‫المشروعات البحثية‬

‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬

‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي ‪2020/2019‬‬

‫إجابه اسئله الدراسات التجاريه‬ ‫عنوان البحث‬

‫الدراسات التجاريه باللغه اإلنجليزيه‬ ‫اسم المقرر‬

‫دكتوره االحصاء‪/‬أسماء زيدان‬
‫دكتوره اإلداره‪/‬ايمان نبيل‬
‫دكتوره األقتصاد‪/‬داليا بركات‬ ‫أستاذ المقرر‬
‫دكتوره المحاسبه‪/‬ناديه راضي عبدالحليم‬
‫اللغه العربية‬ ‫الشعبة‬
‫األولى‬ ‫الفرقة الدراسية‬
‫القسم‬

‫انتساب‬ ‫نوع الدراسة‬

‫باقى لإلعادة‬ ‫الحالة الدراسية‬
‫‪30006010108465‬‬ ‫الرقم القومي‬
‫‪Hoormoustafa5@gmail.com‬‬ ‫البريد االلكتروني‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

-STATISTICS
Search titles :linear correlation and regression.
-the introduction :
In this section we will first discuss Linear correlation and regression , which is used
to quantify the association between two continuous variables (e.g., between an
independent and a dependent variable or between two independent variables).
Regression analysis is a related technique to assess the relationship between an
outcome variable and one or more risk factors or confounding variables. The outcome
variable is also called the response or dependent variable and the risk factors and
confounders are called the predictors, or explanatory or independent variables.

-Topic :
Correlation measures the strength or weakness of relation between variables.
In this case it is called a linear relation, fig (4).
If the relation has higher order equation, it is called nonlinear correlation, see fig (5).
The fig (5) and fig (4) show all types of correlations.

Positive correlation Negative correlation No correlation

Perfect correlation

Figure (4)

Figure(5) Different shapes of non-linear correlations 2

 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

If the relation representing two phenomena only, it is called

Correlation of attributes deals with qualitative (descriptive) variables. It has special
laws to find the measure of correlation in such case. On the other hand quantitative
variables have their own laws to find their correlation coefficient.
-simple linear regression: It studies the relations ship between two phenomena, one
of them should be recognized as the dependent variable and the other independent
variabgc eceordinghy there are two cases (lanes) to consider. One of them
considers (x)as the independent variable and (y) is the dependent variable, The
regression of (y) on (x) .
The relationship is complete between the two phenomena (I.e. the correlation
coeffieient=1)

B)translate into English

life insurance contracts ‫ عقود تأمين الحياه‬-1
indices ‫ األرقام القياسيه‬-2
Quality control samples ‫ عينات ومراقبه الجوده‬-3
Normal distribution curve ‫ منحني التوزيع الطبيعي‬-4
Numerical series ‫ متسلسله عدديه‬-5
Frequency distribution ‫ التوزيع التكراري‬-6
statistical estimate ‫ التقدير االحصائي‬-7
A financial sport ‫ رياضه ماليه‬-8
Hypothesis choices ‫ اختبارات الفروض‬-9
Continuous variable ‫ متغير مستمر‬-10
C)translate into Arabic
1- probabilistic distributions ‫التوزيعات االحتمالي‬
2- Demography ‫علم السكان‬
3- Operations research ‫بحوث العمليات‬
4- Coefficient matrix ‫معامل المصفوفه‬
5- Linear equations ‫معادالت خطيه‬
6-compound interest ‫القاعده المشتركه‬
7- Time series ‫السالسل الزمنيه‬
8- Integration ‫دمج‬
9- Non parametric tests ‫اختبارات غير معمليه‬
10- standard deviation ‫االنحراف المعياري‬
3
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

-MANAGMENT
-search titles :controlling
-the introduction :
Monitoring and control is the process of monitoring and control of workflows, which
is one of the important principles of management to ensure that the workflows as
planned are carried out through a set of actions that will ultimately contribute to
achieving that managerial and economic competence of the organization
-topic :
The managerial function of oversight is to ascertain the achievement of the
institution's objectives and to measure and correct subordinate performance and plans
for their achievement, At times, the higher echelons of managerial authority and
consequent reversibility, and the emphasis from the higher echelons on monitoring to
the lower echelons give the impression that little control is needed at the lower levels.
1-two prerequisites of control systems :
There are two key conditions before a manager can maintain or set controls, but
sometimes people focus on control techniques and systems without ensuring that key
requirements are met.
2-controls require plans :
Clearly, controls must be based on plans before a control technique can be used or
system developed, and the more clear, integrated and complete the plans, the more
effective the controls are.
3-controls require organization structure :
We should also know where the deviation from the plans is responsible and take the
action necessary to make corrections, because the purpose of the monitoring is to
measure activities and take the action necessary to ensure that the plans are
implemented
4-the basic control process :
Surveillance techniques and systems are essentially the same in primary health care,
morals, or anything else. Where they exist, basic surveillance involves three steps.
A-establishment of standards :
since plans vary in detail and complexity and since managers cannot usually watch
everything, special standards are established.

4
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

B-measurement of performance :
As we will see, and it is not scientific to do so, performance measurement
should be ideally benchmarking so that appropriate action can be taken if
deviations are detected before they actually occur.
C-correction of deviations :
If performance is measured in these terms and criteria are developed that reflect the
structure of the organization, the manager know exactly where to apply corrective
measures when assigning individual or collective duties and quickens the correction
of negative deviation

5
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

-ECONOMIC

-search titles :demand function and supply function

A:- Topic :

1-Demand function: A representation of how quantity demanded depends

On the price of the good (x). the prices of other goods (y)

Income (I) and preferences.

We can summarize this conclusion using the demand function for the good (x)

Quantity of X demand =dx ( px, py, I , preferences).

2-Supply function: The supply function represents the relationship between the
quantity supplied and the price of good (X),

the prices of factors of production ,technology, and other factors.

Quantity of X supplied=dx (px , pfactors o` production,T, other factors)

where px= the price of good (X)

p (factor of production) = the prices of inputs (capital, lahxx and land

2-translation
1-Macroeconomics ‫األقتصاد الكلي‬
2-Equilibrium price ‫سعر التوازن‬
3-Elasticity of supply ‫مرونه العرض‬
4-Indifference curve ‫منحني السواء‬
5-Economic growth ‫النمو االقتصادي‬

6
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
2020/2019 ‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي‬

-ACCOUNTING
-search titles :the accounting definition, users, types, explain the diiference
between accounting and bookkeeping.

-accounting is on of the social sciences provides financial information to individuals

and institutions, And its play an important role in our economic and social system

-search items :
1-accounting definition
2-accounting information users, types of accounting
3-the difference between accounting and bookkeeping

1-accounting definition :
Accountant means the preparation and interpretation of reports relative to the data
recorded and the design of the registry system, which also collects financial data and
processes them into reports useful for decision-making

2-accounting information users, types of accounting:

Users: 1-investors 2-suppliers 3-government 4-bankers 5-management

Types: 1-financial accounting 2-auditing 3-cost accounting

4-management accounting 5-tax accounting 6-budgetary accounting

3-the difference between accounting and bookkeeping:

bookkeeping is: responsible for the recording of financial transactions whereas

accounting is responsible for classifying,summarizing and reporting financial data,

and if subjective negligence exists for reporting.

So, bookkeeping and accounting may apear to be the same profession to an untrained
eye

7
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي ‪2020/2019‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫المشروعات البحثية‬
‫لكلية التجارة جامعة األزهر فرع البنات بالقاهرة‬
‫الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعي ‪2020/2019‬‬

‫‪9‬‬