INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Presentation Flow

Chronology of International 2008 Financial

Brief about International International Institutions that Crisis and
International Institution Institutions Regulate
Institutions and Banking affecting Banking International
Banking
Sector Institutions
 WHAT ARE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
International institutions are organizations that operate across national borders and are created to promote cooperation and coordination
among nations in various areas such as trade, finance, development, human rights, and security. These institutions are typically composed of
member countries that have agreed to work together towards a common goal, and may also include non-state actors such as international
organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private sector entities.

International institutions may have different structures and functions depending on their areas of focus. Some international institutions are
focused on promoting economic development and reducing poverty in developing countries, while others are focused on promoting international
trade, addressing global challenges such as climate change and pandemics, promoting human rights, or maintaining international security and
stability.

Examples of international institutions include:

REESE
United Nations (UN): The UN is a global organization composed of 193 member countries that is focused on promotingMILLER
international peace and
security, promoting economic and social development, protecting human rights, and providing humanitarian assistance in times of crisis.
World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is an international organization that is focused on promoting free and fair trade among its 164
member countries.
 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
The main objectives of international institutions are to promote cooperation and coordination among nations in various areas such as trade,
finance, development, human rights, and security. These institutions are created to help member countries address global challenges and
achieve common goals that may be difficult to achieve on their own.

Here are some of the main objectives of international institutions:

Promote Economic Development: Many international institutions are focused on promoting economic development and reducing poverty
in developing countries. They do this by providing technical assistance, funding, and other resources to support economic growth and
reduce inequality.
Facilitate International Trade: International institutions work to facilitate international trade by reducing barriers to trade, promoting
fair competition, and helping to resolve trade disputes.
Promote Financial Stability: International institutions work to promote financial stability by developing and promoting international
regulatory standards, monitoring financial risks and vulnerabilities, and providing guidance to member countries on macroeconomic
policies.
Address Global Challenges: International institutions work to address global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and food
security. They do this by promoting international cooperation and providing funding and resources to support research, development,
and implementation of solutions.
Promote Human Rights: Many international institutions are focused on promoting and protecting human rights. They do this by
developing policies and guidelines, monitoring human rights abuses, and providing technical assistance and funding to support human
rights initiatives.
 WORKING OF INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
International institutions are organizations that operate across national borders and are created to promote cooperation and coordination among
nations in various areas such as trade, finance, development, human rights, and security. These institutions have different structures and
functions depending on their areas of focus, but generally, they operate by facilitating international cooperation and providing a platform for
member countries to work together to achieve common goals.

Here are some of the ways in which international institutions work:

Membership: International institutions are typically composed of member countries that have agreed to work together towards a common
goal. Member countries may be required to pay membership fees or contribute resources to the institution.

Governance: International institutions have governance structures that determine how decisions are made and implemented. The governance
structure may include a governing board, executive committee, or secretariat. Members may have different levels of decision-making power
depending on their contribution to the institution.

Policy Development: International institutions work to develop policies and guidelines that member countries can use to achieve common
goals. This may involve research, data analysis, and consultations with member countries, experts, and stakeholders.

Coordination: International institutions facilitate coordination among member countries, providing a platform for information-sharing,
collaboration, and joint action. This may involve organizing meetings, conferences, and other events to bring together member countries and
stakeholders.
 WORKING OF INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
Implementation: International institutions work to implement policies and initiatives that have been agreed upon by member countries. This
may involve providing technical assistance, funding, or other resources to support implementation
.
Monitoring and Evaluation: International institutions monitor and evaluate progress towards achieving their goals, identifying areas of
success and areas for improvement. This may involve collecting and analyzing data, conducting research, and reporting on progress to
member countries and other stakeholders.

Overall, international institutions work to promote cooperation and coordination among member countries, providing a platform for
information-sharing, collaboration, and joint action. By developing policies and guidelines, facilitating coordination, and providing technical
assistance, these institutions help member countries to achieve common goals and address global challenges.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND
BANKING
International institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank regulate global banking by establishing guidelines,
rules and regulations that help to maintain stability and integrity in the financial sector. These institutions play a key role in monitoring and
controlling the activities of banks and other financial institutions operating on a global scale.

