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INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1.Synthesis 3
2.Crystal structure 5
3.Properties 7
4.Application 9
5.Yearly production 12
6.Processing 13
7.References 15

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A.SYNTHESIS:
This mineral has been valued by civilizations throughout time. Gump
(1962), in his well known book on jade, captures the allure of this
gemstone:
To make Tamerlane's tomb inviolate, the Central Asians erected a
sizable slab of jade un front of it. It was used to make sacrifice knives by
the pre-Columbians. Aladdin was in awe of the magnificent jade trees in
the subterranean grotto. For Czar Alexander 111, the Russians
completely crafted a tomb out of jade. The chief's sign of authority in
New Zealand and New Caledonia was a jade mere or war club. In the
Loyalty Islands, fathers used to trade their daughters for jade. A culture
was developed in China around the stone.
Every race and age that came into contact with jade appreciated it. Jade
was valued in prehistoric society for its durability. In Central Asia, the
Swiss Lake region of Europe, and China.Jade was employed for
practical objects by prehistoric cultures in North America (particularly
Guatemala and Mexico).[1]
Curiously, it wasn't until the 19th century that Professor A. Damour
demonstrated that the gemstone's scientific character could be fully
comprehended.Jadeite and nephrite are the two unique and different
materials that make up what is frequently referred to as jade. Due to the
fact that fine-quality jadeite is an intense medium green, whilst even the
best nephrite tends to be a darker, more blackish green, the former is
typically the more valuable of the two for jewellery and sculptures. It's
interesting to note that the distinction was made in a different culture
before Damour published his research. The Chinese termed the dark-
green jadeite fei-ts'ui rather than yu, which had been the common name
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for jade, when it started to arrive from Burma in the middle of the 18th
century (Hardinge, 1953).[1]

Nephrite was given its mineralogical name by A. G. Werner in 1788,

although Damour was the first to identify its chemical makeup. Damour
established that nephrite is a compact variation of the amphibole
minerals tremolite and actinolite in his 1846 article. The highly
significant discovery that jadeite is a different and distinct species was
then made by Damour in 1863. Jadeite, a mineral belonging to the
pyroxene group, differs significantly from nephrite in terms of both
chemistry and internal structure. As a result, it differs in both look and
properties. These discoveries transformed the terminology used to
describe jade, and they should have made it easier to identify, assess,
and market jadeite and nephrite. However, jade continues to elude most
consumers. Today, myth and false information are still prevalent. Other
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gem minerals besides jadeite and nephrite are marketed using deceptive
titles such "Mexican jade," "Japanese jade," "jasper jade," and
"Transvaal jade" in addition to the recognised trade names for jade .[2]

B.CRYSTAL STRUCTURE:
Jadeite and nephrite are two hard, dense, fine-grained minerals that fall
under the umbrella of "jade." These two materials are difficult to define,
at best.Jadeite is technically a unique monoclinic mineral with the ideal
chemical formula NaAl(Si03) that belongs to the pyroxene group.
Jadeite, on the other hand, might be an intimate intergrowth of jadeite
with at least one of two closely related pyroxenes, acrnite [NaFe(Si03)J,
or diopside [CaMg(SiO,)]. A continuous isomorphic substitution series
can be formed between the three minerals. Therefore, differences in
jadeite's characteristics depend on the relative amounts of each
pyroxene.[3]
When enough diopside is present to give the substance a chemical
makeup halfway between diopside and jadeite, the substance is
occasionally referred to as diopside-jadeite. It is usually impossible to
tell this substance apart from pure jadeite due to its similar visual and
physical qualities. The name "chloromelanite" is used to describe a
substance whose chernical composition is midway between acmite and
jadeite, or acmite, diopside, and jadeite, and whose properties and
appearance differ from those of pure jadeite. In addition to having a
slightly higher refractive index and specific gravity due to the substantial
amount of iron present, this substance is often blackish green to almost
black in colour.[2]

