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Newton mechanics laws CANNOT be applied when:

1) The speed of the interacting bodies are a fraction of the speed of light  Einstein’s special theory of relativity.
2) The interacting bodies are on the scale of the atomic structure  Quantum mechanics

Newton’s first law: If no net force acts on a body, then the body’s velocity cannot change; the body cannot accelerate
Chapter 5: APPLYING NEWTON'S LAWS  
 F  0  V  const
Newton’s second law: The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body’s mass and its acceleration.
Exercises: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 43, 45, 51, 53  F  ma
x x
  
Problems: 57, 59, 61, 63, 73, 75, 81, 83, 89, 93, 95, 109, 111, 113, 115  F  ma   F  ma
y y

 F  ma
 z z

Newton’s third law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction.

Static frictional force f f

s s ,max
 N
s
Frictional force
Kinetic frictional force f   N
k k

One Love. One Future. 1 2

1 2

Drawing Free-Body Diagrams

A sled is pulled by force P at an angle of 30° Two Blocks in Contact

Rules to solve Dynamic problems

-Select a reference system.

-Make a drawing of the particle system.
-Isolate the particles within the system.
-Draw the forces that act on each of the isolated bodies. Two Blocks on an Inclined Plane
- Find the components of the forces present. Block on the Table (Coupled Blocks)

-Apply Newton’s second law (F=ma) to each isolated particle.

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5.57. A man is pushing up a refrigerator up a ramp at constant speed. The ramp is inclined at an angle  above the 5.59(64). Another Rope with Mass. A block with mass M is attached to the lower end of a vertical, uniform rope
horizontal, but the man applies a horizontal force F. Calculate the magnitude of F in term of  and refrigerator mass m. with mass m and length L. A constant upward force F is applied to the top of the rope, causing the rope and
You can ignore friction on the refrigerator. block to accelerate upward. Find the tension in the rope at a distance x from the top end of the rope, where x
can have any value from 0 to L.

We ignore friction on the refrigerator  absence of friction force v  const - Consider the rope and block as one combined object, in order to calculate the acceleration:
  The free-body diagram is sketched in Figure (1)
v  const  a  0
 F  m  Ma

0 F   
  F  F  m  Ma  
net ,x x

  F  ma  0    F   m  M  a
net ,x
net

 F 0 
net
net ,y y

 F  m  Mg  m  Ma
net , y

 0  Fcos   W sin   0
y
 F  y F 
 F  W tan 
net ,x
 N x a a  g F y
 F net ,y
 0  N  Fsin   W cos   0 m  M
y


O  a
- Now consider the forces on a section of the rope that extends a distance x < L below the top.
 x F
The tension at the bottom of this section is T(x) and the mass of this section is m (x/L). The
F L  x
free-body diagram is sketched in Figure (2) 
 T(x)  T(x)
       x  x x
w 1 w
 F  m a  F  T(x)  w   m  a  F  T(x)  m g  m a
1
 x
W net 1
 L L
1
L w m g
L
1

x  mx 
 T(x)  F  m  g  a   T(x)  F  1  
L  L(M  m) 
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5 6

Other method 5.61(66). (a) Block A in Fig. weighs 60.0 N. The coefficient of static friction between the block and
the surface on which it rests is 0.25. The weight w is 12.0 N and the system is in equilibrium. Find
    
 F   M  m  a  T(x)  w   M  m  a
net 2 2 2
y
 the friction force exerted on block A. (b) Find the maximum weight w for which the system will
 a remain in equilibrium.
Lx  Lx T(x)
m m  w  M  m g L-x
L  L 
2 2
 
 The system is in equilibrium  each body: F  0  T y
Lx Lx N   
net
  F w 3
T(x)   M  m g   M  m a with a  g 2
(a)  1