Setting standards: The IMF and World Bank develop international standards and codes of conduct for banks, including Basel III, which sets
capital and liquidity standards, and the Wolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering Principles, which helps to prevent illegal activities in the financial
sector.

Supervision and monitoring: International institutions monitor and supervise banks' financial and operational performance, making sure that
they are adhering to international standards and regulations.

Addressing financial crises: In times of financial crisis, international institutions work together to provide financial and technical assistance to
countries and banks that are in need. This helps to restore stability to the financial system and prevent the spread of the crisis to other
countries.

Promoting financial stability: International institutions work to promote financial stability and reduce the risk of the financial crisis by
providing technical assistance and policy advice to countries, helping them to strengthen their financial systems and regulations.

In conclusion, international institutions play a critical role in regulating global banking and ensuring stability and integrity in the financial
sector.
 1944 -Bretton Woods Conference: The

Bretton Woods Conference established

2010 -Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform
2012 -Basel III: The Basel III regulations

the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

and Consumer Protection Act: The
and the World Bank, which were
Dodd-Frank Act was passed in response
designed to promote international
to the 2008 financial crisis and
were introduced as a response to the
2008 financial crisis. They included
increased capital requirements for banks,

monetary cooperation and development. introduced new regulations for banks and
as well as new liquidity and leverage

This led to increased regulation of financial institutions in the US. ratios.

international banking and finance.

2016 -Paris Agreement: The Paris

1957 -European Economic Community

2008 -Global Financial Crisis: The global
Agreement was formed to address
(EEC): The EEC was created to promote
financial crisis of 2008 led to increased
climate change and included provisions
economic cooperation between regulation of the banking sector,
for financial institutions to support the

European countries, which included the

including the establishment of the
transition to a low-carbon economy. This

banking sector. This led to the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to

has led to increased focus on sustainable
establishment of the European Central coordinate global financial regulation. finance and green investment in the
Bank (ECB) in 1998. banking sector.

2020 -COVID-19 Pandemic: The

1971 -End of the Bretton Woods COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant

system: The collapse of the Bretton 1995 -World Trade Organization

impact on the banking sector, with many

Woods system in 1971 marked the end (WTO): The WTO was established to
countries introducing monetary and fiscal

of fixed exchange rates and the beginning

promote free trade between countries,
policies to support the economy.
of floating exchange rates. This led to
International institutions, such as the IMF
including in the banking sector. and World Bank, have also provided
increased volatility in the banking sector.
support and funding to countries affected
by the pandemic.

1988 -Basel Committee on Banking

Supervision: The Basel Committee was

1994 -North American Free Trade
Chronology of
International Institutions
formed to develop global standards for
Agreement (NAFTA): NAFTA removed

banking regulation, including the Basel

trade barriers between Canada, the US,

Accords, which set capital requirements

and Mexico, which led to increased
cross-border banking and investment.
affecting Banking Sector
for banks.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS THAT REGULATE BANKING GLOBALLY
1)WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

2) BASEL NORMS

3) INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

4)FINANCIAL STABILITY BOARD

5) BANK OF INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS

6). WORLD BANK

7). INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION OF SECURITIES COMMISSION

 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that is responsible for regulating and promoting global trade. The main
functions of the WTO are:

1. Administering trade agreements: The WTO administers and enforces trade agreements between member countries, which are designed to reduce
trade barriers and promote the free flow of goods and services across borders.
2. Providing a forum for trade negotiations: The WTO provides a forum for member countries to negotiate new trade agreements and to resolve
disputes related to existing agreements.
3. Monitoring national trade policies: The WTO monitors the trade policies of member countries to ensure that they are consistent with WTO rules
and principles.
4. Providing technical assistance and training: The WTO provides technical assistance and training to member countries to help them develop the
capacity to participate in international trade.
5. Cooperating with other international organizations: The WTO cooperates with other international organizations, such as the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund, to promote global economic development and reduce poverty.
6. Encouraging sustainable development: The WTO promotes sustainable development by ensuring that trade agreements take into account the needs
of developing countries and by promoting environmental and social sustainability.

