0 .00000 1
20 0 1.00 0.0 48 27 0 0 0 0 0 17 18 0.00320 0.06000 0 . 03800 1
21 0 1.00 0 .0 46 23 0 0 0 0 0 17 21 0.22900 0.44500 0.00000 1
22 0 1.00 0 .0 45 22 0 0 0 0 0 19 23 0.03000 0.13100 0.00000 1
23 0 1.00 0.0 25 12 0 0 0 0 0 19 24 0.03000 0.12500 0.00200 1
24 0 1.00 0.0 54 27 0 0 0 0 0 19 25 0.11900 0 . 22490 0.00400 1
25 0 1. 00 0.0 28 13 0 0 0 0 0 20 21 0.06570 0.15100 0.00000 1
26 2 1.015 0.0 40 20 60 0 15 so OJ; 20 22 0.01500 0.03660 0.00000 1
21 24 0.04760 0.15100 0 . 00000 1
1. Bus bus R X 1/2 B 1 for lines code or 22 23 0.02900 0.09900 0.00000 1
1. nl nr pu pu pu tap setting value 22 24 0.03100 0.08800 0.00000 1
linedata- [l 2 0 . 00055 0.00480 0.03000 1 23 25 0.09870 0.11680 0.00000 1l;
1 1B 0 . 00130 0.01150 0.06000 1
2 3 0 .00 146 0.05130 0.05000 0.96 cost "" (240 7 .0 0.0070
2 7 0.01030 0.05860 0.01800 1 200 10.0 0.0095
2 B 0 . 00740 0.03210 0.03900 1 220 B.5 0.0090
2 13 0 .003 57 0.09670 0.02500 0.96 200 11. 0 0.0090
2 26 0 .03230 0.19670 0.00000 1 220 10.5 0.0080
3 13 0.00070 0.00548 0.00050 1.017 190 12 . 0 0.0075];
4 8 0 . 00080 0.02400 0.000 10 1 .050
4 12 O. OOHiO 0.02010 0.01500 1.050 mIJ limits - (100 500
5 6 0 .00690 0.03000 0 . 09900 1 50 200
6 7 0 . 00535 0.03060 0.00105 1 80 300
6 11 0.00910 0.05100 0.00010 1 50 150
6 18 0.00374 0.02220 0.00120 1 50 200
6 19 0.00350 0.06600 -0.04500 0.95 50 120];
6 21 0 .00500 0.09000 0.02260 1
7 8 0.00120 0.00693 0.00010 1 lfybus i. Forms the bus admittance matrix
7 9 0.00095. 0.04290 0.02500 0.95 Ifnevton i. Power flow solution by Newton-Raphson method
8 12 0.00200 0.01800 0.02000 1 busout i. Prints the power flov solut ion on the screen
9 10 0.00 104 0.04930 0.00100 1 bloss i. Obtains the loss f ormula coefficients
10 12 0.00247 0.01320 0.01000 1 gencost i. Computes the total generation cost Sib
10 19 0 . 05170 0.23600 0.00000 1 dispatch i. Obtains optimum d.ispatch of generation
10 20 0 . 00660 0.01600 0.00100 1 1. dpslack is tbe difference (absolute value) between
10 22 0 . 00690 0.02980 0.00500 1 1. the scheduled slack ,aneration determined from the
11 25 0 . 09600 0.27000 0.01000 1 7- coordination equation. and the slack generation
11 26 0 .01650 0.09700 0 .00400 1 i. obtained from the pover flow solution.
12 14 0 . 03210 0 . 08020 0 . 00000 1
J06 1. Of'TtMAL DISP....TCH Of GENERATION 1.1. DEIUVATlOI'4 OF LOS S FORMULA 307

