Gender and Society Revised Module

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS AND TEACHER EDUCATION
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
MODULE IN SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SIENCES
Course Title: GENDER AND SOCIETY

Credit: 3.0 units
Prerequisite: None
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
As may be the case with other sciences, sociology is often misconceived among the
populace. Though many may rightly and grossly surmise that sociology is about people, some
think that it is all about “helping the unfortunate and doing welfare work, while others think that
sociology is the same as socialism and is a means of bringing revolution to our schools and
colleges” (Nobbs, Hine and Flemming, 1978:1). The first social scientist to use the term
sociology was a Frenchman by the name of Auguste Comte who lived from 1798-1857. As
coined by Comte, the term sociology is a combination of two words. The first part of the term is
a Latin, socius- that may variously mean society, association, togetherness or companionship.
The other word, logos, is of Greek origin. It literally means to speak about or word. However, the
term is generally understood as study or science (Indrani, 1998). Thus, the etymological, literal
definition of sociology is that it is the word or speaking about society. A simple definition here is
that it is the study of society and culture.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the semester, students shall be able to:
Knowledge
1. Distinguish the differences of branches of Sociology and their interpretation.
2. Analyze the impact of our culture in our Modern Society
3.Determine the different issues in the society regarding gender
Skills
1.Undertsand the different Contributions of Founders of Sociology
2.Construct critical knowledge about the agent of socialization
3.Create a valuable meaning of personality development to its relation to socialization
Values
1. Appreciate the Importance of Culture in our Society and their contributions.
2.Give respect to the citizen in the society and their gender preference
3.Treasure the value of gender equality and personality development
Course contents:
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:
1. Understand how sociology emerged and developed
2. Analyze the reason why we need to study sociology
3. Value the importance of sociology to modern world
Learning activities
Introduction
Sociology offers a variety of unique viewpoints on the world, both developing new ideas and
criticizing existing ones. It also provides a variety of research approaches that can be applied to
nearly every element of social life, including street violence and delinquency, corporate
downsizing, how individuals express their emotions, welfare, or education reform, how families
differ and thrive, and peace and conflict issues. Sociology is a fast-expanding science whose
potential is increasingly being tapped by those who craft policies and create programs because it
addresses the most pressing concerns of our time. Sociologist’s study social inequalities,
behavioral patterns, factors of social change and resistance, and the functioning of social
systems. It also includes research into social life, social change, and the social origins and
consequences of human conduct. Sociologists study the structure of groups, organizations, and
communities, as well as how people interact in them. Because all human activity is social,
sociology covers a wide range of topics, from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from
organized crime to religious cults; from racial, gender, and social class differences to shared
cultural values; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. Few subjects have
such a vast breadth and importance for knowledge research, theory, and application.
The background of sociology, its objective, and how it developed will be discussed in this
section of the class. By understanding this topic, it will allow you to understand how sociology
develop and why it is important.
Sociology is a branch of social science that investigates human societies, their interactions, and
the mechanisms that maintain and change them. It accomplishes this through studying the
dynamics of society's fundamental parts, such as institutions, communities, populations, and
gender, racial, and age groups. Sociology also investigates societal disorder, such as crime,
deviance, and revolution, as well as social rank or stratification, social movements, and social
transformation, and the youngest of the recognized social sciences.
Auguste Comte, who is French philosopher, created the term sociology in 1838, earning him the
title of "Father of Sociology." Science, according to Comte, may be utilized to research the social
environment. He also believed that, just as there are testable facts about gravity and other natural
laws, scientific analysis may also uncover the laws that regulate our social existence. He felt that
by gaining a deeper knowledge, individuals would be able to create a better future. He
envisioned a social development process in which sociologists would play an important role in
steering society.
The word Sociology is derived from the Latin Word ‘Socius’ which means companion or
associate that is ‘society or group’ and the Greek word ‘logos’ means ‘science or study or
advanced study’.
Sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a
relatively new academic discipline and that emerged in the early 19th century in response to the
challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the
increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own and the impact of
this exposure was varied, but for some people, it included the breakdown of traditional norms
and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works.
It also allows us to examine our own and other societies with greater objectivity. It draws our
attention to how the many components of society interact and change, as well as the
repercussions of that change.
By going on to the next lesson, we can learn more about the background and better understand
the lesson.
Here are some of the reasons why sociology is important to study and learn.
A Better Understanding of the Social World, it includes the reasons for social differences,
including differences in social behavior, reasons for the differentials in group opportunities and
outcomes, the relevance of social hierarchies and social power in everyday life, and how
individuals and groups are shaped by larger social forces.
Sociology's overall goal is to learn how individuals and communities establish, maintain, and
change social connections, social structures, and institutions over time.
Before moving to the next topic, I want you to analyze these words and give your insights about
it“There is no sociology worthy of the name which does not possess a historical character.”-
Emile Durkheim
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Assessment Strategies
Activity 1: ESSAY
Instruction: In a whole sheet of paper, plot the importance of sociology as well as its influence on
you as an individual, student and a citizen. Make your work brief and understandable.
Your work will be grade with the use of the following rubrics
RUBRICS
Content 15 pts.
Originality 10 pts.
Word Order 5 pts.
TOTAL 30 pts.
Activity 2: Let’s Apply

Instruction: Knowing the history of sociology, how does it affect to the modern sociology
nowadays? Write your answer in a clean sheet of paper with a minimum of 250 words and a
minimum of 500 words.
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________________________.
Activity No.3 Infographic

Instruction: in an info graph table, show how sociology develops and its structure.
text text
text
text text
text
Course Contents:
LESSON 2: Founders or the pioneering sociologists
1.Define the term sociology