Overall, the WTO is focused on promoting the benefits of international trade, while ensuring that trade is conducted in a fair and transparent manner
that benefits all parties. By providing a rules-based framework for global trade, the WTO helps to reduce uncertainty and promote economic growth
and development.
 WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
WORKING
1. Cross-border banking: The WTO has helped to facilitate cross-border banking by reducing trade barriers and promoting the free flow of financial
services across borders. This has allowed banks to expand their operations into new markets and to offer their services to customers in other
countries.
2. Trade in financial services: The WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) includes provisions that promote trade in financial
services, such as banking, insurance, and securities. This has encouraged greater competition among financial services providers, which can lead to
better services and lower costs for consumers.
3. Regulations and standards: The WTO promotes the use of international regulations and standards for financial services, which can help to reduce
uncertainty and increase transparency in the banking sector. This can help to reduce the risk of financial crises and improve overall financial
stability.
4. Dispute resolution: The WTO provides a forum for resolving disputes related to international trade in financial services, which can help to ensure
that banks are treated fairly and that trade is conducted in a rules-based manner.
5. Developing countries: The WTO's focus on promoting economic development and reducing poverty can benefit the banking sector in developing
countries, by promoting financial inclusion and increasing access to finance. This can help to promote economic growth and stability and can
create new opportunities for banks to expand their operations in these markets.
6. Capital flows: The WTO has also facilitated the flow of capital across borders by promoting the liberalization of the financial services trade. This
has enabled banks to access a wider pool of capital and increased opportunities for investment.
7. Competition: The WTO's rules and principles promoting competition have encouraged banks to operate more efficiently, innovate, and offer
better products and services to consumers. This has also led to consolidation in the banking industry, as smaller and less competitive banks may
struggle to survive.
 WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION AND
BANKING SECTOR
The WTO's impact on banking can be seen in more ways :

Liberalization of Trade in Financial Services: The WTO has promoted the liberalization of trade in financial services among its member countries.
This has led to the removal of barriers to entry and restrictions on foreign ownership in the banking sector, which has allowed banks to expand
their operations globally.
Harmonization of Regulations: The WTO has encouraged its member countries to adopt common regulatory standards for financial services. This
has helped to create a level playing field for banks operating across borders, as they are subject to the same regulations regardless of where they
operate.
Dispute Resolution: The WTO provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between member countries regarding their obligations under the WTO
agreements. This has helped to prevent conflicts between countries from affecting the banking sector.
Increased Access to Financing: The WTO has promoted the development of financial markets in developing countries, which has increased access
to financing for businesses and individuals in those countries. This has helped to promote economic growth and development.

Overall, the WTO has had a positive impact on global banking by promoting free trade and providing a framework for resolving disputes.
However, some critics argue that the WTO's focus on liberalization and deregulation has contributed to financial instability and inequality in the
global economy.

.
 BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING
AND SUPERVISION
Basel refers to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), which is a global organization that provides guidance and standards for
banking regulation. The BCBS was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten countries in 1974, and today it includes
representatives from more than 45 countries.

The main functions of the BCBS are to:

1. Develop and promote global regulatory standards: develops and promotes global regulatory standards for banking supervision, with the aim
of enhancing financial stability and ensuring the safety and soundness of the banking system.
2. Monitor and assess risks in the banking system: monitors and assesses risks in the banking system, and develops guidelines and best
practices for banks and supervisors to manage these risks.
3. Foster international cooperation and information sharing: The BCBS fosters international cooperation and information sharing among
banking supervisors, with the aim of promoting consistent and effective regulation of cross-border banking activities.
4. Provide guidance and support to member jurisdictions: The BCBS provides guidance and support to member jurisdictions in implementing
its standards and best practices, and assists in assessing their compliance with these standards.
5. Review and update regulatory standards: The BCBS regularly reviews and updates its regulatory standards in response to changing market
conditions and emerging risks.

One of the most well-known initiatives of the BCBS is the Basel Accords, which are a set of international regulatory standards for banks that
cover areas such as capital adequacy, liquidity risk management, and supervisory review. The Basel Accords have been revised several times
over the years, with the most recent version being Basel III.
 BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING
AND SUPERVISION
The Basel Accords are a set of international regulatory standards for banks that have had a significant impact on the banking sector. Here are some of
the ways in which the Basel Accords have affected the industry:

Capital adequacy requirements: The Basel Accords set minimum capital adequacy requirements for banks, which are designed to ensure that banks
have enough capital to absorb potential losses. This has led banks to focus more on capital planning and management and has also encouraged
them to adopt more conservative lending practices.

