LECTURES ON MATHEMATICS

A. REVIEW ON ARITHMETIC

I. Properties of Real Numbers

1. Commutative Property ( +, x ) or order property: 3 + 7 = 7 + 3
2. Associative Property ( +, x ) or grouping property : (5 + 3) + 7 = 5 + (3 +7)
3. Distributive Property 25 x 12 = 25 x (10 + 2) = (25 x 10) + (25 x 2)
4. Zero Property for Multiplication: a x 0 = 0
5. Identify property for Addition: a + 0 = a
6. Identify Property for Multiplication: a x 1 = a.
II. Series of Operations (GEMDAS)
A series of operations is a combination of mathematical operations. These operations should be performed in
the following order:
1. Group symbols first, i.e. parenthesis ( ), brackets [ ], braces { }, fraction bar, radical sign. Start with the
innermost grouping symbol.
2. Exponents evaluated (23 = 8)
3. Multiplication or Division whichever comes first from left to right
4. Addition or Subtraction whichever comes first from left to right
Example: 46 + 4 – 9(32 – 6) = 46 + 4 – 9(9 – 6)
= 46 + 4 – 9(3)
= 46 + 4 – 27
= 50 – 27 = 23
III. BASIC CONCEPTS ON DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS
1. Zero when divided by any number except zero is equal to zero.
2. An integer is divisible by 2 if the last digit is either zero or an even number.
3. A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
4. An integer is divisible by 4 if the last two digits are multiples of 4.
5. A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is 5 or 0.
6. Even numbers that are divisible by 3 are divisible by 6.
7. An integer is divisible by 8 if the number represented by its last three digits is divisible by 8.
8. A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
9. A number is divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0.
Examples:
1. Evaluate 0/8. A. 8 B. 1 C. 0 D. ∞
2. Which of the set of numbers below are divisible by 6?
306; 193; 182; 384; 606; 951; 392
Solution: Numbers 193 and 951 are not divisible by 6 since they are odd numbers. From the remaining
numbers only 306, 384, and 606 are divisible by 3. So these are divisible by 6.
3. Which of these numbers are exactly divisible by 4?
432; 228; 512; 756; 500
Solution: By all of the numbers above are divisible by 4 since their last two digits are multiples of 4.
4. How many multiples of 11 are in between 100 and 1000?
A. 11 B. 48 C. 81 D. 90
Solution: The lowest number divisible by 11 and greater than 100 is 110. The highest number is 990, and
their difference is 880. 880 divided by 11 is 80.
Principle of counting number is n + 1.
Hence, 80 + 1 = 81
Problems:
1. How many 3-digit numbers are divisible by 9?
A. 90 B. 98 C. 99 D. 100
2. The largest 2-digit number that leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3 or 5 is _______.
A. 86 B. 91 C. 96 D. 101

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3. Which of the given number is not divisible by 9?
A. 918 B. 333 C. 399 D. 3132
4. If n candies are shared among 4 children or among 6 children with a leftover of 3 candies, find n, if n>6.
A. 9 B. 12 C. 10 D. 15
IV. SOME PROPERTIES OF ZERO
1 Zero as a power.
Any number 9except zero) when raised to zero is equal to 1.
aº = 1, if a and a ≠ 0.
2 Undefined form. Division by zero is not possible. Any number divided by zero is undefined.
a
= undefined∞
0
0
3 Indeterminate forms: 0º,
0
Examples:
1. Evaluate: (-5)º + 1º
A. 09 B. 1 C. 2 D. -5
2. Evaluate: 02
A. Indeterminate B. ∞ C. 0 D. 2
1
3. Evaluate:
0
A. 0 B. 1 C. undefined D. -1

Problems:
1. Evaluate 0º
A. 1 B. 0 C. -1 D. indeterminate
0
2. Evaluate
0
A. 1 B. 0 C. -1 D. indeterminate
5
3. Evaluate 5º x
0
A. 1 B. 2 C. 0 D. undefined

V.FRACTIONS
– part of a whole or group.
– quotient of two numbers
–ratio
Kinds of Fractions
As to relation between the numerator and the denominator
Proper – the numerator is less than the denominator
Improper – the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator
As to relation between the denominators of two or more fractions
Similar – the denominators are equal
Dissimilar – the denominators are not equal
Other classes
Equivalent – fractions having the same value
Example: 3/7 and 9/21
Mixed – composed of a whole number and a fraction
Example: 5 ¼
Operations on Fractions
1. Addition – add the numerators and copy the common denominator
Ex. 3/11 + 2/11 = 5/11