2.Understand how sociology emerged and developed:
3.Appreciate the various views and concepts formulated by the founding fathers of
sociology; and
4.Describe the relationship of sociology with other fields of study
5.Define the different research methods used in sociology
Learning Activities
Introduction
Sociology and other social sciences emerged from a common tradition of reflection of social
phenomena; interest in the nature of human social behavior and society has probably always
existed; however, most people in most past societies saw their culture as a fixed and god-given
entity. This view gradually was replaced by more rational explanations beginning from the 17th
century especially in Western Europe (Rosenberg, 1987). The sociological issues, questions and
problems had been raised and discussed by the forerunners starting from the ancient Greek and
Roman philosophers' and Hebrew prophets' times. Sociology as an academic science was thus
born in 19th century (its formal establishment year being 1837) in Great Britain and Western
Europe, especially in France and Germany, and it greatly advanced throughout 19th and 20th
centuries. The development of sociology and its current contexts have to be grasped in the
contexts of the major changes that have created the modern world (Giddens, 1986). Further,
sociology originated in 18th century philosophy, political economy and cultural history
(Swingwood, 1991). The major conditions, societal changes, upheavals and social ferments that
gave rise to the emergence and development of sociology as an academic science include the
Industrial Revolution which began in Great Britain, the French Political Revolution of 1789, the
Enlightenment and advances in natural sciences and technology. These revolutions had brought
about significant societal changes and disorders in the way society lived in the aforementioned
countries. Since sociology was born amidst the great socio-political and economic and
technological changes of the western world, it is said to be the science of modern society. The
pioneering sociologists were very much concerned about the great changes that were taking
place and they felt that the exciting sciences could not help understand, explain, analyze and
interpret the fundamental laws that govern the social phenomena. Thus sociology was born out
of these revolutionary contexts.
For this topic, I will show you different pictures of some Founders or the pioneering sociologists
and I want you to tell me their names and give me any idea of their contributions in our society.
Base on the pictures that have been shown, who are the following Founders or the pioneering
sociologists and what are their contributions in our society?
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Founders or the pioneering sociologists
 August Comte was the first social philosopher to coin and use the term sociology (Nobbs, Hine
and Flemming, 1978). He was also the first to regard himself as a sociologist.He defined
sociology as the scientific study of social dynamics and social static. He argued that sociology
can and should study society and social phenomena following the pattern and procedures of the
natural science. Comte believed that a theoretical science of society and the systematic
investigation of human behavior were needed to improve society. He argued that the new science
of society could and should make a critical contribution towards a new and improved human
society. Comte defined sociology as the study of social dynamic and social static, the former
signifying the changing, progressing and developmental dimensions of society, while the latter
refers to the social order and those elements of society and social phenomena which tend to
persist and relatively permanent, defying change
 Karl Marx was a world-renowned social philosopher, sociologist and economic historian. He
made remarkable contributions to the development of various social sciences including sociology.
He contributed greatly to sociological ideas. He introduced key concepts in sociology like social
class, social class conflict, social oppression, alienation, etc. Marx, like Comte, argued that
people should make active efforts to bring about societal reforms. According to Marx, economic
forces are the keys to underestimating society and social change. He believed that the history of
human society has been that of class conflict. He dreamed of, and worked hard towards realizing,
a classless society, one in which there will be no exploitation and oppression of one class by
another, and wherein all individuals will work according to their abilities and receive according to
their needs. Marx introduced one of the major perspectives in sociology, called social conflict
theory (Macionis, 1997)
 Emile Durkheimwas the most influential scholar in the academic and theoretical development of
sociology. He laid down some of the fundamental principles, methods, concepts and theories of
sociology; he defined sociology as the study of social facts. According to him, there are social
facts, which are distinct from biological and psychological facts. By social facts, he meant the
patterns of behavior that characterize a social group in a given society. They should be studied
objectively. The job of a sociologist, therefore, is to uncover social facts and then to explain them
using other social facts. Some regard Durkheim as the first sociologist to apply statistical methods
to the study of social phenomena (Macionis, 1997; Clahoun, et al, 1994).
 Max Weberwas another prominent social scientist. According to him, sociology is the scientific
study of human social action. Social action refers to any “action oriented to influence or
influenced by another person or persons. It is not necessary for more than one person tobe
physically present for action to be regarded as social action….” (Team of Experts, 2000). It is
concerned with the interpretive understanding of human social action and the meaning people
attach to their own actions and behaviors and those of others. Weber was a renowned scholar who
like Marx, wrote in several academic fields. He agreed with much Marxian theses but did not
accept his idea that economic forces are central to social change. Weber argues that we cannot
understand human behavior by just looking at statistics. Every activity and behavior of people
needs to be interpreted. He argued that a sociologist must aim at what are called subjective
meanings, the ways in which people interpret their own behavior or the meanings people attach
their own behavior (Henslin and Nelson, 1995; Rosneberg, 1987).
 Herbert Spencerwas a prominent social philosopher of the 19th century. He was famous for the
organic analogy of human society. He viewed society as an organic system, having its own
structure and functioning in ways analogous to the biological system. Spencer's ideas of the
evolution of human society from the lowest ("barbarism") to highest form ("civilized") according
to fixed laws were famous. It was called "Social Darwinism", which is analogous to the
biological evolutionary model. Social Darwinism is the attempt to apply by analogy the
evolutionary theories of plant and animal development to the explanation of human society and
social phenomena (Team of Experts, 2000).
 Harriet Martineau At a time when women were greatly stereotyped and denied access to
influential socio-political and academic arena, it is interesting to ha a female academic to be
numbered among the pioneering sociologists. Harriet was interested in social issues and studied
both in the United States and England. She came across with the writings of Comte and read
them. She was an active advocate of the abolition of slavery and she wrote on many
crosscutting issues such as racial and gender relations, and she traveled widely. She helped
popularize the ideas and writings of Comte by translating them into English (Henslin and Nelson,
1995)
Choose at least one of these sociology pioneers who you believe has had the most impact
and list what they have contributed to the field of sociology.
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Here are some of the field/branches in Sociology
1. Theoretical Sociology
 Macro deals with a larger aspect of life whereas micro deals with minute aspects of life. They are
complementary to each other.
 Functional: This perspective accounts for maximum harmony among the people so that our
society does not lie in chaos.
 Interaction: Is a way of social communication through ideas, perceptions, dressing etc. Through
social interaction, a society is a frame in groups. People go with their intuition regarding another
person behaviour which solely depends on their interaction.
 Conflict: Whenever more than one person’s perception is involved, the conflict will take place.
Human beings cannot agree with another person every time. They will have a different approach
and ideas to a particular thing.
2. Historical Sociology
This branch of sociology studies about every historical aspect of any event. A new civilization or any war
has some effects on human beings and society. It is the study of ancient, medieval and modern historical
aspects related to Sociology
3. Knowledge Sociology
A person’s knowledge is shaped and affected by the environment, thus the society plays an important role
in mending ideologies of a person. A person is under the influence of culture, social and political norms.
4. Criminology Sociology
A crime can be stopped if someone knows how a criminal’s mind works. There is a basic trait in every
criminal which is studied under this branch of sociology. It accounts for the government, polices, crime
branches, criminal records, and their punishments. What kind of crime, how that crime and why that
crime occurred are fundamental things which we need to study under this branch.
5. Religion Sociology
Sections or subgroups of society follow a particular religion which imparts an effect on them. For
example, a Hindu person does not touch non-veg during Durga Pooja but a Muslim person celebrates
Bakrid by meat cutting. Society is governed by the religion they follow.
6. Economy Sociology
Every person has a different economic status in society. Due to the different economy, consumption of
any product differs. This studies the rate of production of any product or growth rate of any product.
Many factors are there to affect the Economy of a society like the need of a product among communities.
7. Rural Sociology
Rural setup is more prominent than urban. It is obtained from researchers that the population of rural
areas is more than urban areas. Their way of living, ideologies, beliefs, way of tackling problems is
studied under this branch.
8. Urban Sociology
Just like Rural Sociology, Urban Sociology is also studied as a branch. It is equally important to learn
urban people lifestyle, values, and habits. There are many things which are occurring in urban areas at a
rapid rate like robbery, corruption, unemployment.
9. Political Sociology
The political scenario of any place determines growth at present and in the coming years. A country’s
situation can be changed according to the ruling party motives and work (either productive or
destructive). This branch deals with political party summits, new rules, and their effect on society.
10. Demography Sociology
Sociology is a study of society and society is made up of a population. Demography determines the
population rate. It deals with every aspect related to the population like the number of people residing in a
particular area, increment or decrement of the population in past years.
11. Industrial Sociology
People’s employment is directly related to industries. Thus, it becomes important to have information
about industries relation with employees, industrial output, the interaction between employees and
managers.
12. Family Sociology
Families are the basic structure of society. Different families offer different values and upbringing to their
child. In this branch, we study different methods of parenting found in families. How different families
can bring different changes in a child is studied under this branch.
13. Education Sociology
Education brings out the best in a human being. This branch studies different educational institutions in
various places. It studies how education changes a person’s perspective towards his/ her life. Also, it
studies how much employment rate is increased after educational activities.
Desired Activity:
List at least five of the most important branches of sociology, with at least three examples for each branch
that it cited inside the society.
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Aside from the branches of sociology, it also involves the research methods utilized, and the
following is a list of some of the methods used in research.
 Quantitative methods focus on measuring quantity of information: terms such as

