Special Constructions

Under Ground , Under Water, Kinetic Constructions

 WHAT IS UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION?
A BUILDING IN WHICH ATLEAST 50% OF THE COMBINED AREA OF THE
WALLS AND ROOF ARE COVERED WITH A THICK LAYER OF EARTH.

• URBAN CONJESTION
REASONS TO GO
• CREATE GREEN SPACE
UNDERGROUND: • PROTECTION
• ISOLATION
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining
and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. . Underground housing
(sometimes called earth sheltered housing) refers specifically to homes that have been built
underground, either partially or completely. Thousands of people in Europe and America live in
underground homes. In Russia there is more development below the ground than above it. Countries
like Japan and China, where development space is at a premium, are particularly keen to build
underground living places.

IMPORTANCE
It is essential in the mass transportation systems that move millions of urban commuters in cities
every day. It also plays a role in protecting and securing structures against natural disasters, as well as
supporting water quality with underground systems for wastewater control. There are several
challenges and considerations during planning, execution and commissioning of underground
construction for any project.
Innovative new technologies, equipment and tools have made it easier than ever before to take on
massive jobs without disturbing life above ground.
ADVANTAGES
Some advantages of underground houses include resistance to severe weather, quiet living space, an
unobtrusive presence in the surrounding landscape, and a nearly constant interior temperature due to the
natural insulating properties of the surrounding earth. One appeal is the energy efficiency and
environmental friendliness of underground dwellings. One benefit of locating a structure underground is the
increased protection provided from threats of force as compared with an above ground sitting. This has been
the driving consideration behind the use of underground construction for many military facilities. More Area
above is available for simultaneous use for development.

DISADVANTAGES
However, underground living does have certain disadvantages, such as the potential for flooding, which in
some cases may require special pumping systems to be installed. High chances of pests like rats and snakes
to enter inside the property. Working under reduced light conditions, difficult or limited access and egress,
with the potential for exposure to air contaminants and the hazards of fire and explosion, underground
construction workers face many dangers. Flooding risks too.
APPLICATIONS
➢ Mining Construction
➢ Tunnel Construction
➢ Building Construction
o Underground Parking
o Waste Storage
o Research Labs
➢ Underground Utility Construction

Mining Construction
Mining projects are happening around the world as the search for new deposits of valuable materials
increases. From iron ore to copper and silver, the earth still holds unexplored pockets of opportunity,
primarily in developing nations in South America and Asia. Technological advancements in mining
equipment are helping companies drill ever-deeper caves, at a faster pace. Other developments in concrete
and concrete admixture are also available to improve safety along with speed, thanks to advanced
applications for backfilling, anchoring, and shielding.
Tunnel Construction
Tunneling work is on the upswing in aging cities that need to shore up their crumbling infrastructure,
including water and sewer channels, oil and natural gas pipelines, telephone and electric lines, cable
systems and more. Meanwhile, road tunneling is paving the way to growth in emerging economies.
There is also continued expansion of subway construction in modern cities seeking more efficient and
less polluting modes of transportation. Like mining, the tunneling industry has enjoyed many
technological improvements for computer-controlled drilling, safer excavation in wet areas, and better
coating of raw surfaces for underground durability.
Building Construction
Underground construction methodologies are also essential to commercial and residential property
developments. A sound foundation is the starting point for any successful building project. Depending on
the size and nature of the building, this can range from a simple basement to a complex and cavernous
underground facility engineering operation. It could also include the option to build a site that is
completely underground.

Underground Parking
Underground parking is structured parking built below ground level, either
as a basement to a building or covered with structure above. Locating parking underground
conceals cars from the streetscape, allowing more active uses (such as retail, restaurants and
cafes) to be placed on the
street edge.
Waste Storage
City Waste can be collected underground and later transported in Cities where land is less premium.
Underground garbage collection in City
There are several underground waste storage facilities located around the world for Hazardous, Toxic and Nuclear Wastes.
Japan has Underground Research Center. engineered to house 17,000 of “spent” fuel rods – pending study outcomes
regarding volcanic activity and underground water flows.

Research Labs
Most exciting underground construction project of our time is that of the particle accelerator complex built by the
European Organization for Nuclear Research, also known as CERN. This is the facility that houses the Large Hadron
Collider (the “super-collider”), along with other marvels of physics ingenuity. CERN hosts Open Days each year for the
public to view this amazing feat of engineering prowess.
Underground Utility Construction
Underground utility services includes underground utility projects of all sizes and complexities for municipal,
private, and residential areas. Underground water supply systems, sewerage system, storm water collection
systems are an interconnected network of pipelines that are hidden below the ground spread across the city.
Even services like optic cables and tele communication networks in laid underground.

UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION METHODS

• Cut and cover method
• Bored tunnel method
• Clay kicking method
• Shaft method
• Pipe jacking method
• Box jacking method
• Underwater tunnels
CUT & COVER

• Cut and cover method

Cut and cover is the most used
underground, construction method. This
is essentially an open excavation in which
the structure is supported by retaining
walls while it is built and then backfill
placed above the completed facility. The
cut and cover technique -for underground
railway construction. India.
CUT & COVER CONSTRUCTION
METHODOLOGY
• The cut and cover method is suitable for
construction of station box and cut and cover
tunnel in soft or mixed ground conditions
especially for excavation with shallow depth
(less than 30m).
• There are two basic cut and cover construction
methods, namely Top Down and Bottom Up. .
Both methods are suitable for station box
construction, while tunnel box structure is
usually constructed by bottom up method.
• The system basically comprises of retaining
walls and strutting system
Top down Construction
Methodology
• In top down method, the permanent station structure walls
are built along the excavation boundary from top to
bottom.
• The walling system, usually in the form of diaphragm wall
or bored secant pile wall, is first installed and then
excavation is carried out up to roof slab level.
• After casting the roof slab, the excavation is continued up
to the next level of slab. This process is repeated until the
excavation reaches the base slab level.
The retaining walls shall usually be used as part of the
permanent station walls. The strutting system is usually the
slabs of station structure themselves and may occasionally be
with some temporary steel struts, depending upon the site
specific requirements.
Bottom up construction methodology
• In bottom up method, the retaining wall is constructed
along the station or tunnel box boundary prior to
excavation.
• Excavation is carried out to a certain depth and then
strutting system is installed to support the retaining walls
during excavation and construction of the station.
• After installation of strutting system is completed and final
formation level is reached, the base slab is cast, then going
from bottom upwards the concourse slab is cast in
accordance with normal procedure.
The wall can either be temporary or part of permanent
structure. The strutting system is removed after casting the
slab.
Bored Tunnel Method(TBM)
Bored tunnel method is modern technology. In this case, tunnel boring machines
are used which automatically work and makes the entire tunneling process easier.
It is also quicker process and good method to build tunnel in high traffic areas.
Tunnels boring machines (TBM’s) are available in different types suitable for
different ground conditions. These machines can be used in difficult conditions
such as below the water table etc.
Clay Kicking Method of Tunnel Construction
This method is used for strong clayey soil conditions. This is an old method and used for
small works like sewage pipes installations etc. In this method, a hole is excavated into
the ground and after some depth tunnel is excavated which is done by the clay kicker
which lies 0n a plank at 45o angle.
An excavating tool is provided under clay kicker foot. The excavated
using that tool is collected by other workers. This was used by
Englishmen to put mines under the German empire during First World
War.
Shaft methods
Shafts are the doorways to the underground tunnel, serving as the location
at which all material enters and exits. They vary in size and depth, and their
design and construction are key to the successful completion of any
tunnelling project.
 Box jacking method
• Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but
instead of jacking tubes, a box shaped
tunnel is used. Jacked boxes can be a
much larger span than a pipe jack with the
span of some box jacks in excess of 20m.
Pipe jacking
method
• Pipe Jacking is a method
of tunnel construction
where hydraulic jacks
are used to push
specially made pipes
through the ground
behind a tunnel boring
machine or shield. This
technique is commonly
used to create tunnels
under existing
structures, such as
roads or railways.
Under Water Construction
Under Water Construction
Caisson

Construction Techniques
Coffer Dam

Under Water Construction

Tremie Method

Method of Placing Concrete

Pump Method

Toggle Bags Method

Bag Works Method

Underwater Construction
Underwater construction is a method on how to place the concrete underwater. During the construction of bridges,
dams or any structure where the foundation is most likely to lie underwater, the underwater construction is opted.
During underwater construction the main objective is to create dry and water free environment for working so that the
stability of the structure is balanced.
Underwater Construction techniques:
• Caissons
• Cofferdams

Caissons
A caisson is retaining water tight structure used to work for the construction of a concrete dam, on the foundation of a
bridge pier or for the repair of ships. They are sunk through water during the process of excavation of foundations to
exclude water which eventually becomes an essential part of the substructure.

Permanent structure.
Large hollow structure that is sunk down through the earth Used in the construction of bridge piers, building columns,
dams.
Types of Caissons
• Box caissons
• Open caissons.
• Suction caissons
• Pneumatic caissons

Advantages of Caissons
• Economic.
• Slightly less noise and reduced vibrations.
• Easily adaptable to varying site conditions.
• High axial and lateral loading capacity.
• Minimal handling equipment is required for placement of reinforcing cage.
• Placement is sometimes possible in types of soil that a driven pile could
not penetrate.
 Box Caissons
Box caissons are the prefabricated concrete boxes
of various shapes with water tight floor and walls,
which are set down on the prepared bases.

Suction caissons
The embedment is achieved
either by pushing or by creating
negative pressure. This type is
usually used in offshore
construction.