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2. Subtraction – subtract the numerators and copy the common denominator
Ex. 5/8 – 3/8 = 1/4
3. Multiplication - multiply numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator to get the numerator
and the denominator of the product.
a/b . c/d = ac/bd
Ex. 3/5 x 1/4 = 3/20
4. Division – multiply the supposed dividend by the reciprocal of the supposed divisor.
a/b ÷ c/d = a/b  d/c = ad/bc
Ex. 4/5 ÷ 3/7 = 4/5 x 7/3 = 28/15
Applications:
1. How many pieces of 7/12 inch wire can be cut from 31 ¼ ft. roll of wire?
Solution: 31 ¼ ft. = 125/4 x 12 inches = 375 inches (from feet to inches)
375 inches ÷ 7.5 inches = 50 pieces
2. A painter estimates that it will require 75 hrs to paint a certain house. If he works 7 ½ hrs a day, how many
days will it take him to paint the house?
Solution: 75 ÷ 7.5 = 10 days
Exercises:
1. If a coal cost P3, 550.50 per ton, find the cost of 4 ¾ tons.
2. The dressmaker cuts 1 1/8 meters of ribbon, then another 2 2/7 meters and the last is 4 2/3. Find the total
number of meters of ribbon cut in the rim.
3. Subtract the product of 1 3/7 and 3 1/5 from 8 1/3. What is the difference?
VI.FRACTIONAL EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY
a c
Given fractions , where a, b, c, d  Z with b, d ≠ 0
b d
a c
1. = , if ad = bc
b d
a
2. < cd if ad <bc
b
a
3. > cd if ad >bc
b
4. To solve fractional equality, cross multiply to obtain their equality and solve for the unknown.
Examples:
1. Which of the following set of fractions are equal?
A. (3/5, 4/7) B. (5/7, 2/3) C. (6/2, 15/5) D. (3/8, 4/9)
6 15
Solution: /2 = /5 since 6(5) = 15(2).
The remaining sets of fractions are unequal.
2. Which among the given fractions has the greatest value?
A. 2/3 B. 5/7 C. 1/2 D. 3/8
5 2
Solution: /7> /3 since 5(3) > 7(2)  15 > 14
5
/7> ½ since 5 (2) > 7(1)  10 > 7
5
/7>3/8 since 5(8) > 7(3)  40 > 21
Hence, 5/7 is the fraction with the greatest value.
3. Which of these given fractions has the least value?
A. 2/5 B. 3/7 C. 4/9 D. 2/3
2 3
Solution: /5> /7 since 2(7) < 5(3)  14 > 5
2
/5>4/9 since 2(9) < 5(4)  10 > 7
2
/5>2/3 since 2(3) < 5(2)  6 > 10
Hence, 2/5 is the least fraction in the set.
4. Find n, if /27 = 4/9
n

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 A. 8 B. 6 C. 12 D. 4
27(4)
Solution: n/27 = 4/9 n = = 3(4) = 12
9
Problems:
1. The odds of getting a typhoon are 2/5in month 1, 4/7 in month 2, 4/9 in month 3 and 5/8 in month 4. Which
month are we least likely to get typhoon?
VII. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
1 Some important conversion factors
A1 Length English metric
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 10 mm
1 foot = .348 m 1 km = 1000 m
1 mile = 1609  1600 km 1 m = 1.0936 yd
B1 Surface area
1 hectare = 10,000 m2
2
1m = 10,000 cm2
C1 Weight
1 pound = 16 ounces 1 ton = 1000 kilogram (kg)
1 kilo = 2.2 lbs. 1 kg = 1000 gram (gm)
1 gm = 1000 milligram (mg)

D1 Time
1 decade = 10 yrs.
1 score = 20 yrs.
1 century = 100 yrs
1 millennium = 1000 yrs
Examples:
1. A man weighs 48 kg. Find his weight in lbs.
A. 200.2 B. 184.6 C. 168.8 D. 105.6
1 kg = 2.2 lbs. 48 kg x 2.2 = 105.6
2. 1 hectare = _____________ sq.m
A. 100 B. 500 C. 648 D. 10000
3. Mrs. M is 83 years old. Which group did she belong if her age is grouped according to decades?
A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 9
4. Which among the measure is the longest?
A. 1.5 ft B. 12 in. C. 28 cm. D. .35m
A. 1.5 ft (0.522 m) B. 12 in. (0.348 m) C. 28 cm. (0.28 m) D. .35m
5. Given the following weights, which is the heaviest?
A. 84 kg B. 200.8 lbs C. 83950 g D. 2,000,000 mg
A. 84 kg B. 200.8 lbs (91.27 kg.) C. 83950 g (83.95 kg) D. 2,000,000 mg (2 kg)
Problems:
1. Yao Ming is supposed to be 7 ft. 4 in. tall. How tall is that in meters?
A. 2.01 B. 2.13 C. 2.2352 D. 2.4351
2. What is the floor area in sq.m of a room measuring 8 ft x 12 ft?
3. Which of these weights is the heaviest?
A. 2.54 kg B. 2150 g C. 5 lbs D. 4200 mg

VIII. ROUNDING A NUMBER OF “SIGNIFICANT DIGITS”

Note: The first “significant” digit is the first non-zero digit.
ORIGINAL NUMBER LEVEL OF ROUNDING IN WORDS ROUNDED NUMBER
23.5568 To 2 decimal places 23.56
0.00380573 To 2 decimal places 0.00
0.00380573 To 1 decimal places 0.0

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 0.00380573 To nearest thousandth 0.004
0.00380573 To 2 significant digits 0.0038
1.00380573 To 2 significant digits 1.0
0.00380573 To 3 significant digits 0.00381
0.00380573 To 4 significant digits 0.003806
1.00380573 To 4 decimal places 1.004

IX.SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
1. To write a number using scientific notation, write the numbers as product. One factor of a number that
is at least 1 but less than 10. The other factor is a power of 10.
Method (a). Move the decimal point to find a number that is at least 1 but less than 10.
(b). Count the number of places of the decimal point that you moved. This is the exponent for the
power of 10.
From left to right = negative power.
Example: 0.000054 = 5.4 x 10-5
From left to right = positive power.
Example: 54,000 = 5.4 x 104
Note that 5.4 is at least 1 but less than 10, the decimal point to move is 7 places.
3.2 To write a number in STANDARD FORM, move the decimal places by the power of 10.
Example: 8.81 x 104 = 88,100
Exercises:
A. Write the following in scientific notation.
1. 10,000 2. 230,000 3.0.00000234 4. 0.00067
B. Write the following in standard form.
1. 6.85 x 103 2. 3.001 x 103 3.2 x 105 4. 2.67 x 104

X. PERCENTAGE:
Percent is defined as an expression which indicates the number of parts taken from a hundred. Per is a
Latin word meaning “for each” or “for every”, while cent means a hundred. The symbol used to express
percent is %.