T T T45o
 L   L  m  M
3

  f 1

1
s1
x
Lx Lx   For the hanging block T  w  0  T  T  w  12.0N T
  F 2 2 2 2 2
  2

 T(x)   M  m  (a  g)   M  m  g  g w T
 L   L  m  M     T  T cos 45
o
1 2

T  T  T  0    T  T  12.0N
1 3

 Lx F  mx  For the knot

T  Tsin 45
1 2 3 o 1 2

 T(x)   M  m  (a  g)  M  m   
w
m  M 
2 3

 L  L  2

    Ox : T  f  0
 mx  For block A T N w f 0  f  12.0N; N  60.0N 1 s1

 T(x)  F  1  
1 1
Oy : N  w  0
1 s1 s1 1

 L(M  m)  1 1

f  12.0N  f
s1 s max
  N  0.25  60.0  15.0N
s 1

(b) Find the maximum weight w for which the system will remain in equilibrium.
f f
s1 s max
 15.0N  T  15.0N  T  T  15.0N  w  15.0N
1 2 1 2

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5.63(68). A window washer pushes his scrub brush up a vertical window at constant speed by applying a 5.73(78). If the coefficient of static friction between a table and a uniform massive rope is s, what fraction of the rope can
force F as shown in Fig. The brush weighs 12.0 N and the coefficient of kinetic friction is k = 0.150. hang over the edge of the table without the rope sliding?
Calculate (a) the magnitude of the force F and (b) the normal force exerted by the window on the Let m1 be the mass of that part of the rope that is on the table (length L-x), and let m2 be the mass of that part of the rope
brush. that is hanging over the edge (length x). (m = m1 +m2, the total mass of the rope). The tension in the rope varies along the

F length of the rope. Let T be the tension in the rope at that point that is at the edge of the table.

 n
n  
L-x T
 f m1
w T
 s

f x 
k w 1
m2
 = 53.1o 
w 2

     
The brush is pushed up with constant speed  F  ma  0  F  n  w  f  0
net k For the hanging section of the rope T - m2g = 0
    Ox : n  Fcos   0 n  Fcos 53.1 n  Fcos 53.1 
o
o
For the part of the rope on the table m x x
F n  w f  0   sm1g = m2g 
2
     s

Oy : Fsin   w  f  0 Fsin 53.1  w   n  0 Fsin 53.1  12.0  0.150  Fcos53.1   0 m Lx L 1 
s s
T - fs = 0
k o o o
k k 1 s

n – m1g = 0 T = sm1g
n  Fcos 53.1 F  16.9N
o

  fs = s n
Fsin 53.1  12.0  0.150  Fcos53.1   0 n  Fcos 53.1  10.1N
o o o

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3.75(79). A 30.0-kg packing case is initially at rest on the floor of a l500-kg pickup truck. The coefficient of static friction between the case 5.81(83). Block A in Fig. weighs 1.40 N, and block B weighs 4.20 N. The coefficient of
and the truck floor is 0.30, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20. Before each acceleration given below, the truck is traveling due
kinetic friction between all surfaces is 0.30. Find the magnitude of the horizontal force F
north at constant speed. Find the magnitude and direction of the friction force acting on the case (a) when the truck accelerates at 2.20
necessary to drag block B to the left at constant speed if A and B are connected by a light,
m/s2 northward and (b) when it accelerates at 3.40 m/s2 southward.
flexible cord passing around a fixed, frictionless pulley
(a) when the truck accelerates at 2.20 m/s2 northward
  
The static friction force is to the right (northward) since it tries to make the n  Block B (2) is pulled to the left at constant speed, so block A (1) moves to the N N 
case move with the truck. The maximum value it can have is fs = sN   2
21

 fs a right at constant speed and a = 0 for each block. f T

    0x : f  ma 
 
21

n  w  f  ma     mg  ma  a   g  2.94  m / s
s 2
 w The free-body diagram for block A: n21 is the normal force that B exerts on A; F 
s
0y : n  w  0
s s
w f 12
T
f21 is the kinetic friction force that B exerts on A  N 1

South North      w f
The truck’s acceleration is less than 2.94 m/s2 so the case doesn’t slip relative to the truck; 12

