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doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Article
Abstract
Several text symbol lists for common rock-forming minerals have been published over the last 40 years, but no internationally agreed
standard has yet been established. This contribution presents the first International Mineralogical Association (IMA) Commission on
New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) approved collection of 5744 mineral name abbreviations by combining
four methods of nomenclature based on the Kretz symbol approach. The collection incorporates 991 previously defined abbreviations
for mineral groups and species and presents a further 4753 new symbols that cover all currently listed IMA minerals. Adopting IMA–
CNMNC approved symbols is considered a necessary step in standardising abbreviations by employing a system compatible with that
used for symbolising the chemical elements.
Keywords: nomenclature, mineral names, symbols, abbreviations, groups, species, elements, IMA, CNMNC
(Received 28 November 2020; accepted 14 May 2021; Accepted Manuscript published online: 18 May 2021;
Associate Editor: Anthony R Kampf)
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Table 1. List of IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols (4753 new and 991 previously defined) *denotes mineral names where abbreviations have been adopted
from previous publications. The origin of all symbols are detailed in the Supplementary material.
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(e.g. chaoite = Ch). The most common are the first three let- (1983), 87% with Siivolam and Schmid (2007), 97% with
ters of a name (e.g. cyanotrichite = Cya), which provides the Whitney and Evans (2010), 75% with The Canadian Mineralogist
best compromise between having a relatively short symbol (2019) listings and 100% with Warr (2020).
and having enough letters to give away the character of the To add further diversity and character to new symbols,
name. There are also some rare instances of using the first language-related lettering from the original mineral names was
four letters of a name, but only when shorter options are introduced (e.g. löllingite = lö and švenekite = Švn). It is assumed
not available (e.g. mitscherlichite = Mits). This category of that suitable multilingual text software is now standard to both
abbreviations make up 28% of the listing. authors and journals, which may not have been the case in the
(2) A combination of two to four letters considered characteristic past. Abbreviations were also selected to reflect their origin,
of the mineral name. At least two of the letters of this type of such as people’s names (e.g. earlshannonite (Earl Shannon) =
symbol are usually clustered together to highlight a character- Esn) or place names (e.g. clearcreekite = Cck) to which the
istic section of the name that aids its recognition (e.g. minerals are dedicated. The symbols for specific mineral species
ewingite = Ewg or neighborite = Nbo). These types of abbre- containing elemental information are listed in full (e.g.
viation make up 32% of the database. anzaite-(Ce) = Anz-Ce or allanite-(Ce) = Aln-Ce. In the absence
(3) A selection of two to four letters expressing components of of such element information, the mineral symbol can be used
the name. These represent the initial letter of a name compo- in its less specific form (e.g. anzaite = Anz or allanite = Aln). In
nent in terms of how the word is pronounced (e.g. hellandite the case of mineral phases requiring extensive elemental informa-
= Hld) or as the initial letter of a selected syllable in the word tion for species description, which can lead to long notations, (e.g.
(e.g. adranosite = Arn). This type of symbol makes up 28% of jahnsite-(CaFeMg = Jah-CaFeMg), such abbreviations can also be
the collection. used in their shortened version (e.g. jahnsite = Jah) by defining
(4) Four or more lettered abbreviations when prefixes are present the species in the text on the first occurrence or in the relevant
(e.g. ferro-, ferri, and magnesio-). These are used when related figure or table caption where the symbol is used.