Conversion Techniques
A. Changing percent to Decimal
To change percent to decimal, simply move the decimal point two places to the left and drop the
percent sign.
Example: 45% = 0.45
B. Changing Decimal to Percent
To change decimal to percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and add the percent sign.
Example: 0.69 = 69%
C. Changing Percent to fraction
To change percent to fraction, drop the percent sign and replace by 100 as denominator. If the percent
is in decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left after dropping the percent sign and convert
the decimal to it’s fractional equivalent.
Example: 36% = 0.36 = 36/100 = 9/25
7.5% = .075 = 75/1000 = 3/40
D. Changing Fraction to Percent
To change fraction to percent, perform the indicated division and then move the decimal point of the
quotient two places to the right and add the percent sign.
Example: ¾ = 0.75 = 75%
Exercises:
1. 40% of P200 is how much?
2. What percent of P150 is P7.50?

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XI. PERCENTAGE, BASE AND RATE
1. Percent means by the hundredths. To find the percentage, multiply the base by the rate. Values of P or
Percentage usually follow after the word “is”. Most of the time, P is also the ‘result’.
Example: “What percent of 36 is 12?” Here P = 12 after “is”
RB
FORMULA* P=
100
Where P = Percentage R = Rate B = Base
2. To find the Base = B, divide the percentage by the rate. The indicator to identify the base is that it
usually follows after the word “of”.
Example: “What percent of 120 is 30?” Here B = 120 after the word “of”
P (100)
Formula* B=
R
3. To find the rate, divide the percentage by the base and change to % form. It is easy to identify rates,
since it is characterized by the symbol “%”.
Example: “Find 25% of 120” Here R = 25
P (100)
Formula* R=
B
Percentage (P) –usually after the word “is”.
Base (B) – after the word “of”
Rate (R) - denoted by “%” symbol
Device: __________% of _______ is ________
Examples:
1. 30 is what percent of 120?
Given: P = 30, B = 120, R = unknown
x% of 120 is 30
x%(120) = 30
x = 30/120 (100)
x = 25%
2. If 98 or 35% of H.S. graduating class passed the college entrance test, how many students were in the
class?
A. 135 B. 192 C. 256 D. 280
Solution: Given: R = 35 P = 98 Required: B = ?
P (100) 98(100)
Formula* B= = = 280
R 35
3. Find 25% of 120.
A. 25 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40
Solution: Given: R = 25 B = 120 P = required
RB 25(120)
Formula* P= = = 30
100 100
4. In the class of 150 students, 100 are girls. What percent of the class are boys?
A. 20% B. 40% C. 33 1/3% D. 25%
5. 120 % of _________ = 43.2
A. 5.18 B. 420 C. 36 D. 51.8
Solution: Given: R = 120 B = required P = 43.2
P (100) 43.2
Formula* B= = = 36
R 120
6. What percent of 320 is 16?
A. 20% B. 15% C. 8% D. 5%
Solution: Given: B = 320 P = 16 R = required

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 P (100) 16(100)
Formula* R= = =5
B 320
5
7. What is 20% of ?
6
1 10 2 5
A. B. C. D.
6 6 3 12
5
Solution: Given: R = 20 B = P = required
6
5
RB 20( ) 1
Formula* P= = 6 =
100 6
320
Problems:
1. How much is 35% of 140? 3. 25% of what number is 40?
2. What percent of 60 is 20? 4. How much is 10% of 20% of 100?

5. 40 is 25% of what number?

A. 80 B. 120 C. 160 D. 180
6.If 20% of 30% of a number is 60, what is the number?
A. 1000 B. 640 C. 64 D. 100
1
7. 33 % of what number is 40?
3
A. 40 B. 60 C. 80 D. 120
8. How long is the road if it is 37% completed and 40 kms.of it is still to constructed?
A. 70 B. 65.2 C. 63.49 D. 60.5
9. The take home pay of a teacher is P 8,800.00, less 10% income tax return, 5% GSIS and 5% loan. What is
his salary?
A. P 11,000 B. P 15,800 C. P 16, 426 D. P 16, 889
1 1
10. is what percent of ?
10 2
A. 25% B. 50% C. 20% D. 30%
11. 210 is 30% less than what number?
A. 250 B. 260 C. 280 D. 300
12. 35% of 40% of 80 is:
A. 12.5 B. 11.2 C. 16 D. 25.4