prevalence, scope, percentage, frequency, magnitude, etc. are very important.
 Qualitative methods focus on depth and quality of information. The complex, detailed
and sensitive aspects; belief, attitudinal and knowledge dimensions etc. are usually
studied by qualitative methods.
 Primary data are firsthand and original information; the researcher firsthand collects
them. They are collected by the sociology themselves during their own research using
research tools such as experiment, survey, questionnaire, interviews and observation
(Chapman, 2000).
 Secondary data are those which are already collected by someone else found in various
sources as documents or archives. They include official statistical documents, mass
media sources (such as electronic media – radio, television, films, etc.; and print media
such as newspapers, magazines, journals, posters, brochures, leaflets, sign broads, etc.)
 Inductive method is a method by which the scientist first makes observation and collects
data, based on which he or she formulates hypothesis and theories. In deductive
approach, the researcher attempts to derive specific assertions and claims from a general
theoretical principle.
Some of the methods of data collection in sociology include:
 Surveys: This involves sampling, impersonal data collections, and sophisticated statistical
analysis. There are three types of survey research: cross sectional survey, which aims to
find out what opinions research participants across sections of society have about a
certain phenomena at a given point of time his survey represents fixed reflections of one
moment in time. Longitudinal survey is conducted on the same type of people over long
period of time, as long as sometimes 20 to 30 years. This type provides us with a moving
picture of the changes over time in each area. The third type is called panel surveys,
which are alternative versions of longitudinal surveys. It usually lasts shorter period of
time and asks questions of panel members on a frequent basis.
 Experimentation: This quantitative method is sometimes used in sociology. Sociologists
conduct experimental studies, following the procedures and principles of
experimentation. This is done usually to explore cause and effect relationship between
one and the other social phenomena. What causes what? What is the effect of one social
phenomenon on the other?
 Key Informant Interview: This is a qualitative method in which a knowledgeable person
in study site or community is contacted and interviewed by the researcher or data
collector.
 Focus Group Discussion: This is a form of qualitative data collection method in which
intends to make use of the explicit interaction dynamic among group members which
may yield important information on certain topic.
 Case Study: This method involves investigating a certain issue as a case taking longer
time and investigating the phenomenon in depth.
 Observation: This qualitative method involves collecting data on social phenomena by
carefully observing the social processes, events, activities, behaviors, actions, etc., they
take place. One of the key procedures in these techniques is called participant
observation, the active involvement in community life while studying it. A variant of this
method is non-participant observation – collecting data without participating in what the
informants or the subjects do.
What would you do with a million dollars to undertake study within your community, and what approach
would you use and why?
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Chapter Summary
The term sociology is a combination of two words, socius and logos, which mean respectively
society and study. Thus, a simple etymological definition of sociology is that it is the science of
society. Sociology is a social or behavioral science that originated in the 19th century in Western
Europe; its main concern is discovering the basic laws and principles that govern human social
life, the social world, the working and development of society and its institutions. It grew out of
the great revolutionary contexts, with great concern to address the social changes, disorders and
problems of the modern world. Micro-sociology studies the micro aspects of human society, that
is the social processes and phenomena taking place at small scale levels; macro-sociology studies
the macro aspects, that is, the overall structure, functioning, change, development and processes
of social phenomena at large-scale levels. The six major field of study in sociology are social
organization and social theory, social change, social problems, social processes, social groups,
and social control. Learning sociology provides us with sociological imagination, an illuminating
way of understanding the forces and factors that affect our lives as individuals, groups,
communities and nations. Sociology provides us with much practical benefit and it contributes
greatly to the solutions for contemporary societal problems. Research is very important in
sociology. Although some challenge its scientific status, it uses the scientific method to produce,
store and disseminate scientific knowledge on society and social phenomena. A typical
sociological research may involve seven steps, and each step is very important and has to be
carefully followed to do standard and quality research. Sociology is not an island; it is
interdependent with other sciences; and as to its subject matter it is similar with the other social
or behavioral sciences such as anthropology, social psychology, political science, economics,
and human geography. However, as to its methods, focus, unit of analysis, and approaches, it is
different. The closest discipline to sociology is social anthropology; they share similar historical
development, concepts, theories, and approaches, although the former focuses on modern
societies and quantitative research and the latter focuses on traditional societies and qualitative
research techniques.
Assessment strategies
Desired Activity:
Activity No. 01: Concept mapping
Create a Concept mapping choose among the following Founders or the pioneering sociologists
your favorite and Write down the importance of their contributions in Sociology and please be
guided by the following Criteria.
CRITERIA POINTS
CONTENT 5 POINTS
AUTHENTICY 5 POINTS
CREATIVITY 5 POINTS
TOTAL 15 P0INTS
Desired Activity:
Activity No. 02:Table Chart
Instructions: Create a table chart, give your own ideas about the Importance of each
branch of Sociology and please be guided by the criteria.
CRITERIA POINTS
AUTHENTICY 5
CONTENT 5
NEATNESS 5
GRAMMAR 5
Branches of Sociology Importance
Desired Activity
Activity No. 03: Research Proposal
Instructions: Choose among the following sociological research methods, create a brief
Research proposal, make your own Research tittle and Write down the importance of your
research, the main objective of your research and why do we need to study this research? Be
guided by the criteria below.
CRITERIA POINTS
CONTENT 20
ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS 10
GRAMMAR 10
AUTHENTICITY 10
TOTAL 50 POINTS
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activities/
Course Contents:
LESSON 3: THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
A. Define the concept of society