while dpslack> .OOl7.Repeat till dpslack is within

Ifneyton 7. New poyer flov B•
bloss 7. Loss coefficients or. 0.0014 0 . 0015 0 .0009 -0 .0001 -0.0004 -0.0002
dispatch 7.0ptimum dispatch of gen. with new 0.0015 0.0043 0.0050 0.0001 -0.0008 -0.0003
end 0.0009 0.0050 0.0315 -0 . 0000 -0.0020 -0 .0016
busout % Prints the final power flow -0.0001 0.0001 -0 .0000 0 . 0029 -0.0006' - 0.0009
gencost 'l. Generation cost yith optimum scheduling of gen . -0.0004 -o.oooa -0.0020 -0.0006 0.0085 -0.0001
-0.0002 -0.0003 -0 . 0016 -0.0009 -0.0001 0 . 0176

The result is BO •
-0.0002 -0 . 0008 0 . 0061 0 .0001 0.0000 - 0. 0012
Poyer Floy Solution by Nelo1ton-Raphson Method
Maximum Poyer mismatch. 3. 1828ge-l0 BOO ..
No . of iterations .. 6 0 . 0056

Bus Voltage Angle - - ---Load- ---- --Generation-- Total system loss . 15 . 53 MIJ
No. Mag. Degree MW Hvar MW Hvar
Total generation cost = 16760.73 $/h
1 1.025 0.000 51. 000 41. 000 719 . 534 Incremental cost of de livered power <system lambda) ~
224.011
2 1. 020 - 0 .931 22 .000 15.000 79 . 000 125.354 13.911780 S/HWh
3 1.035 - 4.213 64 . 000 50. 000 20 . 000 63.030 Optimal Dispatch of Generation:
4 1 . 050 -3.582 25 . 000 10 . 000 100 . 000 49.223
S 1 .045 1.129 50 . 000 30.000 300 . 000 124.466 474.1196
6 0.999 -2.573 76 . 000 29.000 0 . 000 0.000 2 .00 173.7886
7 0 . 994 - 3 .20<1 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0 .000 0.00 190. 9515
8 0 . 997 - 3.299 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 150.0000
9 1.009 -5.393 89 . 000 50.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 '3.00 196.7196
10 0 . 989 - 5. 561 0.000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 . 00 103.5772
11 0.997 -3.218 25 . 000 15.000 0 . 000 0.000 1. 50
12 0.993 - 4.692 89.000 48.000 0 . 000 0.000 2.00 Absolute value of the slack bus real poyer mismatcb.
13 1.014 -4 .430 31. 000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 dpslack c 2.45<11 pu
14 1.000 - 5.040 24.000 12.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 00
IS 0 . 991 -S.. 538 70 . 000 31.000 0 .000 0 . 000 0.50
16 0.983 -5 . 882 55 . 000 27.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 In this example the final optimal di spatch of generation was obtained in three itera-
17 0.987 - 4.985 78 . 000 38.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.00 tiOll$. 11le results for final loss coefficients and final optimal dispatch of generation
18 1.007 -1.866 153 . 000 67.000 0 .000 0 .000 0.00 is presented below
19 1.004 - 6.397 75.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 5.00
20 0. ,9ao -6.025 48 . 000 27.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 00 B•
21 0.977 -5.778 46.000 23.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.0017 0.0012 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0005 -0.0002
22 0.978 -6.437 45.000 22.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.0012 0.0014 0.0009 0.0001 -0.0006 -0.0001
23 0.976 -7.087 25.000 12.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .00 0 .0001 0 .0009 0.0031 0.0000 -0.0010 -0.0006
24 0.968 -7.347 54.000 27.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 00 -0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0024 -0.0006 -0 . 0008
2S 0.974 -6.775 28.000 13.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 -0 . 0005 -0.0006 -0 . 0010 -0 .0006 0.0129 -0.0002
26 1.015 -1.803 40 . 000 20.000 60 .000 32.106 0 .00 - 0. 0002 -0.0001 -0.0006 -0.0008 -0.0002 0.0150
Total 1263.000 637.000 1278.534 618.791 25.00