Orientation Handbook on

EMERGENCY
AND FIRST AID

REYNARD H. LOPEZ
SDO-Bago City
 RATIONALE

OBJECTIVES
Ÿ This orientation handbook serves
as a reference guide for basic
First Aid.

Ÿ It is designed to help DepEd

teachers all over the country to
facilitate the teaching and
learning process in providing
first aid lessons to their students.

Ÿ It aims to inform the teachers and

students about emergency
situation and how to act upon
these circumstances.

3P’s of FIRST AID

PRESERVE PREVENT PROMOTE
Life Deterioration Recovery
 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
1 2 3
ASSESS ALERT ATTEND
TO THE VICTIM
The Situation: Call an ambulance or
Is it safe? activate the emergency Check for life-threatening
WHAT TO DO If the scene is safe,
GO ON, if the scene is
action plan. conditions first. (ABC)
1. Airway
unsafe, BACK OFF. Call for help or any 2. Breathing

3A’s
bystander 3. Circulation
The Victim:
Is he/she responsive?

WHAT IS FIRST AID?

First aid is emergency care given
immediately to an injured person. The purpose
of first aid is to minimize injury and future
disability. In serious cases, first aid may be
necessary to keep the victim alive.

WHAT’S IN A FIRST AID KIT?

Kits vary in contents but most kits have the following:
Ÿ band-aids / adhesive Ÿ first aid/burn cream
bandages Ÿ antibiotic ointment
Ÿ gauze pads and tape Ÿ face shield or barrier
Ÿ scissors, cold pack Ÿ mask for providing CPR
Ÿ wound bandage/compress Ÿ first aid instruction booklet
Ÿ eye pads / eyewash Ÿ BP apparatus
Ÿ forceps / tweezers Ÿ face mask
Ÿ disposable thermometers
Ÿ solution
Ÿ flashlight
Ÿ alcohol
Ÿ cotton applicator
 ADULT / CHILD CHOKING
SEVERE AIRWAY BLOCKAGE 1
Choking occurs when someone's airway suddenly gets congested, either
fully or partly, so they can't breathe. This information applies to adults and
children over 1 year old.

When victim is responsive

. Survey the scene, if the scene is safe go on; if the scene
is unsafe back off.
. Introduce yourself, Quickly ask, “are you choking?"
If the victim nods yes, or is unable to speak, or
cough – act quickly.
. Stand behind the victim.Place the dominant feet in
between the legs of patient.
. Make a fist and place the thumb side of that hand
against the victim’s abdomen, just above the navel
and below the ribs (xyphoid process).Grasp fist with
the other hand.
. Quickly chest thrust inward and upward into the abdomen.
. Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled or the victim
becomes unresponsive.

When victim is unresponsive

. Survey the scene
. Hey, hey are you okay? Call for help or any bystanders.
If needed, place the victim to the ground and alert the Emergency Operation Center
(EOC).
. Check the object if visible; if not visible. If the object is visible, remove it using your
pointing finger (for adult) or pinky finger (for child/infant).
. Keep the object and transport the patient to the nearest hospital for further
assessment.
. Begin chest thrusts as you would with CPR. How? place your
palm heel or the hand in between the chest.
. Each time the airway is opened look for the object in the
victim's throat and if you can see it, remove it – being
careful not to lodge the object further into the victim’s
throat.
. Continue chest thrusts until the victim shows signs of
breathing or responsiveness.
. Place the patient in left side lying position.
. Perform head to toe examination.
. Refer to the nearest hospital.
 MINOR WOUNDS, BRUISES AND INJURIES 2
MINOR WOUNDS
Minor wounds include abrasions, lacerations, punctures, and incisions.

First Aid:
Signs and Symptoms:
® break, cut or opening in the skin £ If there is bleeding, do not apply tourniquet and
® bleeding – may be minor, apply direct pressure with a clean cloth or
moderate or severe absorbent pad.
® bruising and pain £ Wash the area with running water and
® infection antibacterial soap and clean until there
® progressing shock appears to be no foreign matter in the wound.
£ Cover the area with an adhesive bandage or
gauze wrap or any clean cloth and elevate
above the heart.

BRUISING
Bruising is caused by broken blood vessels leaking blood under the skin or no
break in skin. Bruising can be minimal or large and severe.

Signs and Symptoms: First Aid:

® pain and swelling
® discoloration: new bruising will
be dark purple / older bruising
will fade to greenish-yellow
£ Apply ice to injury to reduce pain, bleeding, and
swelling.
£ To prevent frostbite to the injured area, place a
thin towel or cloth between the skin and ice.
Limit ice application 15 to 20 minutes on, and
20 minutes off.