B. Describe the basic characteristics of a society
C. Conceptualize society as having different levels
D. Explain how society functions as a system
E. Differentiate the kinds of parenting style
Learning Activities:
First, a society is usually a relatively large grouping of people in terms of size. In a very
important sense, thus, society may be regarded as the largest and the most complex social group
that sociologist’s study. Second, as the above definition shows, the most important thing about a
society is that its members share common and distinct culture. This sets it apart from the other
population groups. Third, a society also has a definite, limited space or territory. The populations
that make up a given society are thus locatable in a definite geographical area. The people
consider that area as their own. Fourth, the people who make up a society have the feeling of
identity and belongingness. There is also the feeling of oneness. Such identity felling emanates
from the routinized pattern of social interaction that exists among the people and the various
groups that make up the society. (Henslin and Nelson, 1995; Giddens, 1996; Calhoun et al.,
1994) Fifth, members of a society are considered to have a common origin and common
historical experience. They feel that they have also common destiny. Sixth, members of a society
may also speak a common mother tongue or a major language that may serve as a national
heritage. Seventh, a society is autonomous and independent in the sense that it has all the
necessary social institutions and organizational arrangements to sustain the system. However, a
society is not an island, in the sense that societies are interdependent. There has always been
inter– societal relations. People interact socially, economically, and politically. It is important to
note that the above features of a society are by no means exhaustive, and they may not apply to
all societies. The level of a society’s economic and technological development, the type of
economic or livelihood system a society is engaged in, etc may create some variations among
societies in terms of these basic features.
In this area of the lesson, it will discuss the concept of a society, the types of society of society.
For this topic, I want you to read about THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY.
The term society is derived from a Latin word socius. The term directly means association,
togetherness, gregariousness, or simply group life. The concept of society refers to a relatively
large grouping or collectivity of people who share common and distinct culture, occupying a
certain geographical locality, with the feeling of identity or belongingness, having all the
necessary social arrangements or insinuations to sustain itself.
We may add a more revealing definition of society as defined by Calhoun et al (1994): "A
society is an autonomous grouping of people who inhabit a common territory, have a common
culture (shared set of values, beliefs, customs and so forth) and are linked to one another through
routinized social interactions and interdependent statuses and roles."
What conclusions do you draw about the significance of society after reading the definition??
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Moving on, lets proceed discussing the TYPES OF SOCIETIES
Sociologists classify societies into various categories depending on certain criteria. One such criterion is
level of economic and technological development attained by countries. Thus, the countries of the world
are classified as First World, Second World, and Third World.
1. When societies modernize, they transform from one form to another. The simplest type of society
that is in existence today and that may be regarded the oldest is that whose economic organization
is based on hunting and gathering. They are called hunting and gathering societies. This society
depends on hunting and gathering for its survival.
2. The second types are referred to as pastoral and horticultural societies. Pastoral societies are
those whose livelihood is based on pasturing of animals, such as cattle, camels, sheep and goats.
Horticultural societies are those whose economy is based on cultivating plants by the use of
simple tools, such as digging sticks, hoes, axes, etc.
3. The third types are agricultural societies. This society, which still is dominant in most parts of
the world, is based on large-scale agriculture, which largely depends on ploughs using animal
labor. The Industrial Revolution which began in Great Britain during 18th century, gave rise to
the emergence of a fourth type of society called the Industrial Society. An industrial society is
one in which goods are produced by machines powered by fuels instead of by animal and human
energy (Ibid.). Sociologists also have come up with a fifth emerging type of society called post-
industrial society. This is a society based on information, services and high technology, rather
than on raw materials and manufacturing.
After learning about the types of societies, can you observe your surroundings and answer the
question that is being asked.
Question reflection: What form of society do you think your society is, based on your
observations? Give at least 5 examples to back up your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
Activity No. 01: Table chart