XII. PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Prime – a natural number greater than 1 that has a factor of 1 and itself.
Composite – counting number that has more than two factors.
Prime Factorization – process of expressing a counting number as the product of its prime factors.
1. Prime Number Definition
Any counting number greater than 1 that is divisible by itself and 1 is a prime number. Examples of
prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, etc.
Example:
1. The sum of 5 consecutive integer is 35. How many of the 5 consecutive integers are prime numbers?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Solution: The 5 consecutive numbers are; 5, , 7, 8, and 9. There are 2 prime numbers in the set.
2. A pair of dice is rolled. How many prime numbers are possible from the product of the numbers showing
on top of these dice?
A. 6 B. 12 C. 15 D. 16

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 Solution: The number of pairs are (1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (3,1) and (5,1) six all in all.
3. Which of the following sets has prime numbers only?
A. (7,9,11,13) B. (11,13,17,19) C. (11,17,69,217) D. (11,15,17,21)
Solution: Only set (11, 13, 17, 19) contains prime numbers.
Problems:
1. How many prime numbers can be found in numbers 1 – 100?
A. 25 B. 26 C. 27 D. 28
2. Which of the following sets has prime numbers only?
A. (11,13,21,29) B. (17,37,47,53) C. (11,17,69,217) D. (23,37,29,209)

Two methods of getting the prime factorization of numbers.

1. Repeated Division by Primes
2 126
3 63
3 21 thus, the prime factorization for 126 is 2 x 32 x 7
7
2. Factor tree
Using 126 as example.

XIII. LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)

- the smallest non-zero number that has the given numbers as factors or divisors.
- the LCM of two numbers (a and b) is the smallest number that is divisible by a and divisible by b at the
same time.
Formula: (shortcut)
LCM = given choices
given number
Ideas on Least Common Multiple (LCM)
The least common multiple of two or more counting numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of
each of the given numbers.
1. To find the LCM of two numbers, check out the multiples of the larger number until you find one
that’s also a multiple of the smaller number.
2. Another way of finding the LCM of numbers is to factorized N into its prime factors. After taking
each of the greatest number of times the prime factors occur in any number, find the product of these
prime factors.
3. To find the LCM of numbers using division of their prime factors only: First set the numbers in a
horizontal line. Divide each of the numbers by a prime number common to some members but bring
the number not exactly divisible by the divisor. Continue dividing until not two numbers have
common divisors. The LCM is equal to the product of all the divisors and the remaining quotients.
Examples:
1. Find the LCM of 18 and 24.
A. 36 B. 24 C. 72 D. 144
2. Find the LCM of 5, 6 and 8.
A. 40 B. 60 C. 24 D. 120
3. The least common multiple of 38 and 4 is _________.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 19 D. 76
Solution: Multiples of 38: 38, 76, 114…
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68,72, 76, …
Note: that the LCM of 38 and 4 is 76, which is the smallest multiple common to the multiples of 38 and 4.
4. Find the LCM of 6 and 15.
A. 3 B. 30 C. 60 D. 15
Solution: A = (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 6,…)
B = (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, …)

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 AB = (30, 60,…)
Hence the LCM = 30
5. Find the LCM of 4, 5, 8 and 12.
A. 1 B. 40 C. 60 D. 120
Solution: Find the prime factors of 4, 5, 8 and 12
4 = 2*2 8 = 2*2*2
5 = 5*1 12 = 2*2*3
Taking the different prime factors has occur the greatest number of times and multiplying them.
LCM = 2*2*2*3*5 = 120
6. Find the LCM of 4, 5, 8 and 12 using division of their prime factors.
Solution:
2 4 5 8 12
2 2 5 4 3
1 5 2 3
Hence, the LCM = 2*2*1*5*2*3 = 120
Exercises:
Find the LCM of the following numbers.
1. 9, 12, 15 3. 24, 12, 18
2. 16, 24, 12
3. Find the LCM of 12, 18, 20.
A. 60 B. 120 C. 160 D. 180
4. The least common multiple (LCM) of 12, 24 and 36 is ___________.
A. 72 B. 36 C. 46 D. 12
5. What is the smallest number that can be exactly divided by 18, 27 and 15?
A. 3 B. 135 C. 270 D. 900

XIV. GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF) OR GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD)

- the GCF or GCD of two numbers (a and b) is the largest factor or divisor common to both a and b.
Formula: (shortcut)
GCF = given number
given choices
Examples:
1. Find the GCF of 18 and 24.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9
2. Find the GCF of 8, 24 and 28.
A. 4 B. 6 C. 7 D. 2
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or Greatest Common Factor (GCF) Concepts
Let a, b, c  Z if ca and cb, then c is called a common divisor (or common factor) of a and b.
1. The GCF or GCD of two or more counting numbers is the largest counting number that is a factor of
each of the given number.
2. This is the largest factor common to the given numbers that can divide evenly without a remainder.
3. Multiply the prime factors common in the given numbers.
Examples:
1. Find the GCD of 24 and 36
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 12
Solution: A = Factors of 24 = (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 24)
B = Factors of 36 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36)
AB = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12)
Hence, GCD = 12
2. Find the greatest common factor of numbers 36, 6, 27 and 18.
A. 3 B. 6 C. 1 D. 4
Solution: A = Factors of 36 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36)
B = Factors of 6 = (1, 2, 3, 6)

