117

Entropy WS 11
Section A
14

alt
16 The equation for the reaction of CO2 and H2O to produce glucose, C6H12O6, and O2 is shown
below.

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ΔH = +2879 kJ mol–1; ΔS = –256 J K–1 mol–1

Standard entropies are given in the table below.

Substance CO2(g) H2O(l) O2(g)

S o / J K–1 mol–1 214 70 205

(a) (i) Calculate the standard entropy of glucose.

S o = ....................................... J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) Calculate ΔG, in kJ mol–1, at 25 °C.

Show all your working.

ΔG = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Explain why this reaction is not feasible at any temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© OCR 2013

Bilal Hameed Entropy 11

 H2O(s) H2O(l) ΔH = +6.01 kJ mol–1
H2O(l) H2O(g) ΔH = +40.7 kJ mol–1
118
8
Standard entropies of H2O in its three physical states are given in the table below.
2(b) Energy changes for the melting and boiling of H2O are shown below.
H2O(s) H2O(l) H2O(g)
H2O(s) H2O(l) ΔH = +6.01 kJ mol–1
S o / JHKO(l)
–1 mol–1 +48.0
H2O(g) +70.0
ΔH +188.7
= +40.7 kJ mol–1
2

alt
Standard entropies
(i) Explain of H2O in its three physical states are given in the table below.
the following:

• When water melts or boils, ΔH is positive

H2O(s) H2O(l) H2O(g)
• When water melts or boils, S o increases.
S o / J K–1 mol–1 +48.0 +70.0 +188.7
In your answer, you should explain why the increase in S o is much greater when water
(i) boils than
Explain thewhen water melts.
following:

• ...........................................................................................................................................
When water melts or boils, ΔH is positive
• When water melts or boils, S o increases.
...........................................................................................................................................
In your answer, you should explain why the increase in S o is much greater when water
...........................................................................................................................................
boils than when water melts.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
...........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Using the data in the table above, show that ice melts at 0 °C (at standard pressure).
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Using the data in the table above, show that ice melts at 0 °C (at standard pressure).

[3]

[Total: 16]
© OCR 2013

[3]

[Total: 16]
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Entropy 11 Bilal Hameed

 ...........................................................................................................................................
119
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

3(b) The feasibility of the reaction between NO2 and O3 is influenced by the enthalpy change and
entropy change of the reaction and the temperature.

2NO2(g) + O3(g) N2O5(g) + O2(g) ΔH = –198 kJ mol–1

ΔS = –168 J K–1 mol–1

alt
(i) Explain why this reaction has a negative entropy change.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the value of ΔG, in kJ mol–1, at 25 °C for the reaction of NO2 with O3.

ΔG = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [3]

(iii) State and explain how the feasibility of this reaction will change with increasing
temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]

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Bilal Hameed Entropy 11

 120
16
46 Free energy changes can be used to predict the feasibility of processes.

(a) Write down the equation that links the free energy change with the enthalpy change and
temperature.

alt
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) You are provided with equations for five processes.

For each process, predict the sign of ΔS.

process sign of ΔS
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

NaCl(s) + (aq) NaCl(aq)

H2O(l) H2O(s)

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4•5H2O(s)

[2]

(c) Ammonia can be oxidised as shown in the equation below.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

Standard entropies are given in the table below.

substance NH3(g) O2(g) NO(g) H2O(g)

–o–
S / J K–1 mol–1 192 205 211 189

Calculate the standard entropy change, in J K–1 mol–1, for this oxidation of ammonia.

ΔS –o– = ....................................... J K–1 mol–1 [2]

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 121
17
(d) The exothermic reaction below occurs spontaneously at low temperatures but does not occur
at very high temperatures.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

alt
Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) An ore of iron contains iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.

Iron is extracted from this ore by heating with carbon.
The equation below shows one of the reactions which takes place.

Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)

ΔS = +543 J K–1 mol–1 and ΔH = +493 kJ mol–1

Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction becomes feasible.

Show all your working.

minimum temperature = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

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Bilal Hameed Entropy 11

 122
12
55 Chemists use three energy terms, enthalpy, entropy and free energy, to help them make predictions
about whether reactions may take place.

(a) The table below shows five processes. Each process has either an increase in entropy or a
decrease in entropy.

alt
For each process, tick ( ) the appropriate box.

increase in decrease in
process
entropy entropy
A C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g)

B C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g)

C NH4Cl (s) + aq NH4Cl (aq)

D 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

E 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

[2]

(b) At 1 atm (101 kPa) pressure, ice melts into water at 0 °C.

Complete the table below using the symbols ‘+’, ‘–’ or ‘0’ to show the sign of ΔH and ΔS for the
melting of ice at 0 °C and 1 atm.