N  w  T  f  m a  0   N  w  1.40 N
2 k


a = 2.20 m/s2 (northward)  Then fs = ma = (30.0 kg)(2.20 m/s) = 66 N, northward.  
21 1 21 1 21 1

+x  N
f N  N
21 1 21  T  f   N  0.30  1.40  0.420 N
k 21 21 k 21 f 
21

(b) when the truck accelerates at 3.40 m/s2 southward.  21

T
3.40 m/s2 > 2.94 m/s2  the case slips relative to the truck and the friction is kinetic friction. n The free-body diagram for block B: w

The friction force still tries to keep the case moving with the truck, so the acceleration of the            1

case and the friction force are both southward. fk w F  N  N  w  T  f  f  m a  0

2 21 2 12 k 2 N

2
 
    0x : f  ma f  f  Ox : T  f  f  F  0 
n  w  f  ma     mg  ma  a   g  2.0  m / s
k 2 2
  North 
12

21
  F  2.52N
12 k 
F f 
0y : n  w  0 a
 Oy : N  N  w  0
k k 2 2 k

N  N  T 12

 f
2 12 2
 12 21

f  ma  59  N    N
k
k 2 South +x f  N
k k 2  w 12
2

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5.83(85). Block A in Fig. has a mass of 4.00 kg, and block B has mass 12.0 kg. The coefficient of 5.89(92). Two blocks with masses 4.00 kg and 8.00 kg are connected by a string and slide
down a 30.0o inclined plane (Fig.). The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 4.00-kg
kinetic friction between block B and the horizontal surface is 0.25. (a) What is the mass of
block and the plane is 0.25; that between the 8.00-kg block and the plane is 0.35. (a)
block C if block B is moving to the right and speeding up with an acceleration 2.00 m/s2? (b)
Calculate the acceleration of each block. (b) Calculate the tension in the string. (c) What
What is the tension in each cord when block B has this acceleration?
 happens if the positions of the blocks are reversed, so the 4.00-kg block is above the
N 
a 8.00-kg block?
  y
T T    
2
Block C w  T  m a  w  T  m a  m g  T  m a
1 Assume that do not have the string, two blocks will go down: N

C 1 C C 1 C C 1 C
x 2

  
w  T  m

a T w m a T m g m a A block: m gsin    N  m a  a  g sin    cos   
f T Block A 1 k1
a a 1 1

1

T
1 k1

  k 1
A 2 A 2 A A 2 A A
B block: m g sin    N  m a  a  g sin    cos 
2 k2 2 2 N 2
 2
f k2
1 2
k2

T w       Ox : T  T  f  m a A block move faster than B block: T 1

B
Block B T  T  N  w  f  m a   1 2 k B 
2
 w
Oy : N  w  0 Have the string, the B block will be pulled down by the A block, two blocks will have the
1 2 B k B
 f
2
B
w
k1

same acceleration. 1

m (g  a)  m (a  g)   N  m a     
w  T  N  f  m a 

   Ox :  w  w  sin     w   w  cos    m  m  a
C A k B
 
1
  
1 k1 1

w w N  w   a  2.21 m / s   T  2.27N
1 2 k1 1 k1 1 1 2
w  T  N  f  m a 
2

w sin    w cos   T  m a
A B
C
2 2 k2 2
1 k1 1 1

(m  m   m ) T  m (g  a)  100.6  N  c) Two blocks are reversed  the string will be slack
 m (g  a)  m (a  g)   m g  m a  a  C
g  2.00  m / s A k B 2
 
1 C

m m m T  m (a  g)  47.2  N 
C A k B B
A B C A block: a  g sin    cos   2.78  m / s 2