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 C = Factors of 27 = (1, 3, 9, 27)
D = Factors of 18 = (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18)
ABCD = (1, 3)
Hence, GCF or GCD = 3.
3. The GCD of 12 and 18 is _________.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6
Solution: Prime factors of 12 = 2*2*3
Prime factors of 18 = 2*3*3
Common factors are 2 and 3. Their product is 6. GCD.
Problems:
1. Calculate the GCD of 88 and 64.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
2. What is the GCD of numbers 1 and 25?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. -5
3. The Greatest Common Factor of 24, 12 and 30 is _________.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 12
More exercises:
Find the GCF or GCD of the following.
1. 12 and 20
2. 24, 12 and 30
XV. RATIO AND PROPORTION
Comparison of two numbers a and b, where b ≠ 0, and expressed as “a is to b”, “a:b”, or “a/b”.
Examples:
1. 1:3 = “1 is to 3”
= 1:3 = 1÷3 = 1/3
2. A certain organization has 36 men and 15 women. Find the men-women ratio.
36:15 = 36/15 = 12/5 = 12:5

Proportion - a statement expressing the equality of two ratios.

a:b = c:d is proportion if and only if ad = bc. That is the product of the extremes (a andd) is equal to the
product of the means (b and c).
Example:
1. Is 2:3 – 6:9 a proportion? YES
Because 2(9) = 3(6) = 18.
2. Is 3:4 = 9:8 a proportion? NO
Because 3(8) ≠ 4 (9), that is 24 ≠ 36.
Ratio and Proportion Definition and Principles
1. Ratio is a relationship between two quantities.
If a:b = c, then a/b = c and a = bc
2. Proportion is a statement of equality between two ratios. If a:b = c:d then bc = ad
3. Extremes are the two outside terms of a proportion.
4. Means are two inside terms of a proportion.
5. The product of the means equals the product of the extremes.

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Examples:
1. If the ratio of a tob is 4/7 and b is 56, then a is equal to ________.
A. 49 B. 16 C. 32 D. 59
Solution:
4 a 4 4 (56)
a :b=  = Hence, a = = 32
7 56 7 7
2. If x is the mean proportional of 4 and 9, then x could be ________.
A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 36
Solution: ‘Mean Proportional’ means inside terms, so 4: x : : x : 9 product of the means = product of the
extremes
x2 = 36
Therefore, x = 6.
3. In a group of 120 persons, the ratio of boys to girls is 2:3. How many are boys?
Solution:
In a group of 120 persons 2/5 of that group are boys. (The denominator comes from 2 + 3 = 5) 2/5 of 120 =
2
/5 (120) = 2 (24) = 48.
4. If 15% of adults wear eyeglasses, what is the ratio of eyeglasses wearers to the n
on-eyeglasses wearers among adults?

Solution: 15% of adults wear eyeglasses and 85% are non-eyeglasses wearers. Hence, the ratio is 15:85 =
3:17

Problems:
1. Find x if it is mean proportional of (x – 2) and (x – 3).
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6/5 D. 5/6
2. In a random group of 17 persons, survey says 3 of them are smokers. If this is true, how many smokers are
in a group of 340 people?
A. 90 B. 80 C. 70 D. 60
3. In a group of 120 persons, the ratio of boys to girls is 5:7. How many are girls?
A. 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80
4. What is the ratio of 6 weeks to 1 month?
A. 3:4 B. 3:2 C. 2:3 D. 4:3
XVI. TYPES OF PROPORTION
1. Direct Proportion - A statement of equality between two ratios that is directly proportional to each other.
x
= k.
y
Formula *Big : big : : Small : small
2. Indirect Proportion (Inverse Proportion) – A statement of equality between two ratios which are
inversely proportional to each other.xy = k.
Formula * Big : Small : : Big : Small
3. Partitive Proportion

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 The process of dividing a quality a quantity into parts proportional to the given numbers.
Total Quantity
Formula * share of one part =
Total Ratio

Examples:
1. A city map has a scale of 1 cm = 7500 m. If two streets are 8 cm. apart in this map what is the actual
distance between them?
A. 60 km B. 80 km C. 30 km D. 50 km
Solution: Direct proportion: Big distance : big scale : : Small distance : small scale
X : 8 : : 7500 : 1
2. If 5 carrots weigh as much as 3 potatoes, how many potatoes will weigh as much as 20 carrots?
A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20
Solution:
Direct proportion: Big # of potatoes : big # of carrots : : Small # of potatoes : small # of carrots
x : 20 : : 3 : 5
5(x) = 20(3)
20(3)
x= = 12
5
3. Twenty clerks can finish the job in 6 days. Assuming the same rate of work for every clerk, how many
clerks are needed to complete the same work in 4 working days?
A. 10 B. 25 C. 30 D. 40
Solution: the problem involves indirect proportion
Big # of clerks: Small # of clerks : : big # of days : small # of days
x : 20 : : 6 : 4
4x = 20(6) = = 30
4. A 14-inch pulley makes 240 rpm and drives a larger pulley making 210 rpm. What is the diameter of the
larger pulley?
Solution: This is an indirect proportion (Exclusive to pulleys)
Big pulley diameter : Small pulley : : big # of rpm : small # of rpm
x : 14 : : 240 : 210
240(14)
210 x = 14 (240) = =16
210
5. A man spends his day for work, recreation and sleep in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 5. How many hours was spent
for recreation?
A. 6 hrs. B. 8 hrs. C. 10 hrs. D. 12 hrs.
Solution:
¿ 24
Share of one part = Total ¿ ofHours
TotalRatio = 12 = 2
Therefore, the number of hours spent for recreation is 3 (2) = 6
6. Divide 120 into 3 numbers proportional to the ratio of 2 : 3 : 7.
A. (20, 30, 70) B. (30, 40, 50) C. (25, 35, 60) D. (30, 35, 35)
Total Quantity 120
Solution: Share of one part = = = 10
Total Ratio 12
Hence, the numbers are 2(10) = 20; 3(10) = 30 ; and 7(10) = 70.