CRUSH INJURY
Occurs when a body part is subjected to a high degree of force or pressure.

Signs and Symptoms: First Aid:

® pain and swelling
® discoloration and sometimes
£ Apply ice just as you would with a bruising
deformity injury.
£ If pain is severe and does not lessen with ice or
there is decreased sensation, weakness or
paleness of the skin in the affected area, seek
emergency care.
 SEVERE BLEEDING AND SHOCK 3
SEVERE BLEEDING
Severe external bleeding is a life-threatening condition needing vital first
aid. The human body depends upon blood circulating around the body to
transport oxygen to organs and tissues such as the heart, brain and skin. If a
person drops a lot of blood, their circulation system may fail and be incapable to
deliver enough oxygen. This can lead to shock and possibly death. Common
reasons of bleeding include road traffic crashes, equipment accidents, knife
wounds and gunshot injuries.

Apply Direct Pressure Apply Direct Bandage

® Rip or cut away clothing so the
wound can be seen.
® Place an absorbent pad directly
over the wound.
® Apply firm and direct pressure
over the wound.
® The victim can assist if he/she is
able.
® Wrap a conforming bandage
securely over the pad to maintain
pressure and hold the gauze in
place. Apply direct pressure and
elevate above the heart level.
® The bandage should be loose
enough so a finger can slip under
the bandage.

SHOCK

Shock develops when not enough blood flows to the vital organs of the body.
Victims with shock may stop responding. Common causes of shock are:

® severe bleeding ® nervous system injuries

® heart attack or other heart problem ® severe burns
® severe allergic reaction ® dehydration

Signs and Symptoms:

First Aid
® dizziness, faint or weak feeling
® Keep victim lying flat with feet
rapid, shallow breathing
® anxiety, restlessness, agitation, or slightly elevated, if possible.
® Cover person to keep them warm
confusion
® cool and clammy to the touch but prevent overheating.
® ® Ensure an open airway for the
pale or grayish skin
® thirst victim and adequate breathing.
® ® Monitor victim and administer
nausea or vomiting
CPR, if necessary.
 MINOR AND MAJOR BURNS 4
BURNS
Burns are tissue injury that
results from heat, overexposure to
the sun or other radiation, or
chemical or electrical contact.
MINOR BURNS
Burns can be minor medical
problems or life-threatening Signs and Symptoms:
emergencies. ® pain, redness
® swelling, blisters
The treatment of burns depends on
the position and extent of the damage.
First Aid
Sunburns and small scalds can usually be ® Survey the scene. Introduce yourself
treated at home. Deep or widespread
that you are a train first aider.
burns need immediate medical attention. ® Expose the burn.
Some people need treatment at ® Cool burns with cold water and
specialized burn centers and month-long
continue until pain lessens.
follow-up care. ® After cooling, cover with a wet, sterile
bandage or clean dressing.
® Protect from friction /pressure.
® Burn percentages = Degree of ® DO NOT pop blisters or apply any
Burn = Severity ointment or other substance.
® Thermal burns are caused by sun,
fire, hot liquids or objects and
sometimes hot gases.
® Chemical burns are caused by
contact with wet or dry chemicals.
® Electrical burns are caused by
MAJOR BURNS
contact with electrical wires,
current, or lightning. Signs and Symptoms:
® Burns on the face, hands, feet, and ® dry/leathery, white, or blackened,
genitals can be particularly charred skin
serious.
® Burns can cause tremendous First Aid
damage to the body. They can ® Assess/Alert/Attend to any life-
cause extreme pain, scarring, threatening problems. ABC (Airway,
massive infection, organ failure, Breathing, Circulation)
and even death. ® Call an ambulance or EOC. Call for
® A rescuer’s highest priority is help.
personal safety. ® If caused by a liquid chemical, flush
® If a victim is on fire, tell him/her to with running water right away if you
STOP, DROP, and ROLL. are a fully trained first aid provider.
® If a victim is in contact with ® Cover with wet sterile bandage.
electricity DO NOT TOUCH them
until the source of electricity has
been shut off or shut off technical
source before touching victims.
 BITES, STINGS, & EYE INJURIES 5
BITES & STINGS
Bites and stings that could require first aid care can occur from a wide
variety of sources. Most bites and stings only cause minor discomfort and
can easily be treated by a first aid provider. However, bites and stings from
venomous snakes, insects or animals can cause intense pain and swelling.

