Review for material seen in the last partial

Endocrine system:

Hormones are chemical messages produced by specialized cells that have been
activated by some environmental or physiological stimulus.
Hormones are carried by the circulatory system.

There are two types of glands: endocrine and exocrine.

Exocryne: they pour their secretions to the exterior of the same, to the body, or organs.
Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary, lacrimal, etc.
Endocryne: they pour their products in blood.Examples: pancreas, kidneys, etc.

Study the main glands and hormones for the exam:

Lymphatic system:

a) The lymphatic system is divided in two semi-independents systems which are:

lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs and tissues.
b) When the excess of interstitial fluid that escaped from capillaries and returns into the
bloodstream by means of the lymphatic, it is called lymph.
c) They form a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart, this transport
begins in lymph capillaries, which are found between the tissue cells and blood capillaries
lymphatic vessels.
d) They are the main warriors of the immune system, arise in red bone marrow. They then
mature into B or T cells lymphocytes
g) They protect the body by producing plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies
into the blood (or other fluids) B cells or lymphocytes B

They house and provide proliferation site for lymphocytes, dominates all the lymphoid
organs except the thymus lymphoid organs
l) They cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body, they filter pathogens lymph
nodes.
m) Is the size of a fist and is the largest lymphoid organ. Located in the left side of the
abdominal cavity, it provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
and response spleen
n) They form a ring around the entrance to the pharynx. They gather and remove many
of the pathogens entering the pharynx in inhaled air or in food tonsils
o) Antigens activate B cells then these start cloning and give rise to memory B cells and
plasma cells which secrete antibodies Humoral immunity
p) A macrophage engulfs the antigen and presents it to the T cells, which activate and
clone and give rise to Memory helper T cells Cellular immunity
q) What type of immune system is this?

cellular

r) Which immune response is this?

Humoral
Study this diagram too:

Active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the
disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Artificially
acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the
antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing
symptoms of the disease.
Passive immunity is a short-term immunization by the injection of antibodies, such as
gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells. Naturally acquired passive
immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the
maternal into the fetal bloodstream.

Urinary System:

• Urinary system regulates water balance eliminates cellular wastes

products and ensures that chemical composition of the blood and extra
cellular fluid remains within the bounds required for cellular
metabolism.
• kidenys are located on either side of the spinal column and extending
slightly above the waist.

• Urine leaves each kidney through a narrow, muscular tube called

urether
 • Urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular chamber that collects and stores the
urine.
• Urine completes its journey through the , a single narrow tube about 1.5
urethra inches long in females and about 8 inches long in the male.
• nephrons are the structural unit of urinary system
• Nephron has three major parts: loop of Henle, proximal tubule, and
distal tubule.

Circulatory system:

• Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which blood cells, the

formed elements, are suspended in a non-living fluid called plasma.
• Average volume of blood ranges from 5-6 ltsin males and in females from
4-5lts.
• Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
• Capillaries interconnect veins and arteries and gas interchange takes place.
• Veins transport blood with carbon dioxide from the body to the heart.
• Explain why blood has distribution functions: Delivers oxygen from lungs
and nutrients from digestive tract to all body cells.
• Transporst metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites.
• Transports hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs.

• Formed elements consist on: red cells, white cells, and platelets.
• White cells are also known as: leuckocytes.
• Red cells are also known as erythrocytes.
Red cells pick up oxygen, because they contain Hemoglobin
• Hearth is about the size of a fist, hollow, cone-shaped, weighs about 250
and 350 g. Enclosed within the mediastinum (medial cavity of torax).
• The heart is covered by three layers which are: pericardium,
myocardium, and endocardium.

• Blood with CO2 enters the right atriumthrough superior and inferior vena
cava.
• Blood with CO2 leaves left ventricle through pulmonary arteries.
• Gas interchange takes place in the capillaries which are found inside the
lungs.
• Blood with O2 enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
• Blood rich with O2 leaves the left ventricle through the aorta