Problems:
1. If a pole, 18 ft. high casts a shadow 20 ft. long, how long is the shadow of a 27 ft. pole at the same time?
A. 10 B. 25 C. 30 D. 36
2. A man receives P 96 for 6 days. At the same rate, how much will he receive in 10 days?
A. 120 B. 140 C. 160 D. 180

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3. A 20-inch pulley running at 180 rpm drives an 8-inch pulley. The revolution per minute of the 8-inch
pulley is:
A. 72 rpm B. 450 rpm C. 150 rpm D. 90 rpm
4. Thirty people are needed to consume the provision in 6 days. How many people are required to consume
the same provision in 5 days?
A. 24 B. 28 C. 32 D. 36
5. A piece of rope was cut into three so that the lengths of the three pieces are in the ratio of 2 : 4 : 9. If the
total length of a rope is 75 cm, what is the measure of the smallest side.
A. 21 cm B. 10 cm C. 45 cm D. 25 cm
6. The ratio of the size of a right triangle is 3 : 4 : 8, if the perimeter of the triangle is 75 cm, what is the
measure of the longest side.

XVII. SIMPLE AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE

1. To get the simple weighted average, we simply add the total quantity disordered by the number of items
or weights.
total scores
Formula: Ave = X1 + X2 + X3 + …Xk =
no . of items
K
2. To solve for the weighted average, we get the rates of the “weighted quantity” or weighted heights, etc.
divided by the number of items of weights.
Formula: Weighted Ave. = (N1(W1)+ N2(W2)+ N3(W3)+ …NKWK
WK

Examples:
1. The average of 1, 9, 6, 5 and 2x is to x. Find x.
A. 29/5 B. 4 C. 5 D. 7
1+ 9+6+5+2 x
Solution: Ave ¿ = x
5
5x = 21 + 2x
x=7
2. In a certain group of children, 5 are boys and 4 are girls. The average weight of 5 boys is 49 kgs and the
average weight of 4 girls is 40 kgs. What is the average weight of 9 children?
A. 44 kgs B. 46.5 kgs C. 45 kgs D. 44.5 kgs
5 ( 49 ) +4 (40) 245+160 405
Solution: Weighted ave ¿ = = = 45
9 9 9

Problems:
1. The average of 6 numbers is 64. When the 7th number is added, the new average is 65.
What is the 7th number?
A. 67 B. 68 C. 70 D. 71
2. To get an average of 87 in the following sets of values (85, 85, 90 and x), x should be ____.
A. 83 B. 84 C. 85 D. 88
3. What is the average height of the class consisting of 30 girls and 10 boys with an average height of 5ft 4
inches and 5ft 8 inches, respectively?
A. 5ft 6 in B. 5ft 6.5 in C. 5ft 5 in D. 5 ft 5.5 in
4. A student obtains 85, 75 and 88 as grades in 3 exams. The first grade is a long exam and the second grade
is the mid-term exam and has 1.5 times the weight of a long exam. The third grade is the final exam and is
worth 2 times the weight of a long exam. His weighted grade is ____.
A. 82.67 B. 83 C. 84 D. 85
B. REVIEW ON ALGEBRA
I. LAWS OF EXPONENTS PROPERTY EXAMPLES
1. (xa) (xb) = x a + b Product Property x2x3 = x 2 + 3 = x5

13
2. xa / xb = xa – b Division Property x12 / x4 = x12 – 4 = x8
0
3. x = 1 Zero Exponent (xyz)0 = 1
–a a
4. x = 1/x Negative Exponent x – 2 = 1/x2
a b
5. (x ) = x ab
Distributive Property (xy2)3 = x 1 3 y2  3 = x3y6
II. ROOTS AND RADICALS
Radical: Indicated root of a number or expression →√ 3
8
Radicand: The value inside the radical sign. The value you want to take the root of. → 8
Index: Number of equal factors that must be multiplied to get a radicand →3
√8 x √8 x √8 = 8
3 3 3

1
Properties: i) √n a = a n ii) √n an =a
Note: a) √ 100 = 10 b) √ 0 = 0 c) -√ 100 = - 10 d) √−3 = non-real or imaginary
Operations with Radicals
1. Addition/Subtraction : like radicals a) 2√ 5 + 5√ 5 = (2 + 5 ) √ 5 = 7 √ 5
b) 6 √
3
3– 2√ 3 = (6 – 2) √ 3=4 √ 3
3 3 3

unlike radicals √ x 4 + √3 x 5 = √ x 2 x 2 + √3 x 3 x 2 = x 2 +x√3 x 2

2. Multiplication
: like radicals √ a x √ b = √ ab
Unlike radicals√
3
x x √ x = (x1/3) (x 1/4) = x1/3 + 1/4
4

√
= x 3/12 + 4/12 =x7/12 = 12 x 7

3. Division : a) Simplify factor out perfect square

b) Rationalize the denominator by multiplying the numerator and denominator
by the same factor
i) √ 75 = √ 25 x 3 = 5√ 3 = 5 ii) √ 6 = √ 6 x √ 3 = √ 18 = √ 9 x 2 = 3√ 2 = √ 2
√3 √ 3 √3 √ 3 √3 x√ 3 3 3 3
III. OPERATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1. Addition / Subtraction: can only add and subtract like terms; add the numerical coefficients only
Example: 2x + 4x + 5y = (2x + 4x) + 5y = 6x + 5y

