JUCELY L.

DELOSO
BSABE – 1A
ANIMAL SCIENCE
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

I. THE IMPORTANCE
1. Brings oxygen (from the respiratory system) and nutrients (from the digestive system) to cells
through the arteries.
2. Removal of metabolic wastes from the cells in blood vessels called veins.

3. Protection of the body through the leukocytes or white blood cells.

4. Regulation of body temperature, pH and water content in the cells.

II. TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Simple Circulatory System

2. Single Circuit Circulatory System
3. Amphibian and Reptile Circulatory System
4. Mammals and Birds Circulatory System

II. THE HEART

Parts of the Heart

Blood Vessels Structure of the Heart

a. Definition
The heart is a hollow muscular organ which functions as a suction and force pump to the
system.
b. Four Chambers
1. Right Atrium 3. Right Ventricle
2. Left Atrium 4. Left Ventricle
c. Four Valves - The valves keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction
1. mitral valve and tricuspid valve are located between the atria (upper heart chambers)
and the ventricles (lower heart chambers).
2. aortic valve and pulmonic valve - located between the ventricles and the major blood
vessels leaving the heart.
d. Structure of the Heart
1. Pericardium – is the outermost layer of the heart.
2. Endocardium – it is the linings in the cavities of the heart.
3. Myocardium – is the muscular tissue of the heart which is an involuntary striated muscle.

Fun Fact:
1. The cow’s heart is as big as the human head.
 2. Frogs only have three chambers in their heart.

III. Heart Sound

“lub” - is produced by the closure of the A-V valves at the time of contraction of muscle fibers of
the ventricles and the chordae tendineae. This is louder, lower pitched, and of longer duration.
“dup” - is caused by vibrations of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves when they close at
the end of the diastole.

Diagram to illustrate Diastole and Systole

IV. BLOOD VESSELS

1. Arteries – are the pipes that carry blood, rich with oxygen and nutrients, away from the
heart. Have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from
the heart. 
a. Elastic – are the arteries close to the heart and have the thickest wall containing a high
percentage of elastic fibers.
b. Muscular - farther from the heart, the percentage of elastic fibers decreases and the
amount of smooth muscle increases. 
c. Arterioles - is a very small artery that leads to a capillary. 
2. Veins – are the pipes that carry deoxygenated blood and waste products around the body.
3. Capillaries - is a microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues themselves, a process
called perfusion. Exchange of gases and other substances occurs in the capillaries between
the blood and the surrounding cells and their tissue fluid (interstitial fluid). 

Cross-section of a Vein and an Artery

V. BLOOD CIRCULATION
a. Systems of Blood Circulation
1. Systematic Circulation- conveys arterial blood from the left side of the heart to the body
tissues and returns venous (un-oxygenated) blood from the tissues to the right side of the
heart.
Coronary Circulation – part of the systematic circulation that supplies blood to the
heart itself.
2. Pulmonary Circulation – conveys venous blood from the right side of the heart to the
lungs where exchange takes place and returns arterial blood to the left side of the heart.
3. Renal Circulation - is the circulation of blood in the kidneys by which urea and other
substances are eliminated.
 Blood Circulation Diagram