mineral symbols have been previously defined and the letters The collection listed in Table 1 includes the 31 elements that
are selected to preserve consistency between the mineral abbre- occur as native minerals. Although most of Kretz’s pre-existing
viations. (e.g. chlorocalcite = Ccal, or monohydrocalcite = mineral symbols and those by Whitney and Evans (2010) are
Mhcal, where calcite = Cal). Longer abbreviations are also adopted, all new symbols have been chosen to maximise consist-
selected if short ones are no longer available. (e.g. natrozip- ency in the database so that common mineral names are ideally
peite = Nzip and nickelzippeite = Nizip, where zippeite = denoted by the same symbols (e.g. pseudosinhalite = Pshl,
Zip). This symbol type comprises ca. 12% of the database. where P = pseudo, Shl = sinhalite and Hl = halite). Where pos-
sible, the same symbols are maintained for reoccurring name
A collection of symbols was compiled by first listing published components such as cb for carbide in niobocarbide (Ncb) or tan-
mineral abbreviations from recognised contributions. In the case talcarbide (Tcb). Additionally, elemental information was
of conflicting symbols used for the same mineral, for example, retained in symbols (e.g. bismuth = Bi, bismite = Bis and bismu-
Qtz (Kretz, 1983) or Qz (Whitney and Evans, 2010) for quartz, tite = Bit), as long as this did not conflict with the four methods
those proposed by Whitney and Evans (2010) were prioritised. of nomenclature applied and the need to keep abbreviations as
Some departure from this published study was, however, intro- short as possible. Symbols were selected to minimise the average
duced to remove symbols that correspond to elements. In this length and, as a whole, the longer names are generally attributed
context, Po, Fl, Mc and Ts have been replaced (using method 2) with longer abbreviations. The complete library of mineral sym-
with the Kretz symbols of Pyh, Flr, Mcc and Tsr for the minerals bols, which covers all IMA–CNMNC approved species from the
pyrrhotite, fluorite, microcline and tschermakite, respectively. May 2021 version of IMA mineral listing (Pasero, 2021), is based
Other departures from the Whitney and Evans (2010) listing are on 4 one-lettered symbols, 260 two-lettered symbols, 4205 three-
abbreviations that require prefixes following method (4) so that lettered symbols and 1275 four (or more) lettered symbols
these abbreviations (12 in total) are consistent with existing mineral including specific elemental notations. In addition to the 5703
symbols (e.g. ferro-actinolite = Fact, whereby by actinolite = Act). currently approved species, the library also contains 41 group and
This modification was also required to generate a sufficient number subgroup names inherited from the symbols list of Kretz (1983),
of abbreviations for the complete collection of minerals that cannot Whitney and Evans (2010) and Warr (2020). These cover many
be covered by using two- and three-letter symbols alone. Despite common mineral names such as feldspar (Fsp), amphibole
these differences, the symbols are 93% compatible with Kretz (Amp), pyroxene (Px), chlorite (Chl) and biotite (Bt).
A more detailed mineral symbol dataset is provided as Kretz R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68,
Supplementary material. This can be used as a search and match 277–279.
tool for locating mineral names and their recommended symbols. Mills S.J. (2010) The early publication of new mineral names: New procedures
for the release of new mineral names and publication. Mineralogical
Lists of symbols used for common name components are also
Magazine. 74, 179–182, doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.179
given at the base of the datasheet sorted by mineral. New mineral
Miyawaki R., Hatert F., Pasero M. and Mills S.J. (2021) Newsletter 61.
abbreviations can be selected using the ‘symbol picker’ from the list Mineralogical Magazine. 85, http://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.48
of available symbols included in the supplementary material. These Pasero M. (2021) The New IMA List of Minerals. International Mineralogical
are to be submitted for approval to the CNMNC as part of a min- Association. Commission on new minerals, nomenclature and
eral name proposal. New listings of symbols will appear on the offi- classification (IMA-CNMNC). http://cnmnc.main.jp/ [Accessed
cial IMA–CNMNCs website and in related publications such as the 05.05.2021].
IMA-CNMNC newsletter (Mills, 2010). Siivolam J. and Schmid R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS
Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral
Supplementary material. To view supplementary material for this article, abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the
please visit https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.43 Systematics in Petrology. Retrieved from http://www.bgs.ac.uk/scmr/docs/
papers/paper_12.pdf
Acknowledgements. I would like to thank all CNMNC members for their The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols
feedback on this contribution during the approval process and the two for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). https://www.miner-
anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. alogicalassociation.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/symbols.pdf
Accessed 27.11.2020
Warr L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals
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