For each sign, explain your reasoning.

energy sign
reasoning
change +, – or 0

ΔH

ΔS

[2]

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Entropy 11 Bilal Hameed

 123
13
(c) Much of the hydrogen required by industry is produced by reacting natural gas with steam:

CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g)

Standard entropies are given in the table below.

alt
substance CH4(g) H2O(g) H2(g) CO(g)

S o / J K–1 mol–1 186 189 131 198

(i) Calculate the standard entropy change, in J K–1 mol–1, for this reaction of natural gas
with steam.

ΔS o = ...................................... J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) State two large-scale uses for the hydrogen produced.

1. ........................................................................................................................................

2. .................................................................................................................................. [1]

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 124
14
(d) Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, can dissociate to form ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride,
HCl.

NH4Cl (s) NH3(g) + HCl (g)

alt
At 298 K, ΔH = +176 kJ mol–1 and ΔG = +91.2 kJ mol–1.

• Calculate ΔG for this reaction at 1000 K.

• Hence show whether this reaction takes place spontaneously at 1000 K.

Show all your working.

ΔG = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [4]

[Total: 11]

© OCR 2011

ΔG = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [4]

[Total: 11]

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Entropy 11 Bilal Hameed

 125
14
65 Entropy changes are an important factor in determining the feasibility of reactions.

(a) You are provided with equations for four processes.

A 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

alt
B H2O(l) H2O(g)
C H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l)
D 2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g)

For each process, explain why ΔS has the sign shown below.

A: sign of ΔS: negative

reason for sign: .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

B: sign of ΔS: positive

reason for sign: .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

C: sign of ΔS: negative

reason for sign: .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

D: sign of ΔS: positive

reason for sign: .........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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Bilal Hameed Entropy 11

 126
15
(b) Calcium oxide, CaO, is used to make cement. Calcium oxide is manufactured by the thermal
decomposition of calcium carbonate.

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH = +178 kJ mol–1

alt
Standard entropies of CaCO3(s), CaO(s) and CO2(g) are given in the table below.

substance CaCO3(s) CaO(s) CO2(g)

S/J K–1mol–1 89 40 214

• Using the information in the table, show that the entropy change, ΔS, for the decomposition
of calcium carbonate is 0.165 kJ K–1 mol–1.

• Show that calcium carbonate is stable at room temperature (25 °C).

• Calculate the minimum temperature needed to decompose calcium carbonate.

Show all your working.

[7]

[Total: 11]

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Entropy 11 Bilal Hameed

 127
14
7(e) In the industrial production of ammonia, a temperature in the range 400–500 °C is used.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH = –92 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies of N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are given in the table below.

alt
substance N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)

S / J K–1 mol–1 191 131 192

(i) Show that the formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases should be
feasible at room temperature (25 °C).

[6]

(ii) Explain, in terms of entropy, why this reaction is not feasible at very high temperatures.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest why a temperature of 400–500 °C is used for ammonia production, despite the
reaction being feasible at room temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 22]
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Bilal Hameed Entropy 11

 128

alt
Entropy 11 Bilal Hameed
 129

Entropy WS 12= ............................... kJ mol –1

[3]

1 (b) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

alt
Describe and explain what happens to the entropy of a gas when the temperature is increased.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
5 [2]

(c) The table shows four reactions.

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/F/M/16
(i) For each reaction, predict the sign of the entropy change, S o. If you predict no entropy
chan e rite no chan e in the ta le elo he first one has een one for yo

reaction sign of S o
CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) negative
1
Mg(s) + 2 O2(g) MgO(s)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H5O(s)

NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) Na+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

[2]

(ii) lain hy the entro y chan e for the first rocess is ne ati e

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Calculate the standard entropy change, S o, for this reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Standard entropies, S o, in J K–1 mol–1 are given.

N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)

+192 +131 +193

S o ............................ J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(e) Whether or not a chemical reaction is spontaneous (feasible) can be deduced by calculating
the change in free energy, G o, at a given temperature.

MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g) H o = +117 kJ mol–1

S o = +175 J K–1 mol–1

(i) Calculate the value of G o at 298 K for the above reaction.

[2]
Bilal Hameed(ii) Entropy
Use your answer to (i) to explain whether or not this reaction is spontaneous at 298 K. 12

.............................................................................................................................................
 130 S o ............................ J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(e) Whether or not a chemical reaction is spontaneous (feasible) can be deduced by calculating
the change in free energy, G o, at a given temperature.

MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g) H o = +117 kJ mol–1

S o = +175 J K–1 mol–1

alt
(i) Calculate the value of G o at 298 K for the above reaction.