VI. BLOOD
a. Definition
The blood is the liquid part of the circulatory system composed of the fluid part termed plasma
and corpuscles or cells which float in the plasma.
- The liver is the blood-forming organ of the fetus and the spleen is the second.
b. Amount of distribution of blood.
- The total quantity of blood in swine is 4.6 per cent of the live weight of the animal.
- The total quantity of blood in the chicken is 7.5 per cent of the live weight of the animal.
- One-fourth of the blood is in the heart, lungs, large vessels and veins, one-fourth in the
liver, one-fourth in the skeletal muscles, and one-fourth in other organs.
c. Composition of blood
1. Plasma
The plasma is colorless in thin layer, but it is yellowish in large quantity except in swine, dog
and cat. The yellow color of the plasma is due to the pigment called bilirubin.
2. Blood Cells
a. Erythrocytes or the red cells
- Non-nucleated and circular cell.
- The bone marrow is the main source of erythrocyte formation.
- Hemoglobin gives the erythrocytes its red color. It is composed of 4 per cent protein
called globin, and 96 per cent of pigment called reduced heme. The oxygen carrying
property of hemoglobin is due to the iron content (0.34%) of the pigment.
b. Leukocytes or the white cells
Main Groups of Leukocytes
 Lymphocytes – originated from the lymphoid tissues and are believed to produce
antibodies and fix toxins. They are not phagocytic.
 Monocytes – large with single nucleus and abundant granular cytoplasm. Motility is
well-developed and are phagocytic.
 Granulocytes – are phagocytic and is about 60% of our white blood cells.
- The average leukocyte count in Philippine goats is 16.802 thousand per milliliter of blood.
c. Thrombocytes or platelets – oval disk-like cells only 2-4 microns in diameter. Originated from
the giant cells of the bone marrow or from the Lungs and play an important part in the
coagulation of blood.
VII. BLOOD COAGULATION
- Coagulation of blood serves to stop hemorrhage or bleeding by closing the opening of
blood vessels.
- Fibrin from the fibrinogen together with some platelets form a network within which the
red corpuscles are caught to form the clot.

How fibrin is formed?

Blood platelets, tissue cells Thrombokinase or Thromboplastin

Thromboplastin + calcium salt + prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen + thrombin Fibrin

Coagulation Time

- Chicken: 2 minutes
- Swine: 3 minutes

Hastening Blood Clot

1. Raising the temperature

2. Adding saliva to the blood, the saliva being a source of thromboplastin.
3. Adding calcium to the blood.
4. Agitating the blood in a gentle manner, e.g. using shallow containers and gauze
5. Increasing the surface to favor agglutination and breaking down of platelets.

VIII. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues, organs and vessels that help rid the body of toxins,
waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport
lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

a. Structure of the Lymphatic System

1. Lymph – is the fluid which has been absorbed into the lymphatic system from the interstitial
spaces.
2. Lymphatic Vessels – is the body’s circulatory system which transports the lymph. It extends
throughout the body, associated with the blood vessels.
3. Lymph nodes – are the checkpoints at which lymph is being inspected and filtered of foreign
matter. Abundant in the lower abdomen, neck and armpits.
4. Lymphoid Organs:

a. Tonsils – a large cluster of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx

b. Thymus – this organ is where T-cells mature. T-cells are cells that destroy infected or
cancerous cells.
c. Spleen – the largest lymphatic organ in the body that contains white blood cells that fight
infection or diseases.
 IX. INTERLATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymphatic system works in conjunction with

the circulatory system. The two system works
together to make sure the body’s tissues can
get what they need and get rid of what they
don’t need.

The heart pumps oxygen and protein rich

blood through the arteries and into the body’s
tissues and organs. And the veins carry blood
containing carbon dioxide and waste product
to the heart. Only 90 % of the blood gets sent
back to the heart because 10% leaks out into
Circulatory System Vessels and Lymphatic Vessels the body’s tissues through the capillaries. This
fluid contains protein, wastes, bacteria and
excess fat.

At this point the lymphatic system takes over. Lymphatic capillaries pick up intercellular fluid,
lymph, that passes through the lymph nodes where viruses and bacteria are attack. This fluid re-
enters the circulatory as you breathe and moves your muscles, the lymph continuously gets
pushed toward the heart.

Glossary of Terms:

1. Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead
or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix
in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel".
2. Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while
adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival.
3. Non-nucleated - lacking a nucleus or nuclei

References:

Animal husbandry by Valente Estrada Villegas

Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals by R.D. Frandson B.S., D.V.M., M.S.

Principles of Animal Science by Bernabe Coejin

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/20-1-structure-and-function-of-blood-vessels/

https://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html