2. Multiply / Divide: use laws of exponents →a) (4x) 2x2 = 8x3

→ b) 2x5y2z ÷ 4xy2 = 2x5y2z = x4z
4xy2 2y
IV. SOLVING FOR ONE UNKNOWN
A. To remove the coefficient of x, divide the whole equation by the indicated coefficient.
B. to remove a radical sign, the equation must be raised to the power equal to the reciprocal of the given
index.

Examples:
1. Find the area of a field if one-fifth of this field is 2 hectares.
a) 8 b) 10 c) 12 d) 15
2. Find the value of x, if √ 6 x−1 = 2 √ x
❑

a) 4 b) 3 c) 1/2 d) 3/2
V. SOME TYPES OF SEQUENCE
1. Alphabetical Sequence. Observe the patterns how the next number changes and the letters in the
English Alphabet. Apply the observed properties to the succeeding numbers in the series.
2. In the Arithmetic Progression series, the numbers are decreased or increased by a common
difference.
3. In the geometric series, adjacent numbers have common ratio.
4. In the cubic series, we cube each members found in the series.

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Examples:
1. In the following series 1/2 B, 3/4 F,7/8 K,15/16 Q, ___________ what comes next?
A. 31/32 X B. 31/32 Y C. 31/32 W D. 31/32 V
Solution: The series of numerators is a set = {1, 3, 7, 15, 31, …}
The series of denominators is a set = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …}
The next letter in the set (B, F, K, Q, X, …)
2. Find the 20th term of the series 1, 11, 15, …
A. 81 B. 83 C. 85 D. 87
Solution: Formula* an = a1 + (n – 1) d
a = 1st term = 1; n = no. of terms = 20; d = common difference = 4
an = 7 + (20 – 1) 4 → 7 + 19(4) → 7 + 76 = 83
3. What is the geometric mean between 3 and 27?
A. 9 B. 1/9 C. 15 D. 13
Solution: Find x in the series {3, x, 27}
x 27 2
= x = 3 (27) x= 9
3 x
4. Find the value of x in the following series of numbers 1, 8, 27, x, 125, …
Solution: Cube each counting numbers in the series
Hence 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, … = 1, 8, 9, 64, 125, …
Problems:
1. What number is halfway between ½ and ¼?
A. 1/3 B. 1/8 C. 3/8 D. ¾
2. The first 5 numbers in the sequence are 5, 6, 8, 11, and 15. What is the 10 th number in the sequence?
A. 41 B. 42 C. 49 D. 50
3. In the series -4, -3, 4, 17, 36, … What comes next?
A. 49 B. 52 C. 53 D. 61
4. The number that is missing in the sequence 3, 8, 15, 24, _______, 48, 63, …
A. 33 B. 35 C. 37 D. 39
5. In the series 2, 5, 8, … the 11th term is:
A. 29 B. 26 C. 30 D. 32
6. In the series 1, 2, 5, 12, 27, ________ the next number is:
A. 54 B. 56 C. 58 D. 6
VI. ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE/SERIES OF NUMBER
1. Finding the last term or the nth term.
Formula: An = a1 + (n – 1)d where: An = last term or nth term
a1 = first term n = no. of termsd =
common difference
Example:
Find the 50th term of this series of numbers 3, 6, 9…….?
2. Finding the sum of all terms.
Formula: S = n/2 (a1 + an) where: S = sum of all terms
n = no. of terms a1 = first term
an = last term
Example: What is the sum of all terms from 15 to 30?
C. SOME GEOMETRY PROBLEMS
1. Rectangle
Area = length x width
Perimeter = 2(length + width)
2. Square
Area = (side)2 = s2
Perimeter = 4(side) = 4s
3. Triangle
Area = ½ bh