Risk-based supervision: The Basel Accords introduced a risk-based supervision approach, which requires banks to assess and manage risks in a more
comprehensive and systematic manner. This has led to a greater emphasis on risk management and internal controls within banks.

Liquidity risk management: The Basel Accords introduced new standards for liquidity risk management, which require banks to hold sufficient high-
quality liquid assets to meet their short-term funding needs. This has led banks to become more mindful of their liquidity risks and to hold more
liquid assets on their balance sheets.

Cross-border regulation: The Basel Accords have encouraged greater international cooperation and coordination among regulators, particularly in
the area of cross-border banking supervision. This has helped to promote a more level playing field for banks operating in multiple jurisdictions.

Compliance costs: The implementation of the Basel Accords has resulted in higher compliance costs for banks, as they are required to invest in new
systems and processes to meet the regulatory requirements. This has led to a consolidation in the banking industry, as smaller banks may not have
the resources to meet the regulatory requirements.
 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes international monetary cooperation, exchange
stability, and sustainable economic growth. It was established in 1944 and is currently headquartered in Washington, D.C.

The IMF works to achieve its mandate by providing financial assistance and policy advice to its member countries. It has 190 member countries
and is governed by a Board of Governors, which is made up of one governor and one alternate governor from each member country.

The IMF's main functions include:

Economic Surveillance: The IMF monitors global economic trends and provides policy advice to its member countries to help them maintain
economic stability and promote sustainable growth.
Financial Assistance: The IMF provides financial assistance to member countries that experience balance of payments difficulties. This
assistance may come in the form of loans, which are typically tied to economic reform programs that aim to address underlying imbalances in
the country's economy.
Technical Assistance: The IMF provides technical assistance and training to its member countries to help them strengthen their capacity to
design and implement effective economic policies.
Data and Research: The IMF collects and disseminates economic and financial data and conducts research on a range of macroeconomic issues.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

AND ITS IMPACT ON BANKING

The IMF does not directly regulate banks. Its primary role is to provide policy advice and financial assistance to its member countries to promote
international monetary cooperation and sustainable economic growth. However, the IMF's policies and programs can indirectly impact the
banking sector by promoting sound macroeconomic policies, which can lead to greater financial stability and reduced risk of banking crises.

For example, as part of its financial assistance programs, the IMF often requires countries to undertake structural reforms that aim to strengthen
the financial sector. These reforms may include improving banking supervision and regulation, enhancing corporate governance, and promoting
financial sector development.

In addition, the IMF's economic surveillance function involves monitoring global economic trends and identifying potential risks to financial
stability. The IMF provides policy advice to member countries to help them address these risks, which can help to prevent or mitigate banking
crises.

Overall, while the IMF does not directly regulate banks, its policies and programs can indirectly impact the banking sector by promoting sound
macroeconomic policies and supporting the development of a strong financial sector.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

AND QUOTA
The IMF uses a quota system to determine the financial contributions of its member countries and their voting power in the organization. Each
member country is assigned a quota based on its relative economic size and importance in the global economy. Quotas are reviewed periodically
to ensure that they reflect changes in the global economy and the relative economic importance of member countries.

A member country's quota determines its financial contribution to the IMF and its access to IMF resources, including loans and financial
assistance. Quotas also determine a country's voting power in the organization, with countries with larger quotas having greater voting power.

The IMF's quota system is intended to ensure that the organization has sufficient financial resources to carry out its mandate and that member
countries have a voice in the organization that is proportionate to their economic size and importance. However, the quota system has been
criticized for being outdated and not fully reflecting the changing dynamics of the global economy.

In recent years, there have been efforts to reform the IMF's quota system to better reflect the economic realities of the 21st century and to give
emerging and developing economies a greater voice in the organization. These efforts have included increasing the representation of emerging and
developing economies on the IMF's Executive Board, as well as increasing their quotas and voting power in the organization.