[2]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to explain whether or not this reaction is spontaneous at 298 K.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[M’16 2
[Total: Q2]
16]
5
© UCLES 2016 9701/42/F/M/16 [Turn over
2 (c) (i) Predict the sign of S o for this reaction. Explain your answer.

2H2S(g) + CH4(g) CS2(g) + 4H2(g) H o = +241 kJ mol–1

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

The free energy change, G o, for this reaction at 1000 K is +51 kJ mol–1.

(ii) Calculate the value of S o for this reaction, stating its units.

S o = ............................. units ............................. [2]

(d) How would the value of G o, and hence the spontaneity (feasibility) of this reaction change as
the temperature increases? Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

Entropy 12 Bilal Hameed

 131
6

33 The spontaneity (feasibility) of a chemical reaction depends on the standard Gibbs free energy
change, G o. This is related to the standard enthalpy and entropy changes by the equation shown.

Go = Ho – T So

alt
(a) State and explain whether the following processes will lead to an increase or decrease in
entropy.

(i) the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) solid potassium chloride dissolving in water

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) steam condensing to water

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Magnesium carbonate can be decomposed.

MgCO3(s) s 2 (g) Ho mol–1

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

substance MgCO3(s) MgO(s) CO2(g)

S o
mol K–1 –1

(i) Calculate G o for this reaction at 298 K.

Include a relevant sign and give your answer to three si nificant fi res

Go mol–1 [3]

(ii) Explain, with reference to G o, why this reaction becomes more feasible at higher
temperatures.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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Bilal Hameed Entropy 12

 132
7

(c) On heating, sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate as shown.

2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3 s 2 2 O(g) Ho mol–1

So mol–1 K–1

alt
Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction becomes spontaneous (feasible).
Show your working.

temperature = ............................. K [2]

[W’16 1 Q3]

(d) The solubility of Group 2 sulfates decreases down the Group.

Explain this trend.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

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7

4 (c) Iron(III) oxide can be reduced to iron metal using carbon monoxide at a temperature of 1000 C.

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) H o = – 43.6 kJ mol–1

Some relevant standard entropies are given in the table.

alt
substance Fe2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(s) CO2(g)
S / J K mol
o –1 –1
+90 +198 +27 +214

(i) What is meant by the term entropy ?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the standard entropy change, S o, for this reaction.

S o = ............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(iii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, G o, for this reaction at 25 C.

G o = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iv) Suggest why a temperature of 1000 C is usually used for this reaction, even though the
reaction is spontaneous (feasible) at 25 C. Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[W’16 2 Q3]
[Total: 13]

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 134
5

5 (c) Chlorine is in Group 17.

gge t t e tren in t e fir t electron affinity of t e ele ent in ro lain yo r an er

....................................................................................................................................................

alt
....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) The equation for the formation of magnesium oxide from its elements is shown.
1
Mg(s) + 2 O2(g) MgO(s) ΔH o = – 602 kJ mol–1

substance S o / J K–1 mol–1

Mg(s) 32.7
O2(g) 205
MgO(s) 26.9

Use the equation and the data given in the table to calculate ΔG o for the reaction at 25 C.

ΔG o = .............................. units ..............................

[4]
[M’17 2 Q2]
[Total: 10]

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 3
135 3according to reaction 1.
(c) (i) Silicon tetrachloride can be prepared

6 (c) (i) Silicon

reactiontetrachloride
1 canSi(s)
be prepared according
+ 2Cl 2(g) SiClto4(l)
reaction
S o =1.–225.7 J K–1 mol–1

reaction 1 Si(s) + 2Cl 2(g) o SiCl 4(l) S o = –225.7 J K–1 mol–1

standard entropy of silicon, S Si(s) 18.7 J K–1 mol–1
standardstandard
entropy entropy
of siliconoftetrachloride, S o SiCl 4 (l)
silicon, S o Si(s) 239.0
18.7 JJ K
K–1 mol
–1 –1
mol–1

alt
standard
Calculate theentropy of silicon
standard entropytetrachloride,
of chlorine, SSo Cl
o
SiCl 4 (l) 239.0 J K–1working.
mol–1
2(g). Show all your

Calculate the standard entropy of chlorine, S o Cl 2(g). Show all your working.

S o Cl 2(g) = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) Explain why the entropy change for reaction S1oisClnegative.

2(g) = .............................. J K mol
–1 –1
[2]

(ii) Explain why the entropy change for reaction 1 is negative.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The standard enthalpy change of formation of silicon tetrachloride, SiCl 4(l), is – 640 kJ mol-1.

