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Name of Student.............................................................................................................................
2. You are provided with the following laboratory apparatus and chemicals: beaker, pipette, burette,
conical flask, wash bottle and volumetric flask, 10.6g anhydrous sodium carbonate, dilute hydrochloric
acid solution, distilled water and phenolphthalein indicator. You are required to prepare 250cm 3 of a
standard solution of sodium carbonate and use the solution to determine the molarity of the solution of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) State the three steps involved in the preparation of the standard solution
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(b) 25cm3 of the standard solution is transferred into a conical flask and 3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator are added. The solution is then titrated with dilute hydrochloric acid till the end point is
reached.
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(ii) The colour change that occurs in the solution in the conical flask is from
________________ (initial colour) to ___________________________ (colour at end
point) (2 marks)
(c) The following diagram shows the initial and final burette readings for the titration
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Final burette
Initial burette reading
reading
(i) Read and record the initial and final Burette readings
Burette
Initial burette readings
Final burette readings
Volume of acid used/cm3
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(Total: 15 marks)
3. Write short note on the following: (hints: Define, give example, use chemical equation where
necessary, and describe the process where applicable)
A. Polymorphism (4mks)
B. Isotopy(4mks)
C. Water hardness(4mks)
B. Characteristic properties of transition elements(4mks)
D. The Frasch process (9mks)
(Total: 25 marks)