Instructions: Create a table chart and enumerate the differences of the different of Types of
societies. Please be guided by the Criteria below.
CRITERIA POINTS
CONTENT 10
AUTHENTICITY 10
GRAMMAR 10
ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS 10
TOTAL 40 POINTS
Hunting and Pastoral and Horticultural Agricultural Industrial

Gathering Horticultural societies societies society
Activity No. 02: Video recorded Presentation.
Instructions: Create a ways on how to avoid discrimination and racism record it to
through video presentation. Be guided by the criteria below.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content 10
Usage of language 10
Creativity 10
Video Clarity 10
Total 40 points
Desired Activity:
Activity No. 03
Instructions: Make a slogan about the theme “THANKS GIVING TO OUR FRONTLINERS”.
Take a selfie with that slogan and post it on your Facebook wall.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content 10
Creativity 10
Total 40 points
REFERENCES:
Women and UNV.
Women, 4(4), 2622-2690.
14231-14429.
Politics, 12(3), 3213-3243.
 World Health Organization. (2009). Strategy for integrating gender analysis and actions
into the work of WHO Department of Gender, Women and Health. Geneva: WHO.
E-RESOURCES:
activities/
http://www.healthofchildren.com/P/Personality-Development.html
Lesson 4: SOCIAL INSTITUTION ORGANIZATION

1.identify the different institution within a society
2.recognize the function of different social institutions
3.understand the connection of personality and culture
Learning Activities
Introduction
Everyday life is full of social organizations. Many people are members of formal and informal
social structures. Clubs, professional organizations, and religious institutions are examples of
these. Being closer to one another helps establish a sense of community and gives people a sense
of belonging to the social organization. While groups bring together a lot of like-minded people,
their differences in opinion can cause a rift with others who aren't in their organization. Social
organizations are set up in such a way that they have a hierarchical structure. [8] In social
groups, a hierarchical structure has an impact on how a group is constructed and how likely it is
to stay together. Social institutions, such as the government, business, education, family,
healthcare, and religion, are processes or patterns of societal order aimed at addressing social
demands. Some sociological methodologies examine social institutions across time or compare
them to social institutions in other countries. For example, the United States has a free public
school system but no universal healthcare program, whereas many other prosperous, democratic
countries have. We'll spend a lot of time examining these specific social structures during the rest
of the course.
I'd like you to read about the structure of a social institution in this lesson.
Every organization has its own set of regulations that must be followed by everyone. Political,
educational, economic, family, and religious institutions are the five major institutions in rural
sociology.
The Family
In the discipline of sociology, the family is the smallest unit after the individual. It establishes
kinship, which is defined as a family member's blood or marital link to another. In addition, the
family institution is a child's initial introduction to society.
Economic Institutions
The economy, or market institutions, is the next level of social institution. The industry that buys
and sells things is covered by market institutions.
Religious Organizations
While not everyone is a member of a religious group, religion is an important aspect of every
human culture.
Educational Institutions
Individuals are taught skills and knowledge in educational institutions. Educational institutions,
like families, transmit culture on to the next generation and prepare them to fully engage in
society.
Political institutions
The groups in a government that establish, enforce, and implement laws are known as political
institutions. Political institutions are the bodies that make up the modern government's entire
mechanism: parties, legislatures, and heads of state.
As we proceed to the next topic, can you give the importance of each of these institutions in
molding your personality in each area. Plot your answer in a table.
INSTITUTION
1
2
3……and so on.
Aside from our community's institutions, we also have a culture that is a part of our society and
includes elements such as its traits and types.
One of the most often used concepts in sociology is that of culture. It refers to the people of a society's
entire way of life. It encompasses their clothing, marital practices, and family life, as well as art and work
routines, religious rites, leisure interests, and so on. It also includes the products they make, such as bows
and arrows, plows, factories and machineries, computers, books, buildings, and airplanes (Calhoun, et al,
1994; Hensiln and Nelson, 1995).
Hundreds of times, sociologists and anthropologists have defined the concept of culture, emphasizing
distinct dimensions. Scholars have frequently emphasized on culture's symbolic dimension, assuming that
culture is basically symbolic. Here are some list of the basic characteristic of culture.
1. Culture is organic and supra-organic: When we contemplate the reality that there is no culture
without human civilization, it is organic. It is supra organic because it exists outside of any single
lifespan. Individuals may come and go, but culture endures. Calhoun is a character in the film
Calhoun (op cit).
2. Culture is overt and covert: It can be separated into two types: material and non-material
cultures. Any physical human-made object, such as tools, automobiles, buildings, and so on, is
considered material culture. Language, belief, ideas, knowledge, attitude, values, and other non-
physical aspects of culture make up nonmaterial culture.
3. Culture is explicit and implicit: It is explicit when we consider those actions which can be
explained and described easily by those who perform them. It is implicit when we consider those
things we do, but are unable to explain them, yet we believe them to be so.
4. Culture is ideal and manifest (actual): Ideal culture involves the way people ought to behave or
what they ought to do. Manifest culture involves what people actually do.
5. Culture is stable and yet changing: Culture is stable when we consider what people hold
valuable and are handing over to the next generation in order to maintain their norms and values.
However, when culture meets other cultures, it can change. However, culture changes not only
because of direct or indirect contact between cultures, but also through innovation and adaptation
to new circumstances.
6. Culture is shared and learned: Culture is the public property of a social group of people
(shared). Individuals get cultural knowledge of the group through socialization. However, we
should note that all things shared among people might not be cultural, as there are many
biological attributes which people share among themselves (Kottak, 2002).
7. Culture is symbolic: It is based on the purposeful creation and usage of symbols; it is exclusive
to humans. Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to culture. Symbolic thought is
the human ability to give a thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and appreciate that
meaning Symbols are the central components of culture. Symbols refer to anything to which
people attach meaning and which they use to communicate with others. More specifically,
symbols are words, objects, gestures, sounds, or images that represent something else rather than
themselves. Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to culture. It is the human
ability to give a thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and appreciate that meaning.
To better comprehend culture, it is vital to look at its components, and below are some of the
cultural characteristics in contemporary society.
 Symbols: are the central components of culture. Symbols refer to anything to which people attach
meaning and which they use to communicate with others. More specifically, symbols are words,
objects, gestures, sounds or images that represent something else rather than themselves.
Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to culture. It is the human ability to give a
thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and appreciate that meaning. There is no obvious
natural or necessary connection between a symbol and what it symbolizes.
 Language: specifically defined as a system of verbal and in many cases written symbols with
rules about how those symbols can be strung together to convey more complex meanings, is the
distinctive capacity and possession of humans; it is a key element of culture. Culture
encompasses language, and through language, culture is communicated and transmitted. Without
language it would be impossible to develop, elaborate and transmit culture to the future
generation.
 Values: are essential elements of non-material culture. They may be defined as general, abstract
guidelines for our lives, decisions, goals, choices, and actions. They are shared ideas of a groups
or a society as to what is right or wrong, correct or incorrect, desirable or undesirable, acceptable
or unacceptable, ethical or unethical, etc., regarding something.
 Norms: are also essential elements of culture. They are implicit principles for social life,
relationship, and interaction. Norms are detailed and specific rules for specific situations.
They tell us how to do something, what to do, what not to do, when to do it, why to do it,
etc. Norms are derived from values. That means, for every specific norm, there is a
general value that determines its content.
Social norms may be divided into two.