First Aid
® If stung by bee, first remove stinger.
Signs and Symptoms:
® redness ® Remove jewelry and constrictive clothing.
® swelling ® Wash the area with soap and clean water
® pain (running water).
® itching ® Cover the area with an adhesive
® nausea bandage or gauze wrap.
® breathing problems ® Remove the sting using a card.
® Apply ice if needed to reduce pain and
swelling.

EYE INJURIES

Eye injuries can range from minor irritations to severe and sight-threatening.
Injuries are frequently caused by objects in the eye, burns, and blunt force
injuries. Any of these conditions or situations can lead to permanent loss of
vision.
Signs and Symptoms:
® pain, redness, stinging
® burning, itching
® bleeding/bruising in or around eyes
® sensitivity to light
® decreased or double vision
® loss of vision

First Aid
® Rinse the eye with saline solution or tap
water if saline is not available.
® Do not try to remove objects.
® Do not allow the victim to rub or apply
pressure to the injured eye.
® Cover the eye lightly with a gauze pad or
clean cloth.
® Seek medical attention.
 NOSE BLEED & HEAT EXHAUSTION 6
NOSE BLEED
Nosebleed is the loss of blood from the tissue that lines the inside of
your nose The medical name for a nosebleed is epistaxis. Most nosebleeds
are not serious and can be handled by a first aid responder. In some cases,
nosebleeds can indicate a more serious condition that may require ongoing
medical attention.
First Aid
® Sit upright and lean forward. By
remaining upright, you reduce blood
pressure in the veins of your nose. This
discourages further bleeding. Sitting
forward will help you avoid swallowing
blood, which can irritate your stomach
and might cause choking.
® Pinch the nose firmly. Use your thumb
and index finger to pinch your nostrils
shut.
® Breathe through your mouth. Continue to
pinch for five to 10 minutes.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
Heat exhaustion is a condition that occurs when a person is exposed to
high temperatures, particularly when combined with high humidity, and
strenuous physical activity. Without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can
lead to heat stroke, a life-threatening condition.

Signs and Symptoms:

® cool, moist skin with goose bumps when in the heat
® heavy sweating
® faintness
® dizziness, fatigue, weak, rapid pulse
® low blood pressure upon standing
® nausea or headache

First Aid
® Stop all activity and rest.
® Move to a cooler place.
® Drink cool water or sports drinks.
® Contact your doctor if your signs or symptoms worsen
or if they don't improve within one hour. Seek
immediate medical attention if your body temperature
reaches 104°F (40°C) or higher.
References

Ÿ Eighteenth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. Senate S.No.1186. An

Act Mandating the Department of Education (DepEd) to incorporate First Aid in
the Physical Education (PE) Subject in Elementary and Secondary School
Curricula in both Public and Private School
Ÿ
Ÿ May 10, 2018. DM 084, S. 2018. Partnership with Philippine Red Cross for the
Promotion of First Aid, Youth Development, Volunteerism, Health and Safety
Community Resilience and the International Humanitarian Law
Ÿ
Ÿ DepEd Order No. 033 S. 2021. School-based Disaster Preparedness and
Response Measures for Tropical Cyclone, Flooding and Other Weather Related
Disturbances and Calamities

About the Author

Reynard H. Lopez is a Teacher III in Ramon Torres National

High School, SDO Bago City, Negros Occidental, Philippines.

He had his Bachelor's degree of Secondary Education Major

in P.E., Health and Music in Central Philippine University, Iloilo and
took his Master in Education Major in Music, Arts, Physical
Education and Health in University of St. La Salle, Bacolod.

He is now teaching in his dear Alma Mater, RTNHS in the

MAPEH Department and is handling Special Program in Sports. He
was the Sports Coordinator of his current workplace for four
consecutive years (2015 - 2018).

Additionally, he is a member of DRRM RTNHS since 2015

until the present. In 2019, he was appointed as Regional Coordinator
of the Aloysian Publication.
 Published by the
LEARNING RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SECTION
(Schools Division of Bago City)
Philippines

COPYRIGHT
2022

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This material has been developed with the aid of the SDO Disaster Risk Reduction
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Author
Reynard H. Lopez

Illustration
Ronald M. Castillo

Layout:
Roxan E. del Castillo

Quality Assurance Team:

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This first digital edition has been produced for print and online distribution within the
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All Rights Reserved
2022