Chapter 0ne

 Define the following:

The center of mass

the point where the system can be balanced in a uniform gravitational field .

Torque

It is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about an axis

Mechanical advantage

𝑀. 𝐴 = 𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝐴 = 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐿

Lever

is in its simple form a rigid bar used with fulcrum.

 Complete
1) The CM of a uniform object is at the MID POINT
2) The unit of torque is N.M
 Choose the right answer
(1) The motion of the center of mass (CM) is in the form of

(a) circle (b) straight line (c) parabola

(2) The center of mass of two masses connected with each other is
closer to ……… object
(a) the lighter (b) the heavier (c) lies midway

(3) The CM is the average........ of the system’s mass

(a) mass (b) force (c) location

(4) The CM of an object lies at the geometric center when the

distribution of mass is ….
(a) uniform (b) continuous (c) both

(5) A scalar quantity is defined by......

(a) direction only (b) number (magnitude) (c) both

only
(6) A vector quantity is defined by........

(a) number (b) direction only (c) both

(magnitude) only
****(7) The mechanical advantage of the second class lever is always....

(a) greater than one (b) less than one (c) either larger or
smaller than one
(8) An example of the first class lever is

(a) human skull (b) human leg (c) forearm

(9) An example of the second class lever is

(a) human skull (b) human leg (c) forearm

(10) An example of the third class lever is

(a) human skull (b) human leg (c) forearm

***(11) The mechanical advantage of the third class lever ...

(a) is greater than (b) is less than one (c) either larger or
one smaller than one
(12) The mechanical advantage of the first class lever ...

(a) is greater than (b) is less than one (c) either larger or
one smaller than one
(13) If ϴis the angle between the force direction and the radius of
rotation L then the torque is given by
(a) F. L . cos ϴ (b) F . L. sinϴ (c) f. L2 sin ϴ

(14) The torque that produces counterclockwise rotation is taken to

be
(a) negative (b) zero (c) positive

(15) The ... is the study of the forces acting on an object at rest

(a) dynamics (b) statics (c) statistics

(16) The torque that produces clockwise rotation is considered ...

(a) positive (b) negative (c) zero

(17) The potential energy is ...

(a) scalar (b) vector (c) negative

(18) The speed is a ... quantity

(a) scalar (b) vector (c) negative

(19) The scalar quantity …

(a) is always (b) is always negative (c) can be positive

positive or negative
(20) The CM of a uniform object lies at the …

(a) center (b) right end (c) left end

 PRPBLEMS
1) Two helmsmen, in disagreement about which way to turn a ship;
exert the forces shown below on a ship’s wheel. The wheel has a
radius of 0.74 m, and the two forces have the magnitudes F 1 = 72 and
F2 =58 N. Find (a) the torque caused by F1and (b) the torque caused
by F2 (c) In which direction does the wheel turn as a result of these
two forces?

R=L=.74m / F1 =72 N / F2 =58 / Θ1=50 / Θ2 = 90

(A) τ1 = F1.L.SIN(Θ)= 72×.74×SIN(50)=41N.M

(B) τ 2 = -F2.L.SIN(Θ) =-58×.74×SIN(90)=-43 N.M

(C) SUM OF τ = τ1+τ2 = 41+-43=-2

2) A child of mass m is supported on a light plank by his parents, who

exert the forces F1 and F2 as indicated. Find the forces required to keep
the plank in static equilibrium. Use the right end of the plank as the
axis of rotation.
A 5 m-long diving board of negligible mass is supported by two pillars.
One pillar is at the left end of the diving board, as shown below; the other
is 1.5 m away. Find the forces exerted by the pillars when a 90 kg diver
stands at the far end of the board.

.
 L=5M / D=1.5M / M=90 K.G / G= 9.8 /∑τ=ZERO

∑τ=(F1×0)+(F2×D)-(MG×L)=0

∵0=(F2×1.5)-(90×9.8×5) ∴F2 =2940N

F1=MG-F2 =(90×9.8)-(2940)=-2058N

3) A person holds a 1.42 N baseball in his hand, a distance of 34.0 cm

from the elbow joint, as shown in the figure. The biceps, attached at a
distance of 2.75 cm from the elbow, exerts an upward force of 12.6 N
on the forearm. Consider the forearm and hand to be a uniform rod
with a mass of 1.20 kg.
(a) Calculate the net torque acting on the forearm and hand. Use the
elbow joint as the axis of rotation.

(b) If the net torque obtained in part (a) is nonzero, in which direction
will the forearm and hand rotate?

(c) Would the torque exerted on the forearm by the biceps increase or
decrease if the biceps were attached farther from the elbow joint?
5) A biophysics student lies on a lightweight plank supported by two scales
2.50 m apart, as indicated in the figure. If the left scale reads 290 N, and
the right scale reads 122 N, find
(a) The student’s mass and
(b) The distance from the student’s head to her center of mass.