1) Mores: Are important and stronger social norms for existence, safety, well-being and
continuity of the society or the group or society. Formal laws are written and codified
social norms. The other kinds of mores are called conventions. Conventions are
established rules governing behavior; they are generally accepted ideals by the society.
Conventions may also be regarded as written and signed agreements between nations to
govern the behaviors of individuals, groups and nations.
2)Folkways: Are the ways of life developed by a group of people. They are detailed and
minor instructions, traditions or rules for day-to-day life that help us function effectively
and smoothly as members of a group. Here, violating such kinds of norms may not result
in a serious punishment unlike violating mores. They are less morally binding. In other
words, folkways are appropriate ways of behaving and doing things. Examples may
include table etiquette, dressing rules, walking, talking, etc.
 Fashion: Is a form of behavior, type of folkways that is socially approved at a given time
but subject to periodic change.
 Custom: Is a folkway or form of social behavior that, having persisted a long period of
time, has become traditional and well established in a society and has received some
degree of formal recognition. Custom is a pattern of action shared by most or all
members of a society.
We tend to compare other cultures to our own. It is illogical and improper to undervalue,
overstate, or assess other cultures based on one's own cultural norm. Ethnocentrism is an attitude
that regards one's own culture and ways of life as the finest and most important of all, while
viewing other ethnic groups and civilizations as inferior, bad, full of faults, and so on. It is the
inclination to judge the conduct and beliefs of people from different cultures using one's own
cultural ideals. It is a universal cultural expression. People all around the world believe that
common explanations, opinions, and customs are truthful, proper, and moral.
Every society has a distinct culture that is distinct. Every culture has its own pattern of conduct
that may appear strange to people from other cultures. We can't comprehend the practices and
beliefs without understanding the larger society in which they exist. It is necessary to study a
culture in terms of its own meanings and values. Instead of judging other people's cultures as
uncivilized or backward, cultural relativism defines a condition in which people tolerate cultural
differences (Stockard, 1997).
Culture shock is a psychological and social maladjustment that occurs when people are exposed
to new cultural aspects for the first time, such as new products, new ideas, new concepts, and
seemingly unusual beliefs and practices. No one is immune to the effects of culture shock.
Individuals, on the other hand, differ in their ability to adapt to and overcome the effects of
culture shock. People who are ethnocentric are frequently subjected to culture shock. Cultural
relativists, on the other hand, may find it simple to adjust to new settings and overcome culture
shock.
Before going further, can you describe how your culture shapes you in your society and at least
three habits that were passed down to you that you still follow today?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________.
Apart from its characteristics, it is also linked to our personality, where it aids in the shaping of
persons to cope with their environment.
Culture-and-personality studies, often known as psychological anthropology, is a field of

cultural anthropology that aims to identify the range of personality types that exist in a given
culture and to establish where each type falls on a continuum from ideal to perverse.
Culture has an impact on whether and how you value attributes like humility, self-esteem,
politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also has an impact on how you view difficulties and how
you feel about relying on others.
Activity 1: Poster Making

Instruction: in a long bond paper, make a poster with a theme of “ culture in my society”
You will be graded with the following rubrics
Content------------- 25 %
Creativity -----------10 %
Authenticity-------- 10 %
Cleanliness ----------5 %_____
Activity No. 02: Video Statement.