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 Fig.2 crystal structure of JADE
Even more disputable is how nephrite should be defined.
Nephrite is generally described in texts on mineralogy as a monoclinic
variation of actinolite,individual from the amphibole group. However,
actinolite is chemically and structurally quite similar to other members
of its group, just like jadeite is. Tremolite [CaMg, (SiO),] and actinolite
[Ca(Mg,Fe), (SiO),] are so closely linked that it's possible that their
optical and physical characteristics are identical. Iron is frequently used
to replace the magnesium in tremolite, and the two minerals do in fact
grade into one another.However, the colour of the material reveals how
much iron is there. For example, actinolite, which contains iron, has a
green to grayish-green colour, but tremolite, which has little iron, has a
white to grey colour. Texture is just as significant in distinguishing
jadeite and nephrite as mineralogical composition.The substance must be
resilient, dense, and fine-grained.[5],[17]
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C. PROPERTIES:

A trained eye can recognise some of the optical and physical

characteristics that give excellent jade its attractive appearance.The
stone's texture, surface lustre, and colour are all aesthetic elements that
add to jade's distinctive appearance. fracture surface, surface
characteristics, and inclusions. Even though the net visual effect is
insufficient to definitively identify the gem material.It produces hints
that are quite helpful in the identifying procedure. This has to do with the
"perfect compactness" of jade that Confucius mentioned. Jade is the

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hardest gem material because of this characteristic.A gem material's
toughness is different from its hardness because toughness protects
against breaking, chipping, and cracking, whereas hardness protects
against scratching or abrading. Toughness contributes to the explanation
of why the majority of the jade pieces did not break when a significant
earthquake recently shook numerous art artefacts off the shelves of a
Santa Barbara store (CIA, 1980).
Jade is not a particularly hard substance; jadeite rates as 6%–7 on the
Mohs scale and nephrite as 6-61⁄2. But jade is incomparably tough, and
of the two jades, nephrite is somewhat more resilient. Nephrite was used
in early tools and practical implements, which is evidence that
prehistoric peoples understood this property of the mineral. The intrinsic
structure of a substance affects how tough it is; nephrite and jadeite have
differing internal structures. In turn, the internal structure is frequently
mirrored in the stone's surface texture. The distinction between nephrite
and jadeite, as well as between these stones and their replicas, may thus
be made by examining texture. Even while aventurine quartz and calcite
frequently appear, none of the jade simulants have the closely bonded
structure of either jadeite or nephrite to be crystalline in the same
manner as jadeite. Nephrite has a texture unlike any other typical jade
substitutes, and because of its interwoven structure, it is given a special
rating for excellent toughness. Saussurite, talc (also known as steatite),
and a few varieties of serpentine are the only jade imitations that may
appear fibrous.[6]
Confucius discusses the significance of the purity of jade when he says
that the stone's "polish and brilliancy represent the whole of its
purity."surface quality of the stone, particularly its capacity to withstand
a high polish. The quality and quantity of light reflected determines how
shiny a material's surface appears in reflected light.For instance, a

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sunshine beam will display a freshly waxed car will reflect light
considerably crisper than a car that needs to be waxed. Simply use this
formula to determine the lustre of a polished gemstone surface.Take
notice of the brightness of the region around the light source and the
sharpness of the image that it produces.[8]
The main determinants of how much light is reflected are the stone's
refractive index and the condition of its surface (which is influenced by
the polish). Lustre may also be impacted by texture. The irregular
orientation of the tiny crystals in jade makes it nearly hard to obtain an
optically smooth, planar surface after polishing because undercutting
occurs during the sanding process.[14]

D) APPLICATIONS:
1.MEDITATION:
Clarity and attention can be improved by using jade stone. Jade can
enhance your cognitive abilities, enabling you to have solid judgement
and acquire mental clarity, according to Boote. "Some people use jade to
meditate while making wise financial decisions and drafting business
agreements.[12],[11]
"According to Boote, specific jade colours have unique advantages.
Dark colours ground and centre you.
The colour light green is calming to the psyche.
The stone lavender jade supports instincts and intuition.

