NEOCOLONIALISM

Neocolonialism

• is a more subtle form of

domination, in which one who
exploits is no longer identified as a
colonizers but acts in the same way
at various levels involving political
and economic subordination
Neocolonialism…
• It is the same system that
oppresses and exploits people
from undeveloped and less
developed nations.

• It also oppresses and exploits

the Filipinos
Neocolonialism…

• The oppressor uses different

motivation and indirect techniques
of oppression by way of economic
subjugation without outright
territorial seizures, but always with
the same goal…
→ to exploit
Neocolonial Program
of the
Americans in the
Philippines
• Parity Rights & Bases Treaty
- two arrangements in which the
US maintain the Philippines as its
“neocolony”.
• The Philippines will not have full
sovereign powers since the US could
continue to enjoy military and
economic rights.
Parity Rights
- Placed the Americans on “ equal
footing” with Filipinos by
allowing American capitalists:
> to exploit our natural resources
> to operate public utilities like
electricity and transportation
> tied down the peso to US $
POSTWAR CONDITIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1. Literally reduced the Philippines
into one of the most devastated
country in the world due to the
“ blanket bombings” of Manila by
the returning American forces

• Manila - second to Warsaw and Poland in terms of

destructions
• Intramuros had been in ruins,
• Philippine General Hospital & Legislative building
cut into half.
2. Reconstruction of the post-
war years permanently
altered the geography of
commerce and culture.
• Makati and Quezon City replaced Escolta,
Binondo and Intramuros as commercial
hubs in Spanish and early American
occupation
3. Resistance movements against
American imperialism weakened
due to social breakdown and war
of ideological alternatives
4. There had been a vacuum in
social and political leadership

- traditional elites ( landlords ) in pre-

war fled and evacuated for fear of
reprisal from the Japanese.
5. Growth of insurgency problem
- the Huks became the target of the US
forces because of their staunch
struggle for genuine independence
from colonial rule and because they
were seen as political threat and
challenge to the neocolonial agenda of
the Americans.
6. Reallignment of the ruling
class
• Former guerilla leaders of the
USAFFE were rewarded with top
provincial positions for supporting
the American forces.
7. Isolation of the radical leaders of
the Filipino groups protesting
against American domination.
• Used “ red-scare tactics or witch-
hunting” by calling all those who were
anti-Americans and anti-elite as
Communists or “Reds”.
 MARTIAL LAW ERA
MARCOS’
AUTHORITARIAN RULE
Definition of Martial Law

Martial law involves the temporary

substitution of military authority for
civilian rule and is usually
declared in time of war, rebellion,
or natural disaster.
Definition of Martial Law

When martial law is in effect, the

military commander of an area or
country has unlimited authority to
make and enforce laws.
PROCLAMATION 1081
( September 21, 1972 )
◼ placed the entire country under
MARTIAL LAW
EFFECTS OF MARTIAL
LAW
 POSITIVE EFFECTS
◼ The government was able to quell
these riots, institute law, and order.

◼ The martial law came with an

overreaching control over the
resources to strengthen its
infrastructure and develop a robust
economic model.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
1. Rise of authoritarian
regime of Marcos
2. Military took-over the
civil functions of the
government and set-up
the DICTATORIAL
government of Marcos.
3. Suspension of the WRIT
OF HABEAS CORPUS
-led to massive arrest, detentions, summary
execution, salvagings of persons against
Marcos.
Desperacidos- missing persons or individuals
evidently victims of salvagings or summary
execution.
SUSPENSION
OF WRIT OF
HABEAS
CORPUS
A writ of habeas corpus is used to
bring a prisoner or other detainee
before the court to determine if the
person's imprisonment or
detention is lawful.
4. Rise in human rights
violations due to the
fascist character of the
government.
 The student who dared to
question Imee Marcos

◼ September 1,1977, had

questioned Imee’s
capability to lead the
youth, had questioned the
human rights abuses
committed by Marcos

Archimedes Trajan of Mapua Institute of Technology

5. Radicalization of the
conservative sectors ( church,
students and business people )
because of the repressive
nature of the authoritarian
rule of Marcos.
6. Suspension of civil liberties

7. Legislature and court systems

were abolished and their
powers to check the
presidency.
8. Emergence and growth of
Communist Party of the
Philippines-(Marxist-
Maoist- Leninist leanings),
NPA and MNLF, MILF.
9. Controls were loosened on
the military and a new
system of corruption
crept in.
 10. Real long-lasting economic damage
wrought by Marcos due to cronyism
and corruption.

Herminio.Disini Antonio Floriendo Danding Cojuangco Juan Ponce Enrile Roberto Benedicto Manuel Elizalde Jr

Source: https://www.ibon.org/golden-years-the-real-long-lasting-economic-damage-wrought-by-
marcos/?fbclid=IwAR1UQXuyV6vzgk3DrZLiMxaZUWXU5n9c2Ma_6ARklI0DsWc5jbZJS3p-0Q0
. 11. Philippines became the first country in
Asia and second in the world after
Turkey to be at the receiving end of the
World Bank’s structural adjustment
loans (SAL) -> DEBT CRISIS

Source: https://www.ibon.org/golden-years-the-real-long-lasting-economic-damage-wrought-by-
marcos/?fbclid=IwAR1UQXuyV6vzgk3DrZLiMxaZUWXU5n9c2Ma_6ARklI0DsWc5jbZJS3p-0Q0
. 12. Marcos aggressively facilitated
foreign plunder of Philippine
resources.