 THE RESERVE CURRENCY - US

DOLLAR
The choice of the US dollar as a reserve currency is primarily driven by the perceived stability and safety of the US economy and financial system,
as well as the deep and liquid US financial markets. The US dollar is also widely accepted in international trade and financial transactions,
making it a convenient currency for countries to hold as reserves.

Holding reserves in US dollars can provide a number of benefits for countries, including:
Stability: The US economy and financial system are generally perceived as stable and well-managed, which can provide reassurance to countries
holding US dollar reserves.
Liquidity: The US financial markets are deep and liquid, which means that US dollars can be easily bought and sold in large quantities.
Acceptability: The US dollar is widely accepted in international trade and financial transactions, making it a convenient currency for countries to
use and hold.
Interest rates: The US has historically offered relatively high-interest rates on government debt, which can make holding US dollar reserves more
attractive.
However, there are also risks associated with holding US dollar reserves. The value of the US dollar can fluctuate based on changes in the US
economy, monetary policy, and political developments. In addition, holding large amounts of US dollar reserves can create dependency on the
policies of the US government and the Federal Reserve.

 US DOLLAR IMPACT ON BANKING

SECTOR
The choice of the US dollar as a reserve currency has significant implications for the banking sector, as it affects the way in which banks
conduct business and manage their assets and liabilities.

One of the key impacts of the US dollar's status as a reserve currency is that it leads to increased demand for US dollar-denominated assets,
such as US Treasury bonds. This can create opportunities for banks to earn income by investing in these assets or by facilitating
transactions in US dollars. At the same time, however, it can also create risks for banks that hold significant amounts of US dollar-
denominated assets, as changes in the value of the US dollar can have significant implications for their balance sheets.

Another impact of the US dollar's status as a reserve currency is that it affects the way in which banks manage their foreign exchange risk.
Banks that operate in multiple countries and currencies must manage their exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, which can impact
their profitability and financial stability. The dominance of the US dollar as a reserve currency means that banks must pay close attention to
the value of the US dollar relative to other currencies, as changes in the value of the US dollar can have significant implications for their
foreign exchange risk.

FINANCIAL STABILITY BOARD

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international organization that was established in 2009 to promote financial stability by
coordinating national financial regulatory policies and international standards. The FSB is based in Basel, Switzerland and is made up of
representatives from central banks, finance ministries, and regulatory agencies from around the world.

The FSB's impact on banking is significant, as it plays a key role in developing international regulatory standards and guidelines that affect
the way in which banks operate. The FSB's work includes monitoring and assessing global financial stability, identifying potential
vulnerabilities in the financial system, and developing recommendations to address these vulnerabilities.

One of the FSB's key initiatives is the development and implementation of the Basel III regulatory framework, which sets minimum
standards for bank capital adequacy, liquidity, and leverage ratios. These standards aim to promote the resilience of the banking system and
reduce the risk of banking crises.

The FSB also works to promote international cooperation and coordination among regulatory authorities, with the goal of ensuring
consistent and effective implementation of regulatory standards. This includes promoting the adoption of best practices in bank supervision
and regulation, as well as facilitating information-sharing and coordination among regulators and supervisory authorities.

FINANCIAL STABILITY BOARD

AND ITS IMPACT ON BANKING
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has a significant impact on the banking industry as it works to promote financial stability by developing
and promoting international regulatory standards. Here are some of the ways in which the FSB impacts banking:

Development of Regulatory Standards: The FSB plays a key role in developing international regulatory standards, such as the Basel III
framework, which sets minimum standards for bank capital adequacy, liquidity, and leverage ratios. These standards are designed to promote
the resilience of the banking system and reduce the risk of banking crises.

Implementation of Regulatory Standards: The FSB also works to promote consistent and effective implementation of regulatory standards.
This includes promoting the adoption of best practices in bank supervision and regulation, as well as facilitating information-sharing and
coordination among regulators and supervisory authorities.

Assessment of Global Financial Stability: The FSB monitors and assesses global financial stability, identifying potential vulnerabilities in the
financial system and developing recommendations to address these vulnerabilities. This helps to promote a stable and healthy banking
system.