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2.WEARING:
Jade stone is thought to provide healing properties when worn as
jewellery, especially when worn close to the heart chakra."When our
heart chakra is out of harmony, we often feel constrained in how we
interact with other people and our surroundings. According to Boote, we
might discover that we are overly judgmental of others and that we are
either trying to control them or feeling controlled. Green jade, according
to Boote, is in tune with the heart chakra's vibrational level and can be
beneficial if the heart becomes obstructed. "Jade has a vibration that can
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shift blockages and provides cleansing to promote a healthy flow of
energy through the heart centre," claims Boote.[11],[12]

3.WITH OTHER CRYSTALS:

Jade stone can also be used in a chakra crystal combination. This
includes combining a variety of coloured gemstones and stones to
symbolise the chakras, most frequently the seven primary chakras.
According to your goals and the assortment of crystal colours you select,
jade can be employed in chakra crystal combinations, according to
Boote. According to Boote, earth stones like hematite and dark jade
work well together to ground and balance the base chakra. The energies

11
of the heart, throat, and third eye chakra can be balanced by the
combination of green jade and blue agate. To open the sacral chakra,
combine yellow jade with garnet or carnelian. Jade is an earth stone that
pairs well with other earth stones, such as jet, onyx, obsidian, and black
tourmaline, according to Boote. All of these stones have a high vibration
and are grounding crystals, she claims. They "can work well in a grid or
mandala designed to help you stay grounded and centred and to activate
the base chakra."[10]
4.TAKEAWAY
According to Boote, jade stone offers a number of alleged advantages
and might be a potent addition to your crystal collection if you desire to
deal with softer energies. However, no evidence from the scientific
community backs up any of these assertions. Never use crystals as a
substitute for medical care if you decide to incorporate them into your
healing routine.[10]

E) YEARLY PRODUCTION:
In Myanmar, 90% of the world's jade is mined. The jade market in
Myanmar is enormously profitable. Chinese traders are the main
purchasers of stones. However, corruption in the sector leads to the
unlawful export of the nation's natural resources. Read on... 90% of the
jade in the world is made in Myanmar. The majority of it originates in
Hpakant, where rights organisations claim mining companies with
connections to military leaders and ethnic armed groups generate
billions of dollars annually. However, the sector hasn't yet benefited the
local population or the economy as a whole. Low-quality jade is often
carved into ornaments like tiles, but medium- to high-quality jade is
typically used to make jewellery and carvings. The annual trade in jade

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from Myanmar exceeds $30 billion USD. The best jadeite reserves in the
world may be found in Myanmar. Chinese culture attaches a lot of
importance to the stone. Chinese culture holds that the stone connects
heaven and hell.[13],[16]
Numerous jade mines were nationalised in the aftermath of the 1962
military coup in Burma. The jade traders were compelled by this to leave
Burma and settle in Thailand. As a result, jade stone from Myanmar's
mines is still transported to China today. From Thailand, they are
shipped to Hong Kong. The stones pass through Hong Kong on their
journey to China.[13],[16]
Many sectors are using Hong Kong as a gateway to expand their
commerce with China, including the jade trade. The Chinese recently
imposed the National Security Law on Hong Kong, and this is one of the
reasons behind it.[13],[16]

F) PROCESSING:
Prior to cutting the chosen gemstones to the proper size for processing
into gemstones, choose those with the right colour and size, and then
check the progress of the iron-induced colour development on the cut
surface. The produced jewels are then cleaned with caustic soda before
being submerged in hydrochloric acid for several hours to several days
to remove the colouring agents. A metal saw is used to form a huge cut
stone into the desired shape. The object to be cut is more likely to be
harmed during cutting if it has numerous pores or cracks. In order to
avoid cracks or porosity, such a gemstone is vacuum-impregnated with a
synthetic resin like epoxy. It guards against tissue damage during post-
processing by filling the synthetic resin and drying.[17]

