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Physics Paper 6 Notes

prepIGCSE 7th Feb 2020 Leave a comment

Note : Some of this is not applicable to

IGCSE Physics, as it has been
submitted by an O-Level Student, but
is nonetheless useful.

Calculation 

1. Addition and Subtraction : same

number of decimal places as the
number with the least. 
2. Multiplication and Division : same
number of sf as the number with
the least. 

Graphs 

Draw and label the axis’

Give the graph a title 
Ensure that the scale is clearly
marked out 
Ensure that the graph covers more
than 50% of the paper. 

Y is directly proportional to x 

Y is linearly related to x 

Y is linearly related to x with a

negative gradient 

When x is increased, y increases at

a decreasing rate 

x 

When x is increased, y decreases at

a decreasing rate 

When x is increased, y increases at

an increasing rate 

When x is increased, y decreases at

an increasing rate

When asked for gradient : magnitude

and unit 

When asked for constant g : only the

magnitude 

———————————————
———————————

Reason for taking multiple

readings when using a stopwatch : 

It is to reduce the random error and

increase the accuracy of the results by
finding the average. 

Improving the accuracy of

pendulum results : 

Increase the number of timed

oscillations and then find the
average.
Mark the centre on the pendulum
bob in order to measure accurately. 

Lenses experiments sources of

error : 

There exists a small range of

distances for which the image is
still in focus which may lead to an
uncertainty in the measurement of
the focal length. 

Improvement : take more readings

and then find the average 

Sources of error for experiments

with thermal energy : 

Some of the thermal energy is

given out to the surroundings and
is not accounted for. 
The source of heat heats up the
instrument along with the material
intended to be heated too. 
Thermal energy is lost through the
evaporation of water. 

Improvements : 

Include the mass and the specific

heat capacity of the
beaker/whatever instrument that is
not intended to be heated up in the
calculation as that instrument is
being heated up and is absorbing
thermal energy too. 
Cover the beaker with a lid and
place the thermometer through the
lid. This is to reduce thermal
energy loss by the evaporation of
water. 
Place the styrofoam cup in a beaker
to provide thermal insulation and
prevent the loss of thermal energy. 

———————————————
———————————

Planning Questions 

1. State the iv, dv and cv (usually 2-3

cv) 
2. Description of the experiment 

How the iv is varied 

How the dv is varied 
How the data is recorded 

Remember to take multiple readings

and then find the average !! 

3. Data processing 

State what graph has to be plotted 

State how to find the variables that
the question asked for 

———————————————
———————————

Improvements for mass related

experiments : 

1. The mass could be taped to the

ruler to ensure that the mass does
not move during the reading (this
increases the accuracy) 
2. The mass could be replaced with a
mass with a clearly defined centre
of gravity so that all data needed
can be more clearly measured. 

Checking that a half metre

rule/any rule is horizontal : 

Ensure that the rule is horizontal by

measuring that the height above the
bench at each end and ensuring that
they are the same. 

Precaution and explanation for

experiments with oscillation : 

P : Wait for a few seconds before

starting the stopwatch and measuring
the time for the needed number of
oscillations 

E : The first few oscillations are

unstable and do not have the same
period as the remaining oscillations 

P : Use an optical pin / blu tack as a

fiduciary point when measuring the
oscillations 

E : To ensure that the 10 oscillations

are measured accurately 

Technique to obtain an image that

is in sharp focus : 

Approach the formation of the sharp

image on the screen from both
directions 

Explain why neither f1 nor f2 is

equal to the weight of the mass on
the string  

There is friction between the tube and

the rope. Additional force is
introduced between the tube and the
rope and hence, f1 and f2 are not equal
to the weight of the mass on the
string. 

———————————————
———————————If any
calculation is obtained by any
estimation involved then it is not
accurate. Thus, the
calculation/value found will be
inaccurate. 

——————————————
————————————

Circuit related : 

The strength of the battery could be

varying causing changes in the
readings. 
Surrounding temperature increases,
resistance decreases (thermistor)

———————————————
———————————

When comparing two methods : 

The method with lesser quantities to

be measured is better because there is
a lesser possibility to get inaccurate
readings. 

Light related : 

Use thinner pins so that the holes

made are small and it will not a"ect
the accurate construction of the
incident and the emergent rays. 
Separation between the 2 pins
along the incident and the refracted
rays should be maximised so that
the lines joining the pin holes will
be a more accurate representation
of the rays. 

Put a lid on a cup with liquid to

decrease the rate of evaporation. 

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