Coordination and Cooperation Among Regulators: The FSB promotes international cooperation and coordination among regulatory
authorities, which helps to ensure consistent and effective implementation of regulatory standards. This helps to reduce regulatory arbitrage
and creates a more level playing field for banks operating in different jurisdictions.


BANK OF INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT

As the bankers' bank, the BIS serves the financial needs of member central banks. It provides gold and foreign exchange transactions for them
and holds central bank reserves. The BIS is also a banker and fund manager for other international financial institutions.

A forum for dialogue and broad international cooperation: The BIS provides central banks and financial supervisory authorities with a forum for
dialogue and cooperation, where they can freely exchange information, forge a common understanding, and decide on common actions.

A platform for responsible innovation and knowledge-sharing: The future of central banking is inextricably linked to innovation, whether it is in
the area of artificial intelligence, big data, fintech, digital currencies, or green finance.

In-depth analysis and insights on core policy issues: The BIS draws on its unique position at the intersection of research and policy. Its economic
analysis responds to pressing short-term issues while exploring themes of strategic importance for central banks and financial supervisory
authorities. In this role, it supports central bank cooperation and provides an independent voice to sound policymaking.

Sound and competitive financial services: BIS offers financial services exclusively to central banks, monetary authorities, and international
organizations, mainly to assist them in the management of their foreign exchange assets.
 BANK OF INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
AND ITS IMPACT ON BANKING
The BIS competes directly with other private financial institutions for global banking activities. However, it does not hold current accounts for
individuals or governments.
In 2001 it was decided that the private shareholders should be compensated and that ownership of the BIS should be restricted to the central
banks.
Like any other bank, the BIS strives to offer premium services to attract central banks as clients. To provide security, it maintains abundant
equity capital and reserves that are diversely invested following risk analysis.
The BIS ensures liquidity for central banks by offering to buy back tradable instruments from them; many of these instruments have been
specifically designed for the central bank's needs.
To compete with private financial institutions, the BIS offers a top return on funds invested by central banks.
The BIS is a global center for financial and economic interests. As such, it has been a principal architect in the development of the global
financial market.
Given the dynamic nature of social, political, and economic situations around the world, the BIS can be seen as a stabilizing force, encouraging
financial stability and international prosperity in the face of global change.


WORLD BANK

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans, grants, and other forms of financial assistance to developing
countries.

Its primary mission is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable economic development in its member countries.
The World Bank operates in more than 100 countries and is governed by its member countries.
It consists of two main entities: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA).
The IBRD provides loans to middle-income countries, while the IDA provides grants and low-interest loans to the poorest countries in the
world.
The World Bank conducts research and analysis on economic and social issues, which is widely used to inform policy decisions and development
strategies.
The World Bank has been criticized for its lending practices and governance structure but remains a significant player in the global development
landscape.
The World Bank is committed to promoting sustainable development, reducing poverty, and achieving the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals


WORLD BANK FUNCTIONING

Providing financial assistance: The World Bank provides loans, grants, and other financial assistance to member countries for development
projects and poverty reduction efforts.

Technical assistance and advisory services: The World Bank provides technical assistance and advisory services to member countries to help them
implement development projects and improve their policies and institutions.

Policy research and analysis: The World Bank conducts research and analysis on economic and social issues, which is used to inform policy
decisions and development strategies.

Promoting private sector investment: The World Bank supports private sector investment in developing countries by providing financing and
advisory services.

Disaster risk management: The World Bank helps member countries prepare for and respond to natural disasters and other emergencies through
disaster risk management programs.

Poverty reduction: The World Bank supports poverty reduction efforts in member countries through investments in health, education, and social
protection programs.
Debt management: The World Bank provides support to member countries to manage their debt and reduce their risk of default.
 WORLD BANK AND ITS IMPACT ON
BANKING SECTOR
Encouraging financial sector reform: The World Bank provides technical assistance and advisory services to member countries to help them
reform their financial sectors, which can lead to the development of stronger banking systems.

Providing financing for banking projects: The World Bank provides loans and grants to member countries for development projects,
including those related to the banking sector, which can help stimulate investment and improve banking infrastructure.

Promoting financial inclusion: The World Bank promotes financial inclusion in member countries by supporting initiatives that increase
access to banking services and encourage the use of digital financial services.