Instructions: Make a statement using Video about How we preserve and Respect our
Culture. Please be guided by the Criteria below.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content 10
Creativity 10
Video Clarity 10
Total 40 points
Activity 3: Let’s Document

Instruction: Cite two aspects of your culture that you practice in your community and explain
their significance as well as the context of your practice.
Note: Remember to attach a picture (if you have, download if its available and give credits)
References

Women and UNV.
Women, 4(4), 2622-2690.
14231-14429.
Politics, 12(3), 3213-3243.
E-RESOURCES:
activities/
Lesson 5: PERSONALITY AND ITS FOUNDATION

1. Understand the meaning of personality

2. Distinguish the different parenting style
3. Give importance to development
Learning Activities
Introduction
Personality refers to a person's distinct manner of thinking, feeling, and acting. Personality
encompasses moods, attitudes, and opinions, and is most evident in interactions with others. It
encompasses both natural and acquired behavioral qualities that identify one person from another
and can be noticed in people's interactions with the environment and social groups.
The term personality has been defined in a variety of ways, but as a psychological construct, it
has evolved into two basic meanings. The first is concerned with people's constant differences: in
this sense, personality research focuses on identifying and understanding relatively stable human
psychological features. The second interpretation highlights the features that unite all individuals
and separate psychological man from other species; it urges the personality theorist to look for
the regularities that characterize man's nature as well as the elements that impact the course of
his life among all people.
The foundation of personality, its relationship to moral and cognitive development, and how
parenting approaches affect personality development will be discussed in this section of the
class.
As a future professional it is important that you understand your personality that will serve as
your aid as you grow.
Personality is the sum of reaction inclinations, habit patterns, and physical characteristics that
determine an individual's social effectiveness. It is not solely characterized by his answers to
others, but also by others' responses to him as a stimulus. Traits are constant stimuli levels that a
person does not possess. Personality is defined as a set of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional
patterns that develop over time because of biological and environmental influences. The study of
personality psychology, also known as personality psychology, aims to explain the tendencies
that underpin behavioral differences. It refers to the characteristics that a person exhibits over
time and in different contexts. We may be able to predict a person's behavior in many scenarios
if we understand their personality.
Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes
that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of
temperament, character, and environment.
Before proceeding to the next topic, can you share how did you develop your personality? How
did you maintain these personalities up to now?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
Cognitive development means how children think, explore and figure things out. It is the
development of knowledge, skills, problem solving and dispositions, which help children to
think about and understand the world around them.
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different
stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children
acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
To learn more about cognitive development, look at the table below, which depicts the many
stages of cognitive growth.
Moral growth, in addition to cognitive development, aids in the shaping of an individual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development is a comprehensive stage theory of moral

development developed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958, based on Jean Piaget's theory of moral
judgment for children (1932). Kohlberg's theory is cognitive in nature, focusing on the thought
process that occurs when deciding whether a behavior is right or wrong. As a result, the
theoretical focus is on how one decides to respond to a moral problem rather than what one
decides or does.
Moral development is the process throughout which children develop proper attitudes and
behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws.
Here is the level of development, which displays the level, stage, and characteristics of moral
development for a better understanding of the moral development theory.
Do you believe that developing such characteristics is required for you to feel accepted in your
society?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
Apart from personality, how a family raised their children to mold them for the future is also part
of the culture, and here are some of the parenting styles used by parents.
1. Authoritative parenting- they are the parent who encourage kids to be responsible, to
think for themselves, and to consider the reasons for rules.
2. Authoritarian parenting- they are the one who expect their orders to be obeyed without
question and who rely on punishment--or the threat of punishment--to control their kids.
3. Permissive parenting- are parents who are responsive and warm (a good thing) but also
reluctant to enforce rules (a bad thing).
4. Uninvolved parenting- are the parents who offer their children little emotional support
and fail to enforce standards of conduct.
Before ending the discussion about parenting style, can you describe how your parents treat you
and how important it is in your development?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________.
Activity No. 1: My Personality

Instruction: Using your name, choose a characteristic that starts with each letter that suits your
personality and make it to a sentence that describe you.
Activity No. 2: Document Presentation

Instruction: Interview your parents on how they nurture their children to become a wholesome
one with the following guide questions:
1. What parenting styles did they applied to develop the personality of their children?
2. Is it necessary to discipline your child to have a good personality?
3. What actions do you take when they don't listen or break a rule in the house?
Note: Video record your documentation.
References

Women and UNV.
Women, 4(4), 2622-2690.
14231-14429.
Politics, 12(3), 3213-3243.
E-RESOURCES:
activities/
Midterm
LESSON 6: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Intended learning outcome
1. discuss the meaning and nature of personality
2. understand the nature of personality development
3.appreciate the significance of personality development
Learning Activities
Introduction
Personality development is the improvement of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes
that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of
temperament, character, and environment. Then, Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic
theory of personality development, which argued that personality is formed through conflicts
among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. Personality
development also plays an essential role in improving one's communication skills. Individuals
ought to master the art of expressing their thoughts and feelings in the most desired way.
The principles of personality development, the theories that underpin the development of a
significant being, and the process of individual growth are discussed in this module.
As a social science communicator, you must understand how personality development occurs,
particularly for you as a student and since a future professional, as this will aid in your personal
development.
Let us start by knowing the components of a major individual that were defined by different
personalities, by understanding personality, we may be able to learn and understand more about
the characters we possess and below are some of the components of how personality was
established.
• Personality: Is the constancy of who you are, have been, and will become; a person's
unique and largely steady behavior patterns
• Character: Are the personal qualities that have been assessed or judged.
• Self-Concept: Are your thoughts, feelings, and impressions about who you are.
• Self-Esteem: It is how we evaluate ourselves; a positive self-evaluation of ourselves.
• Low Self-esteem: It is a negative self-evaluation.
According to a psychiatrist the personality of a significant being was not just formed by a single
component, it was also guided by the concepts that makes a person a wholesome one, and
according to the theory of Carl Jung, who is a Swiss psychiatrist and one of the disciples of
Freud, he believed that there were two types of personality: the first one is Introvert, where a
person is often thought of as a quiet, reserved, and thoughtful individual that don't seek out
special attention or social engagements, as these events can leave introverts feeling exhausted
and drained but some introvert who can be energized by being alone. They are the significant
other who is shy and self-centered person whose attention is focused inward: the second one is
Extrovert, is when a person is energized by being around other people, like being bold, outgoing
person, whose attention is directed outward.
Before proceeding to the next topic, let us have a short time to reflect about where our
personality belong to, is it the introvert or the extrovert? If you belong any of the two explain
why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
Now, let us learn about the components of our psyche/mind by Sigmund Freud.
A theorist from Austria named Sigmund Freud, who was a Viennese physician who thought his
patients’ problems were more emotional than physical and a began his work by using hypnosis
and eventually switched to psychoanalysis and died due to oral cancer. He wrote the
psychoanalytic theory, and in his theory, he said that the psyche was divided into three functions,
the id, ego, and superego. According to Freud's model of the psyche, the id is the primitive and
instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories,
the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates
between the desires of the id and the super-ego. For example, if the ego gives in to the id's
demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt. Another example, the id is
trying to get you to do things like eat cakes and not go jogging, and the superego is trying to get
you to make good decisions and be an upstanding person.
As we think on our generation today, one of the most important topics is our personal growth,
which can be influenced by a variety of variables. Do you believe our personal image is
influenced by our personality?
Yes because, __________________________________________________________________.