2 A 1 k1
Two block will collide.
B block: a  g sin    cos   1.93  m / s
2 k2
2

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5.93 Two blocks, with mass m1 and m2, are stacked one on top of the other and placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. 5.95(96). Banked Curve II. Consider a wet roadway banked as in Example 5.23 (Section 5.4), where there is a coefficient of
There is friction between the two blocks. An external force of magnitude F is applied to the top block at angle  below static friction of 0.30 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.25 between the tires and the roadway. The radius of the
horizontal. a) If the two blocks move together, find acceleration. b) Show that the two blocks will move together only if curve is R = 50 m. (a) If the banking angle is  = 25o, what is the maximum speed the automobile can have before sliding
   m (m  m ) up the banking? (b) What is the minimum speed the automobile can have before sliding down the banking?
N N F g s 1 1 2
 
m cos    (m  m )sin 
21
 The car moves in the arc of a horizontal circle, so a  a directed toward the center of curvature
2
2 s 1 2
f
rad
y
  21 of the roadway
F f w  Block 1 with mass m 1 
(a) To keep the car from sliding up the banking the static friction force is directed down the incline.
x 12 O   1    Ox : Fcos   N  m a At maximum speed the static friction force has its maximum value: f s   s N
 
R
F w  N f  m a   21 1 1

w N Oy : N  w  Fsin   0
1 21 21 1 1

   Ox : N sin   f cos   ma Ox : N sin    N cos   ma

12
2 21 1

  Block 2 with mass m2 N  w  f  ma    s rad s rad

Oy : N cos   w  f sin   0 Oy : N cos   mg   N sin   0

s rad

N N      Ox : f  f  m a s s
 N w N f m a 
21 21 12 21 2 2

 sin    cos  sin 25  0.30cos 25 0 0

f Oy : N  w  N  0 9.81  8.73  m / s 

2 2 12 12 2 2

f   21 2 2 12 a  g s 2

 cos    sin  cos 25  0.30sin 25

rad 0 0
21

F  F   Fcos   (m g  Fsin )  m a Fcos  v

s

w w
2
a) If the two blocks move together a  a   a 1 1

a   v  a R  8.73  50  21 m / s 
(m g  Fsin  )  m a m m
1 1 1 2

R
rad rad
1 2 1 2
  b) To keep the car from sliding down the banking the static friction force is directed up the incline
N N b) The condition for two blocks move together 
   Ox : Nsin   f cos   ma Ox : Nsin    N cos   ma N
2 2

Fcos  
N  w  f  ma   
s rad s rad
y
m a   (m g  Fsin )   (m g  Fsin )  m a  m
Oy : N cos   w  f sin   0 Oy : Ncos   mg   Nsin   0
s rad
  2 2
m m
s 1 s 1 2 2

f
s s
f 1 2
f
12
 m (m  m )
12
sin    cos  sin 25  0.30cos 25 0 0 s x 0
    F g s 1 1 2
a  g s
9.81  1.43  m / s   v  8.5  m / s  2 
w
w N 2
w N12 m cos    (m  m ) sin 
2
12
2 s 1 2 cos    sin 
rad
cos 25  0.30sin 25 0 0
s

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5.109. Merry-Go-Round. One December identical twins Jena and Jackie are playing on a large merry-go-round (a disk
mounted parallel to the ground, on a vertical axle through its center) in their school playground in norther Minnesota. Each
twin has mass 30.0 kg. The icy coating on the merry-go-round surface makes it frictionless. The merry-go-round revolves at
a constant rate as the twins ride on it. Jena, sitting 1.80 m from the center of the merry-go-round, must hold on to one of the
metal posts attached to the merry-go-round with a horizontal force of 60.0 N to keep from sliding off. Jackie is sitting at the
edge, 3.60 m from the center. (a) With what horizontal force must Jackie hold on to keep from falling off? (b) If Jackie falls
off, what will be her horizontal velocity when she becomes air borne?
a) Jena: Let F1 be the horizontal force that keeps her from sliding off.
Let her speed be v1 and let R1 be her distance from the axis.
 v 2
5.111. On the ride "Spindletop" at the amusement park Six Flags Over Texas, people stood against the inner wall of a hollow vertical
cylinder with radius 2.5 m. The cylinder started to rotate, and when it reached a constant rotation rate of 0.60 rev/s, the floor on which
people were standing dropped about 0.5 m. The people remained pinned against the wall. (a) Draw a force diagram for a person on this
ride, after the floor has dropped. (b) What minimum coefficient of static friction is required if the person on the ride is not to slide
downward to the new position of the floor? (c) Does your answer in part (b) depend on the mass of the passenger? (Note: When the ride
is over, the cylinder is slowly brought to rest. As it slows down, people slide down the walls to the floor.)
(a) The person rotate around the axis of cylinder  the person has centripetal acceleration;
Consider the motion of persion in the inertial frame refer to the person. There are forces: centrifugal,
normal, static friction (person does not move) and weight. We have body-free diagram;
    