(d) Reaction
The standard
1 isenthalpy changeatoflower
spontaneous formation of silicon tetrachloride,
temperatures, SiCl 4(l), is –at
but it is not spontaneous 640 kJ mol
very -1
high .
temperatures.
Reaction 1 is spontaneous at lower temperatures, but it is not spontaneous at very high
temperatures.
Calculate the temperature above which reaction 1 is not spontaneous.

Calculate the temperature above which reaction 1 is not spontaneous.

temperature = .............................. K [2]

[J’18 P42 Q1]

temperature = ..............................
[Total:K 13]
[2]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/M/J/18 [Turn over

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Bilal Hameed Entropy 12

 18
136
8 18
Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.
78 Entropy is a measure
(a) Assume of the
the entropy, S, disorder of aero at
for H2 is system.
.
(a) Sketch
Assumeathe entropy,
graph on theS,axes is ero at
for Hto2 show how the entropy
. changes for H2 between and .
Sketch a graph on the axes to show how the entropy changes for H2 between and .

alt
S / J K–1 mol–1
S / J K–1 mol–1

0
0 100 200 300
0
0 temperature 200
100 /K 300
temperature / K [2]
[2]
(b) Place one tick ( ) in each row of the table to show the sign of the entropy changes, S.
(b) Place one tick ( ) in each row of the table to show the sign of the entropy changes, S.
S is negative S is positive

solid dissolving in water S is negative S is positive

solid dissolving in water

water boiling to steam
water boiling to steam [1]
[1]
(c) The equation for a reaction that produces methanol is shown.
(c) The equation for a reaction
CO (g)that produces
+ 3H (g) methanol
CH OH(g)is +
shown.
H O(g)
2 2 3 2

CO2(g) from
Use relevant bond energies + 3Hthe
2(g)DataCH 3OH(g)
Booklet to +calculate
H2O(g) the enthalpy change, H, for
this gas phase reaction.
Use relevant bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change, H, for
this gas phase reaction.

H = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

H = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

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Entropy 12 Bilal Hameed

 137
19

(d) At 298 K, both products of this reaction are liquid.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) H o = –131 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

alt
substance CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(l) H2O(l)
S o / J K–1 mol–1 +214 +131 +127

(i) Calculate the standard entropy change, S o, for this reaction.

S o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, G o, for this reaction at 298 K.

G o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the feasibility of this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[N’18 P41 Q8]

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 20138
20
8 (a) Chloramine, NH2Cl, can be used in the treatment of drinking water to kill bacteria. Excess
8
8 (a) chloramine
Chloramine,inNH 2Cl, is
water can be usedusing
destroyed in the UVtreatment
light. The of drinking water
mechanism for thistoinvolves
kill bacteria. Excess
free radicals.
chloramine in water is destroyed using UV light. The mechanism for this involves free radicals.
The initiation step in this process is shown.
The initiation step in this process is shown.
UV

alt
NH2Cl UV NH2 + Cl
NH2Cl NH2 + Cl
(i) What is meant by the term free radical ?
(i) What is meant by the term free radical ?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
The equation for a possible propagation step in the process is shown.
The equation for a possible propagation step in the process is shown.
NH2Cl + Cl NHCl + HCl
NH2Cl + Cl NHCl + HCl
(ii) Suggest an equation for a possible termination step in this process.
(ii) Suggest an equation for a possible termination step in this process.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of NH2Cl. Show outer electrons only.
(b) (i) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of NH2Cl. Show outer electrons only.

[1]
[1]
(ii) State the hybridisation of the nitrogen atom and suggest the H–N–Cl bond angle in the
(ii) State
NH2Clthe hybridisation of the nitrogen atom and suggest the H–N–Cl bond angle in the
molecule.
NH2Cl molecule.
hybridisation of N ................................................................................................................
hybridisation of N ................................................................................................................
H–N–Cl bond angle ............................................................................................................
H–N–Cl bond angle ............................................................................................................ [1]
[1]

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Entropy 12 Bilal Hameed

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21

(c) Some values for standard enthalpy changes of formation, , and standard entropies, S o, are
given in the table.

/ kJ mol–1 S o / J K–1 mol–1

alt
NH2Cl (g) +80.1 +241
NH3(g) – 45.9 +198
N2H4(g) +95.4 +237
HCl (g) –92.3 +187

(i) efine t e eaning of t e ter entropy.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

Hydrazine, N2H4, can be produced from chloramine and ammonia as shown.

NH2Cl (g) + NH3(g) N2H4(g) + HCl (g)

(ii) Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS o, for this reaction.

ΔS o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH o, for this reaction.

ΔH o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

(iv) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG o, for this reaction at 298 K.

ΔG o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(v) Explain, with reference to ΔG o, why this reaction becomes less feasible at higher
temperatures.

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[N’18 P42 Q8]
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