Phy 102: Properties

of Matter & Waves

Dr M Mahbubur Rahman
Professor
Department of Physics
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342
Email: M.Rahman@Juniv.edu
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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Part B

Chapter 5
Oscillations 2
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Topics to Cover for This Chapter
Chapter 5: Oscillations
Harmonic motion; Simple harmonic motion
(SHM); Energy consideration in SHM;
Applications of SHM; Relation between SHM
and uniform circular motion; Combination of
harmonic motions; Damped harmonic motion;
Forced oscillations and resonance.

8 Lectures 3
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

Books Needed
1. Physics for Engineers- Giasuddin Ahmed

2. Waves and Oscillations- N Subrahmanyam, Brijlal

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1) Define periodic motion
2) SHM
SHM = periodic vibration about an equilibrium point
Amplitude = max displacement

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
 Max force occurs at amplitude
 Zero force occurs at equilibrium

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
 Max velocity occurs at equilibrium
 Zero velocity at max amplitude position

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Define the SHM and write the Condition of
SHM
A harmonic/periodic motion of constant amplitude
in which the acceleration is proportional and
oppositely directed to the displacement of the
body from the mean/equilibrium position. The
conditions of SHM are:

1. Motion is periodic
2. Acceleration is proportional to the displacement
3. Acceleration is opposite to the direction of displacement
4. Maximum displacement on both sides of the equilibrium
position is equal to each to other 9
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Differential Equation of Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM)

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

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Phy 102: Properties of
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

Solution of the Differential

Equation of SHM

Class Work (show the

calculations)
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Velocity of SHM
Find Maximum Velocity of SHM

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Acceleration of SHM

Class Work (show the calculations)

Find Maximum Acceleration of SHM

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Time Period of SHM

Class Work (show the calculations)

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

Epoch of a Particle Executing SHM

Home Work
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Total Energy of a Particle Executing SHM

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Phy 102: Properties of
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Phy 102: Properties of
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Phy 102: Properties of
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Total Energy as a Function of Amplitude

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Total Energy as a Function of Amplitude

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Phy 102: Properties of
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Phy 102: Properties of
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Velocity from Total Energy of a Particle
Executing SHM
The equation for the energy associated with SHM can be
solved to find the magnitude of the velocity of the particle:

Hence, the velocity of the particle at any position:

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

Average values of the KE and PE of a

particle executing SHM

Show the details calculations

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves

Linearity & Superposition Principle

Class Work

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
SHM of a Loaded Spring

Home Work

Page 37 (N Subrahmanyam)
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Relation between SHM and Uniform
Circular Motion
1. Uniform circular motion describes the movement of
an object traveling a circular path with constant
speed. The one-dimensional projection of this
motion can be described as simple harmonic
motion.
2. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector v is
always tangent to the circular path and constant
in magnitude. The acceleration is constant in
magnitude and points to the center of the circular
path, perpendicular to the velocity vector at every
instant. 32
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
3. If an object moves with angular velocity ω around a
circle of radius r centered at the origin of the x-
y plane, then its motion along each coordinate is
simple harmonic motion with amplitude r
and angular frequency ω.

Velocity v and acceleration a in uniform

circular motion at angular rate ω.

The speed is constant, and is always tangent

to the orbit.

The acceleration has constant magnitude,

but always points toward the center of 33
rotation
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
A point P moving on a circular path
with a constant angular velocity ω is
undergoing uniform circular motion.

Its projection on the x-axis

undergoes simple harmonic motion.

Also shown is the velocity of this

point around the circle, vmax, and its
projection, which is v. Note that
these velocities form a similar
triangle to the displacement triangle.
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
For a path around a circle of radius r, when an
angle θ (measured in radians) is swept out, the
distance travelled on the edge of the circle is s =
rθ. Thus, the speed of the particle around the orbit
will be

where the angular rate of rotation is ω.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
The acceleration in uniform circular motion is
always directed inward and is given by:

This acceleration acts to change the direction of v, but

not the speed.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Relation between SHM and Uniform
Circular Motion
There is an easy way to produce SHM by using uniform
circular motion. The figure in the next page shows one
way of using this method. A ball is attached to a
uniformly rotating vertical turntable, and its shadow is
projected onto the floor as shown. The shadow
undergoes simple harmonic motion .