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However, because the colour of jade varies depending on where it was
formed or how it was formed, it is best to saturate epoxy resin with a
pigment that matches the colour of the gemstone, such as light blue, pale
purple, or dark green. The cut gemstone is then sliced and focused
towards the back centre. Modelling glue is then used to secure the V-
shaped groove made at the tip of the handpiece to the gemstone, which
is then attached to the handpiece. It is polished to the proper dimensions
using a disc that has diamonds electrodeposited on it while revolving at
an angle of use.[18]
After sanding while misting water to give polished gemstones with the
proper proportions a variety of angles, the surface is then polished by
revolving a light plate coated with artificial diamond powder or a
polishing agent like locks or chromium oxide.
When processing jade using cavitation, a sponge was used to polish the
surface after a heavy mixture of chrome oxide and water was applied to
the back of a cushioned home vinyl sheet. The polished jade is removed
from the handpiece after the jade procedure is complete, and it is then
submerged in alcohol or caustic soda to dissolve the modelling adhesive
that was adhered to the back.[18]

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REFERENCES
1. Anderson B.W. (1980) Gem Testing, 9th ed. Butterworth & Co.
(Publishers) Ltd., Southampton, England.
2. The art of feeling jade (1962). Gemmologist, Vol. 31, No. 372, pp. 131-133.
Reprinted from Gems and Minerals, No. 286, July 1961, pp. 28, 29.
3. Bergsten L.J. (1964) Inclusions in jade. Lapidary lournal, Vol. 17, pp. 1076-
78, 1080, 1196-99.
4. Crowningshield K. (1972) Developments and highlights at GIA's lab in
New York,
5. "Carvings." Gems el Gemology, Vol. 14, p. 113. Crowningshield R. (1973)
6. Developments and highlights at GIA's lab in New York, "Glass." Gems el
Gemology, Vol. 14, p. 135.
7. Darnour A. (1846) Analyses du jade oriental. Anncrles de Chimie et
Physica, Vol. 16, pp. 469-474.
8. Damour A. (1863) Notice et analyse sur jade verte. Reunion de cette
matiere mineral a -la famille des wemerites. Comptes Rendus de Paris, Vol.
56, pp. 861-865.
9. Foshag W.F. (1957) Mineralogical Studies on Gi~otemalan lade. Lord
Baltimore Press, Baltimore, MD.
10. Gemological Institute of America (1980) Colored Stone Course,
Assignment 20, lode. Gemological Institute of America, Santa Monica, CA.
11. Gump, R. (1962) lade: Stone of Henven. Doubleday & Co., New York,
N.Y.
12. Hardinge C. (1953) Jade: a problem in nomenclature. Iournal of
Gemmology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 112-117.
13. Hurlbut C.S. Jr., Switzer G.S. (1979) Gemology. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, N.Y.
14. Jobbins E.A., Rutland E.H. (1974) Saussurite as a jade simulant. Iournal of
Gemmology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
15. Liddicoat K.T. Jr. (1965) Developments and highlights at the Gcm Trade
Lab in Los Angeles, "Dyed nephrite jade.'' Gems eS Gemology, Vol. 11, pp.
363-364.
16. Liddicoat R.T. Jr. (1975) Developments and highlights at GIA's lab in Los
Angeles, "Jadeite spectrum." Gems el Gemology, Vol. 15, pp. 27-28.

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17. Liddicoat R.T. Jr. (1981) Hundbooiz of Gem Identification, 10th ed.
Gemological Institute of America, Santa Monica, C A.
18. Tan L. P., Lee C., Tien P. L. (1978) Mineralogy of the nephrite in the
Fengtien area, Hualien, Taiwan. National Science Council, Taipei, Taiwan.

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