Source: https://www.ibon.org/golden-years-the-real-long-lasting-economic-damage-wrought-by-
marcos/?fbclid=IwAR1UQXuyV6vzgk3DrZLiMxaZUWXU5n9c2Ma_6ARklI0DsWc5jbZJS3p-0Q0
1986 EDSA REVOLUTION
( Bloodless Revolution of
“ PEOPLE POWER” )
 1986 EDSA REVOLUTION

- spurred by the concerted and multi-

sectoral sentiments to OUST MARCOS’
Dictatorship because of the political crisis
that gripped the nation and aggravated by the
assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Preconditions:
1. Snap election ( February 7, 1986 )
– magnified by the bankruptcy
of Marcos regime
2. Civil disobedience campaign
launched by Cory Aquino
- economic boycotts and non-
violent actions
3. Break-away group of Defense
Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and
Vice-chief of Staff Fidel V.
Ramos.

4. Support pressure from US

- Marcos was persuaded to yield
power to avoid bloody
confrontation
 PHILIPPINE
PRESIDENTIAL PARADE
President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Emilio
Aguinaldo Principalia Father- Cabeza de Independence No distri YES
(1899-1901) gobernadorcillo barangay From spain Bution of
Cavite Friar-
lands

Manuel
Quezon Poor Spanish Father- Mayor, lawyer Independence Huge YES
(1935-1943 ) mestizo with sargeant in (bar from the tenanted
Quezon no voting the Spanish topnotcher) United States lands
rights Army and Fiscal, left
Province teacher untouch
governor,
member-US ed
congress,
member-Phil
Assembly
 President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Jose P.Laurel
(1943-1945) bourgeois Father- Senator, Collaboration None NO
Batangas prominent teacher,Sec of with the
lawyer Justice, Ph.D. Japanese
Member of
Aguinaldo’s
cabinet,
Minority Floor
leader

Sergio
Osmeña bourgeois hacendero statesman, Common none YES
(1946-46) member of wealth status
Cebu Phil Phil.
Assembly, Independence
Senator, Phil Rehabili
Tation Act
vice-president
President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Manuel A.
Roxas elite hacendero Lawyer-bar Independence No distri YES
(1946-48) topnotcher From spain Bution of
Capiz Sec to Friar-
Quezon,gover lands
nor of Capiz,
speaker of
House

Elpidio
Quirino Bourgeois Father- Teacher PACSA none YES
(1948-1952 ) (middle class ) Provincial Parity rights
Ilocos Sur prison ward ($250M aid for
and teacher peace and
order in
Central
Luzon)
President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Ramon
Magsaysay Bourgeois Father- Guerilla Bell Trade 70-30% YES
blacksmith turned Act; Agreeme
(1953-1957)
commerce nt
Zambales sharing
graduate; Phil. required
mechanic; Rehabilitation by the law
bus manager; Act passed
Secretary of by the
Defense; landlords
politician

Carlos P.
Garcia Bourgeois Mayor Lawyer (Bar Filipino First None NO
(1957-1961 ) topnotcher); Policy
Ilocos Veteran
politician;
Governor
President Class Parents Past Policy Stand on US
Pursued Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Diosdado
Macapagal Father- Lawyer and Decontrol Export YES
crops
(1961-1965 ) Bourgeois farmer- Doctor of Program;
exempted
Pampanga dramatist Economics
IMF
Stabilization
Program

Ferdinand
E.Marcos Father- Lawyer ( Bar EOI; Anti- YES
insurgency
(1965-1986 ) Bourgeois Lawyer, Topnothcer ): Omnibus
politician Limited to
Ilocos Norte Politician Investment rice and
teacher Act; corn only

Debt-driven
economy
President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Corazon C.
Aquino Landed Father - Sugar French and Foreign Evaded YES
through
(1986-1992 ) hacendero hacendero, Mathematics Investment
stock
Tarlac (Upper class) banker graduate Act; distributio
Import n and the
Liberalization; slow
implemen
Privatization
tation of
CARL/
CARP

Manuel
Quezon Bourgeois Father- Chief of staff Philippine Conserv YES
(1935-1943 ) Ambassador of the 2000 ( foreign- ative
Quezon Philippine led model of
Army industrialization) land
Province reform
 President Class Parents Past Policy Stand US
Pursued on Land favor
Positions
Reform ed
Joseph Continuation
Ejercito Bourgeois Father- Movie actor, of Phil 2000, Same YES
(1998-2001) engineer Mayor, Import Conser-
politician, Liberali- vative
Laguna zation;
businessman model of
deregulation, land
Peace and reform
Order; VFA
( Visiting
Forces
Agreement)
Gloria M.
Arroyo Elite Father- Teacher; Anti- same YES
(2001-present) Economist DTI Secretary; Terrorism;
Pampanga and politician Senator Import Libera-
lization;
Charter
Change
 President Class Parents Past Policy Pursued Stand US
on Land favore
Positions
Reform d
Benigno Simeon ➢ Good
Aquino III Landed Father- Executive governance Same YES
(2010-2016) hacendero politician Assistant of and Economic Conser-
Tarlac (Upper class) Mother-past Hacienda Reforms vative
Phil Luisita, former ➢ Anti- model of
.president congressman, corruption land
senator policy reform
-4th generation ➢ Anti –poverty
politician (4Ps)

Rodrigo > War on Drugs

R.Duterte Father- Mayor, ➢ Continued the Conser- NO
(2016-2022 ) Bourgeois lawyer, congressman infrastructure vative China
Davao governor development model of favore
and started by land d
politician Aquino’s reform
Mother- admin
teacher ➢ Embraced
China and
disdained the
United States