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
A peg (a cylinder of wood) is
attached to a vertical disk, rotating
with a constant angular
frequency. Figure shows a side
view of the disk and peg. If a lamp
is placed above the disk and peg,
the peg produces a shadow.

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Shadow of a ball undergoing SHM
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
The point P travels around the circle at constant
angular velocity ω. The point P is analogous to the
peg. The projection of the position of P onto a
fixed axis undergoes simple harmonic motion and
is analogous to the shadow of the peg.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
At a point in time, the projection has
position x and moves to the left with velocity v.
The velocity of the point P around the circle
equals |vmax|. The projection of |vmax| on the
x-axis is the velocity v of the simple harmonic
motion along the x-axis .

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
The projection undergoes SHM, so its position x is
given by:

where θ = ωt, ω is the constant angular velocity,

and X is the radius of the circular path.

The angular velocity ω is radians per unit time; here 2π

radians is the time for one revolution T. That is, ω=2π/T.
Substituting this expression for ω, we see that the
position x is given by:

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problem

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems (Home Work)
A particle is vibrating with SHM of amplitude
15 cm, and frequency 4 Hz. Calculate
(a)The maximum values of the acceleration
and velocity
(b)The acceleration and velocity when the
displacement is 9 cm.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems (Home Work)

For a particle is vibrating simple harmonically

the displacement is 8 cm at the instant
velocity of 6 cm/s and the displacement is 6
cm at the instant velocity of 8 cm/s. Calculate
the amplitude, frequency and time period of
vibration.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems (Home Work)

A particle execute simple harmonic motion

about the point x = 0. At t= 0, it has displaced
y = 0.37 cm, and zero velocity. If the
frequency of motion is 0.25/s. Calculate the
period, amplitude, the maximum speed and
the maximum acceleration.

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems (Home Work)

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Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems & Solutions

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems & Solutions
A body of mass 0.5 kg is suspended from a
spring of negligible mass and it stretches the
spring by 0.07 m. For a displacement of 0.03 m
it has a downward velocity of 0.4 m/s.
Compute
(i)The time period
(ii)The frequency
(iii)The amplitude of vibration of the spring
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Lissajou’s Figures
Basic Theory of Lissajous Figures

Combination of two SH vibrations of same

frequency but different amplitude and phase
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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Lissajou’s Figures

1. Combination of two SH vibrations at Right

Angles to each other having of same frequency
but different amplitude and phase.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Lissajou’s Figures

2. Combination of two SH vibrations at Right

Angles to each other having a time period in the
ration of 1:2.

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Uses of Lissajou’s Figures
1. Laptop and PC screen savers
2. Science fiction movies
3. TV shows
4. Laser shows
5. To design new logos
6. Space stations and satellites
7. To detect the phase shift and time periods of
signals 52
Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Problems (Home Work)

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 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Questions
1. Define simple harmonic motion with its
characteristics and give 2 examples.
2. Establish the differential equation of SHM and solve
it to obtain an expression for the displacement of a
particle executing SHM.
3. Establish the differential equation of SHM and find
its time period.
4. Explain simple harmonic motion. Obtain expressions
for the frequency, amplitude, velocity, and
acceleration of a body executing SHM.
5. Calculate the mechanical energy of a particle
executing SHM, and show that it remains conserved.
Also show that its energy, on average, half kinetic
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and half potential.
 Phy 102: Properties of
Matter & Waves
Questions

6. Calculate the average kinetic and total energy of a

particle executing SHM. Show that the principle of
conservation of energy is obeyed by a harmonic
oscillator.
7. Show that the motion of a simple pendulum is
harmonic. Obtain an expression for the frequency of
oscillations of the simple pendulum.

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