15
 Perimeter = s1 + s2 + s3
4. Circle
Area = r2
Circumference = d or 2r
Special Right Triangle/Pythagorean Triple Number
1. 3, 4, 5
2. 5, 12, 13
3. 7, 24, 25
D. COUNTING TECHNIQUES
Multiplication Rule: If an operation can be performed in n 1ways and if for each of these second operations
can be performed in n2 ways, then the two operations can be performed together in n1n2 ways.
Examples
a. How many sample points are in set S when a pair of dice is thrown once?
Solution: The 1st die can land in 6 ways. For each of the 6 ways, the 2 nd die can also land in 6 ways.
Therefore: 6(6) = 36
b. How many lunches are possible consisting of soup, a sandwich, dessert and a drink if one can select
from 5 soups, 2 kinds of sandwiches, 3 desserts and 2 drinks?
Solution: 5(2)(3)(2) = 60
c. How many even 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, if each digit can be used
only once?
Solution: n1n2n3 = 2(4)(3) = 24
DEFINITION PERMUTATIONS
1. A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects.
Example: Consider the 3 letters a, b, c. their possible permutations are: abc, bac, bca, cab, and cba. Thus, there
are 6 distinct arrangements.
2. In general n distinct objects can be arranged in n(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1) ways.
Example: If we have 4 distinct objects, say, a, b, c, and d, then the number of ways of arranging them is (4)(3)
(2)(1) = 24
3. The number of permutations of n distinct objects is n!. By definition 1! = 1 and 0! = 1
n!
Formula nPr¿ = n!
( n−n ) !
Example: In how many ways can 5 persons be seated in 5 different chairs?
Solution: nPr = 5P5 = 5! 120 ways
4. The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is
n!
P =
n r
( n−r ) !
Examples:
a. How many four-digit numbers can be formed using digits 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 if one digit is used only
once in a number?
6!
Solution: 6P4 = = 360
( 6−4 ) !
b. How many ways can a basketball team schedule 3 exhibition games with 3 teams if they are available
on any possible dates?
5!
Solution: 5P3 = = 60
( 5−3 ) !
5. The number of permutation of n distinct objects arranged in a circle is (n-1)!
Example: In how many ways can 5 different trees be planted in a circle?
Solution: (5 – 1)! = 4!

16
6. The number of distinct permutations of n things, of which n 1 are one of a kind, n2 of a second kind… nk of a
n!
kth kind is: n 1!n 2 ! … nk !
¿
¿
Examples:
a. In how many ways can 7 people be assigned to 1 triple and 1 double rooms?
n! 7!
Solution: = = 210
n 1! n 2 !… nk ! 3! 2! 2 !
b. What is the number of permutations of the letter in the word BANANA?
6!
Solution: = 60
1! 2 ! 3 !
c. How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow, and 2 blue bulbs be arranged in a string of Christmas
tree with 9 sockets?
9!
Solution: = 1260
3! 4 ! 2 !
DEFINITION COMBINATIONS
n!
1. The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is nCr =
r ! ( n−r ) !
Examples:
a. The number of ways of selecting two scholars from 4 is _____________.
4!
Solution: 4C2 = =6
2! ( 4−2 ) !
b. From 5 pediatricians and 3 heart surgeons, find the number of 3 doctors that can be formed with 2
pediatricians and 1 heart specialists.
Solution: The number of ways of selecting 2 pediatricians from 5 is 5C2 = 10
The number of ways of selecting 1 heart surgeon from 3 is 3C1 = 3
Thus, 5C2 x 3C1 = 10 x 3 = 30
c. In how many ways can a committee of 3 consisting of 2 generals and 1 colonel be formed from 4
generals and 3 colonels?
Solution: 4C2 x 3C1 = 18
2. The number of combinations of n elements taken all at a time is nCn = 1
Example:
a. Find the number of combinations when 10boxes containing the same chocolates are given to 10
people.
Solution: 10C10 = 1
PROBABILITY
DEFINITION PROBABILITY:
Probability of an event = n1 (event space)
n2 (sample space)
Example:
A card if drawn from a complete deck of cards and we told that it is black.
1. What is the probability that is a Queen?
A. 1/3 B. 1/26 C. 2/13 D. 4/13
2. A pair of dice is rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum of 6?
A. 1/9 B. 5/36 C. 1/6 D. 7/36
Some Concepts on Probability:
1. The probability of an event A is the sum of all sample points in A.
Note:
0P(A) 1, P() = 0, P(S) = 1
n
P(A) = where n = number of sample points of event A
N

17
 N = number of sample points in S
Examples:
a. A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability that at least 1 head occurs?
Solution: A = {HH, HT, TH}
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
n 3
P(A) = =
N 4
b. If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck, find the probability that it is a diamond.
Solution: A = {x/x, card of diamond}
S = {x/x, cards of 1 deck}
13 1
P(A) = =
52 4
c. In a poker game consisting of 5 cards, find the probability of 2 aces and 3 jacks.
Solution:
S = 52C5 = N
N(A) = 4C2 x 4C3
P(A) = 4C2 x 4C3 = 1
52C5 4
d. A five sided die with sides numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is constructed so that 1 and 5 occur twice as
often as 2 and 4, which occur 3 times as often as 3. What is the probability that perfect square occurs
when this die is tossed?
A = {x/x is 1 or x is 4} = 9 sample points
S = 19 sample points
n 9
P(A) = =
N 19
e. A die is loaded such that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an odd number. If B is the
event that a number less than 4 occurs in a single toss, find p(B).
S = {1,2,2,3,4,4,5,6,6}
B = {1,2,2,3}
n 4
P(A) = =
N 9
Additive Rules in Probability (Mutually Inclusive)
1. If A and B are any two events, then P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
Example: The probability that an examinee passes Math is 2/3 and the probability that he passes English is
4/9. If the probability of passing both subjects is ¼, what is the probability that he will pass least one
of these subjects?
P(M E) = P(M) + P(E) – P(M  E)
2
Solution: /3 + 4/9 – 1/4
2. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) since P(A  B) =
Example: What is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11 when a pair of die is tossed?
Solution:
P(A) = 6/36 = 1/6 P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
P(B) = 2/36 = 1/18 P(A B) = 1/6 + 1/18
3.Example: If the probability of winning a game is ¼, what is the probability of losing a game?
Solution:
P(A) = ¼
P(A’) = 1 – ¼ = ¾
AEV/NCR

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