(b) The Newton’s 2nd law equation for the person stick to the shell: m g  n  F fugal  f s  0

   0x : F  ma  m Project on Oxy: f s  mg  0  on y  axis 

1
 RF
n  w  F  ma   R v   1.90  m / s  
1 1n
1 1

F fugal  n  0  on x  axis 
1
m fs
1 1n 1

0y : n  mg  0

To not slide downward, the friction force has to be larger than weight; 
2R m
The time for one revolution is T   2R 1
 mg  f s   s n   s F fugal   s m 2 R   s 
g
 0.28 n
v RF
1
 2R
1 1 1
2R R RF (c) The result in the part (b) does not depend on the mass of person. Because mass in weight and
  
Jackie goes around once in the same time but her speed (v2) and the radius of her circular path (R2) are different. v 2   2 2 1 1
ac F fugal   ma c
T R m friction force was reduced together;
 v 2
Jackie: 1

0x : F  ma  m
2

   m R RF  R
2
 2 R R RF
n  w  F  ma   R F     F  120.0N
1 2n
2 1 1 2
2 2n
R R
2 2
m  R
1 b) v  2
 2
 3.79m / s
1 1

0y : n  mg  0 2 1 1
2
T R m 
 1
mg
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5.113. Ulterior Motives. You are driving a classic 1954 Nash Ambassador with a friend who is sitting to your right on the 5.115. A small bead can slide without friction on a circular hoop that is in a vertical plane and has a radius
passenger side of the front seat. The Ambassador has flat bench seats. You would like to be closer to your friend and decide to of 0.100 m. The hoop rotates at a constant rate of 4.00 rev/s about a vertical diameter (Fig.). (a) Find the
use physics to achieve your romantic goal by making a quick turn. (a) Which way (to the left or to the right) should you turn the angle  at which the bead is in vertical equilibrium. (Of course, it has a radial acceleration toward the
car to get your friend to slide closer to you? (b) If the coefficient of static friction between your friend and the car seat is 0.35, axis.). (b) Is it possible for the bead to ''ride'' at the same elevation as the center of the hoop? (c) What
and you keep driving at a constant speed of 20 m/s, what is the maximum radius you could make your turn and still have your will happen if the hoop rotates at 1.00 rev/s?
friend slide your way?
The bead moves in a circle of radius R = r sin
(a) The centrifugal force is the cause of the move of the friend.
The normal force N exerted on the bead by the hoop is radially inward.
Friend move to her left  centrifugal direct to the left
 Centripetal direct to the right  You have to take a quick turn right;
   0x : Nsin   ma a v v 2 2

N  w  ma    tan  
rad
with a  
rad

0y : N cos   mg  0 g R rsin 

rad rad

(b) To make the friend slide to your side, the centrifugal force must be larger 
the static friction force: N
1 1 g
v2
The hoop rotates at a constant rate of n = 4.00 rev/s  T    v  2 R.n  cos  
F fugal  m  f s  s n  s mg f n 4  r.n 2 2

R g y
(a) n = 4.00 rev/s  cos      81.1 0

v2 
R  120  m  4 r.n
2 2
w
s g (b) the bead to ''ride'' at the same elevation as the center of the hoop    90  T  0 impossible
0
x
 The maximum radius of the turn is 120 m; g
(c) n = 1.00 rev/s  cos    2.48  impossible
4 r.n
2 2

The only way to have the ∑F = ma equations satisfied is for sin = 0.  the bead sits at the bottom of the hoop

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 02/07/2021

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Thank you for your attentions!

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