INTRODUCTION

By
DR. ARIFUDIN IDRUS
Laboratory of Mineral Resources
Department of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
Jl. Grafika No. 2 – Bulaksumur
Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
Geology Exploration Mining

Geology = earth science

Exploration = looking/searching/investigating

Mining = a series actvity to mine a deposit

 Mining industry
z Exploration: Looking for/investigating a
mineral deposit using a modern approach
z Mining/digging: how to take the economic
deposit out
z Metalurgy: processing
z Marketing: how to sell
 Exploration approaches

z Traditional approach
z Modern/scientific approach
 Tradisional approach
z Prospection
Direct tracking to the observed
object/deposit
z Exploration
Confirming the continuity of the observed
deposit outcrops laterally and vertically
 Modern/scientific approach
z Geological exploration:
Exploring a geological object/mineral
deposit scientifically and systematically, by
considering aspects:
1. Geological model
2. Exploration strategy/stages
3. Selection of proper exploration methods
4. Economic value
 Definition of exploration
z An entire sequence of work ranging from
reconnaissance (looking for a prospect) to
the evaluation of the prospect and finally
to the search for additional ore in a mine
(Peters, 1979).
 Definition of exploration
z An activity to discover a mineral deposit,
determine position, geometry (size, diameter,
depth, volume) and to evaluate the reserves &
economic value of the deposit through a
systematic program from desk investigation,
reconnassaince, initial exploration, detailed
exploration to feasibility study.
z A high risk economic activity which needs a
systematic planning and design to minimize the
risks and empasize on the cost benefits
Activities of geologist:

z administrative
z research
z exploration
 Role of geology

Applying geological concepts in design

and implementing an exploration program
 EXPLORATION CONCEPT

Exploration concept covers aspects:

™ Formulation of exploration object (Target)

• Determination of exploration object (commodity)

• Selection of geological model of exploration object

™ Geological models
• Model of regional geology
• Model of local geology

™ Exploration model

• Area selection based on geological model

• Application and modification of geological model in
selected areas
• Identification of used geological criteria
EXPLORATION STAGES
 Indonesian national standard
for Classification of Mineral Resources and Reserves

EXPLORATION
STAGES
Detailed General Prospecting Reconnaissa
Exploration Exploration (1:50.000) nce Survey
Increasing in feasibility

MINING FEASIBILITY
(1:2000) (1:10.000) (1:250.000)

FEASIBLE
Economic
Mining/ PROVEN PROBABLE
Engineering RESERVES RESERVES
Metalurgy
Marketing
Regulation
Environment

MEASURED INDICATED INFERRED HYPOTETICAL

NOT YET
RESOURCES RESOURCES RESOURCES RESOURCES
FEASIBLE

Increasing in geological assurance