Open Caissons
Open caissons are box
type structure similar Pneumatic caissons
to box caissons except Pneumatic caissons are the ones
that they don’t have a which are closed on top and open at
bottom face and the bottom .The compressed air is
mainly consists of used to exclude water from the
vertical walls. caissons chamber.
Cofferdams
Cofferdams are temporary watertight enclosure pumped dry below the water line to execute the building operation to
be performed on dry surface.
Temporary structure, designed to keep water and/or soil out of the excavation.
Types of Cofferdams
• Dikes
• Cellular cofferdams
• Rock-filled crib cofferdams
• Concrete cofferdams
• Suspended cofferdams
Advantages of Cofferdam
• Allow excavation and construction of structures in otherwise
poor environment
• Provides safe environment to work
• Contractors typically have design responsibility
• Steel sheet piles are easily installed and removed
• Materials can typically be reused on other projects
Comparison Between Caisson and Cofferdam

Caisson
• Permanent structure
• Plan of small area
• Water height more than 12m
Coffer Dam
• Temporary structure
• Plan of larger area
• Water height up to 12m
Components of Cofferdams
• Sheet piling
• Bracing frame
• Concrete seal
The typical cofferdam consists of sheet piles set around a bracing frame and are driven in the soil sufficiently to cut
off the flow of soil and to develop lateral and vertical support and to cut the flow of water.
Underwater concreting
This is a process where the prepared concrete is poured below the water surface using suitable methods. Placement
methods are:
Tremie method – A Tremie is a water tight pipe which is supported on a working platform above water level.
Pump method – It’s a method where the concrete is pumped directly into its final position including both horizontal
and vertical delivery of concrete.
Toggle bags – Toggle bags are ideal for small amount of concrete placement .They are filled with wet concrete and is
squeezed out by a diver.
Bag work – In this method, bags are filled with rich mix concrete, which are made of open weave material. They are
either diver- handled bags or placed using a crane. This method is used for temporary works or short-term solutions.
• Kinetic Structures

•Kinetic architecture is a concept through

which buildings are designed to allow parts of
the structure to move, without reducing overall
structural integrity.
•A building's capability for motion can be used
just to: enhance its aesthetic qualities; respond
to environmental conditions; and/or, perform
functions that would be impossible for a static
structure.
•The possibilities for practical
implementations of kinetic architecture
increased sharply in the late 20th century due
to advances in mechanics, electronics, and
robotics.
•The early examples of such construction are
bridges which can elevate their midsections to
allow tall ships to pass, or stadiums with
retractable roofs such as the Veltins-Arena,
Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, or Wembley
Stadium.
Introduction
• creating structures both kinetic and adaptive, make them gain the ability to respond to
changing conditions like weather, sun location, etc
• Taking into account the many possibilities and the advantageous features of kinetic
Design Support for Kinetic Structures architecture, it is easily foreseen that kinetic
structures could clearly meet the needs of modern society like practical, aesthetical,
interacting with the environment etc. as well as support and accomplish multiple
functions; maybe all these at the same time.

Kinetic structures are classified into three main categories, which are

1. embedded kinetic structures

2. deployable kinetic structures
3. dynamic kinetic structures
Embedded Kinetic Structures
• systems that exist within a larger architectural whole in a fixed location.
• The main function is controlling the architectural system as a whole in response to changing
factors such as environmental changes especially seismic and wind conditions.

Deployable Kinetic Structures

• structures that typically exist in a temporary location and are easily transportable
• These systems are characterized by their ability of being constructed and deconstructed in
reverse which afford mobility rather than motion within a fixed structure.

Dynamic Kinetic Structures

Dynamic kinetic structures exist within a larger architectural whole but act independently with
respect to control of the larger context.
They include small architectural elements as well as large ones, such as doors, windows, movable
partitions, furniture, and ceilings.
•This Folding Mobile House Builds
Itself In 10 Minutes
A sketch showing how a typical drawbridge works A sketch showing how a typical trunnion bascule bridge works
Villa Girasole, with the courtyard of the
rotating section facing uphill
 In window state. In balcony state

Convertible umbrellas for the courts of the Prophet's Holy

Mosque in an opened and closed state
An inner view for the kinetic roof while opened
(Galindo, 2005, P. 78)
FAÇADE DETAIL
CJ R&D CENTER
FAÇADE DETAIL
KINETIC FAÇADE DETAIL SECTION AL BAHAR FAÇADE DETAIL

KINETIC FAÇADE DETAIL PLAN

THE WIND VEIL DETAIL
KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM
A detail for connection
between dynamic solar
panels and the
structure

A detail for the

track on which the
house moves.
References

TBM - Mega Tunnel Boring Machines in Action - YouTube

Bottom up construction - Bottom-Up Construction Approach For Underground Tunnel | Cut and Cover Tunnel Construction Sequence -
YouTube
Bottom Down construction - Top-down construction method. - YouTube
Box Jacking - Box Underpass construction by Box Jacking method - YouTube
Pipe Jacking - Pipejacking Microtunelling Animation - YouTube
Coffer dam construction - How Underwater Structures are Built? Cofferdam Explained! - YouTube
Kinetic Architecture - What is Kinetic Architecture? - YouTube