Supporting regulatory frameworks: The World Bank works with member countries to develop regulatory frameworks for the banking sector
that are transparent, effective, and promote financial stability.

Improving risk management practices: The World Bank provides technical assistance to member countries to help them develop and
implement effective risk management practices, which can help reduce the likelihood of financial crises.

Overall, the World Bank plays an important role in supporting the development of strong and stable banking systems in member countries.
 The International Organization of Securities
Commissions (IOSCO)
The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is a global organization that brings together securities regulators from
around the world.
Its main functions include:

Developing and promoting standards and best practices for securities regulation: IOSCO develops and promotes standards and best practices
for securities regulation to enhance investor protection, ensure fair and efficient markets, and promote global financial stability.

Facilitating cooperation among securities regulators: IOSCO facilitates cooperation and information sharing among securities regulators to
promote consistent and effective regulation of cross-border securities transactions.

Conducting research and analysis: IOSCO conducts research and analysis on securities markets and regulation to provide guidance to its
members on emerging issues and trends.

Providing technical assistance: IOSCO provides technical assistance to its members to support the development and implementation of
effective securities regulation.

Promoting investor education and protection: IOSCO promotes investor education and protection by providing guidance on investor
education programs, promoting transparency in financial reporting, and working to combat securities fraud and other abuses.
 The International Organization of Securities
Commissions (IOSCO) impact on Banking Sector
While IOSCO is primarily focused on securities regulation, its work can have an impact on the banking sector in several ways:

1. Cross-border transactions: IOSCO's standards and best practices can affect cross-border transactions involving both securities and banking
products, particularly in cases where banks are involved in the underwriting or distribution of securities.
2. Disclosure requirements: IOSCO's standards related to disclosure and transparency in securities markets can have implications for banks
that issue or trade securities, or that engage in securities lending or borrowing.
3. Derivatives regulation: IOSCO has developed standards for the regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, which can have
implications for banks that engage in derivatives trading or clearing.
4. Risk management: IOSCO's standards and guidance related to risk management can be relevant to banks, particularly those that engage in
securities-related activities that carry market or credit risk.
5. Collaboration with other regulators: IOSCO works closely with other global standard-setting bodies, such as the Financial Stability Board
(FSB), which has a broader focus on financial stability. Through this collaboration, IOSCO's work can contribute to a more coordinated
and effective approach to regulation across the banking and securities sectors.
6. Systemic risk: IOSCO's work on market infrastructure and risk management can contribute to the stability of the financial system as a
whole, which can be particularly important for banks that are heavily interconnected with other financial institutions.
7. Capital markets development: IOSCO's efforts to promote fair and efficient capital markets can benefit banks by providing them with access
to a wider range of funding sources and investment opportunities.
 THE 2008 Financial Crisis and International Institutions

The 2008 Financial Crisis had a significant impact on international institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World
Bank, and the G20.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF played a key role in the crisis by providing financial assistance to countries affected by the
crisis. It also worked with other international organizations to coordinate policy responses and promote global economic stability.

World Bank: The World Bank provided funding and technical assistance to countries affected by the crisis, with a focus on supporting the
most vulnerable populations. It also worked with the IMF and other organizations to promote economic growth and stability.

G20: The G20, a group of major economies, played a significant role in coordinating policy responses to the crisis. In particular, it helped to
establish the Financial Stability Board, which oversees global financial regulation and promotes financial stability.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, an international organization that sets standards
for banking regulation, played a role in strengthening banking regulations in the wake of the crisis. It introduced new rules to improve the
quality and quantity of bank capital, increase liquidity requirements, and improve risk management.

European Union: The crisis had a significant impact on the European Union (EU), particularly in countries such as Greece, Spain, and
Portugal. The EU implemented a range of measures to address the crisis, including bailouts for struggling countries, new regulations to
strengthen the financial sector, and reforms to promote economic growth and stability.
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SUBMITTED BY:
1) Vinayak Sharma - 2020UBA9008
2) Shagun Gautam- 2020UBA9021
3) Srishti Rana- 2020UBA9002
4) Ridhima Kapoor- 2020UBA9049
5) Tanmay Sharma- 2020UBA9030