No because, __________________________________________________________________.
Psyche: Freud's name for the personality, Libido: Energy, Eros: Life impulses, and Thanatos: Death
instincts, are all terms used by Sigmund Freud in his theory. He also argued that psychological
development in children occurs during five psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital,
in addition to the theory he developed. Because each stage indicates the focus of libido (roughly
translated as sexual impulses or instincts) on a different part of the body, these are referred to as
psychosexual stages.
To further understand how our personality develop through our ages, let us move to the next
discussion.
Personality is primarily established by the age of five, according to psychoanalytic theory. Early
life experiences have a big influence on personality development and behavior later in life.
Here are the stages of psychosexual stages of development starting from birth to adulthood.
 The Oral Stage (Birth-2 years old)
The infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking
reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from
oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.
 Anal Stage (2 – 3 years old)

The main source of gratification at this stage is the ability to control bladder movement
and the elimination or retention of feces. A positive and appropriate experience revolving
around potty training can encourage competence, creativity, and productivity in
individuals.
 Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years old)
At this psychosexual stage, the focus of pleasure is the genitals. The boys start to
perceive their father as rivals for their mother’s affections, while girls feel similarly
towards their mother. Fear of punishment can lead to repression of feelings felt toward
the opposite sex parent. Fixation at this stage may bring about sexual deviancy or weak
sexual identity.
 Latency Period (6 years to puberty)

At this stage, sexual urges are usually repressed, and the individual spends most of
his/her time interacting with same sex peers, engaging in hobbies, and acquiring skills.
 Genital Stage (Puberty onward)

The focus at this F psychosexual stage is on the sexual urges that are reawakened and are
directed toward opposite sex peers, with genitals as the primary source of pleasure.
Individuals who completed the earlier stages successfully become well-adjusted, caring
and secure individuals.
Before we go any further, let us all watch this short film named "Be the Best You" to better
understand how vital it is to develop our personalities to live our best lives now and, in the
future, and later on give your insight about the movie.
Question: What part of the movie that touches your heart? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
Activity No. 1- A: Describe Your Behavior

Instruction: Choose two of these following words that describe you in every situations/activity.
Write the CAPITAL letter of your answer on the space provided and explain briefly.(5 pts. Each)
A. Selfish B. Energetic C. Demanding D. Polite E. Reserved F. Helpful
Answer Items Why?(Explain briefly)

1. On a date
2. At home with parents
3. In class
4. At a sporting event
5. Reading a book
Activity no. 2- Let’s Apply
Instruction: Analyze yourself by writing a reflection about your personality and how did you find
out about it with a minimum of 300 words and maximum of 500 words.
Activity No. 3- C: The Four Big Questions
Instruction: Analyze your personality by the following four key questions to which you should
answer using three adjectives for each question. Adjectives cannot be repeated.
1. Choose a color; the first color comes to your mind.

Once you have that color, list three adjectives that describe it.
2. Choose an animal, the first animal that comes to your mind.

Once you have selected an animal, list three adjectives that describe it.
3. Choose a body of water like a river, ocean, sea or lake.

Once you have chosen a body of water, list three adjectives that describe it.
4. Let`s say you are in a white room with no windows and no doors.
List three emotions that describe it.
When you are done answering those questions, highlight the following to get your results: your
color represents what you think of yourself, the animal represents what you think of other
people, the body of water represents your love life, and the white room represents what you will
feel like when you are about to die.
References:
 Include E-Resources/Links
Lumen, D. (2019)Psychosexual and Psychosocial Theories of Development. Retrieved

from:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/lifespan-theories-
psychosexual-and-psychosocial-theories/
Kelland, M. (2020), Social Science: Libretext,3.5: Psychosexual Stages of Development.

Retrieved from: https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book
%3A_Personality_Theory_in_a_Cultural_Context_(Kelland)/03%3A_Sigmund_Freud/
3.05%3A_Psychosexual_Stages_of_Development
Journal Psyche (2018), Tag Archives: Stages Of Psychosexual Development. Retrieved from:

http://journalpsyche.org/tag/stages-of-psychosexual-development/.
https://www.cristinacabal.com
Lesson 2- SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

1. ascertain the impact of socialization processes on human social behavior
2. apply the concepts and theories Gender and Society
Learning activities
Introduction
People acquire personality and learn the ways of their society through socialization, which is
described as the process of social contact through which they acquire personality and learn the
ways of their culture. Socialization is also the lifetime process of acquiring and propagating
norms, conventions, and ideologies, which provides an individual with the skills and habits
needed to participate in his or her own society. One of the most important functions of
socialization is to familiarize people with the norms of a particular social group or community. It
prepares people to participate in a group by displaying the group's expectations. Children begin
the process of socialization at home with their families and continue it at school. People are
constantly surrounded by a variety of socialization agents. Human children have no knowledge
of the society into which they are born when they are born. As a result, the focus of this chapter
will be on socialization theories, roles, and agents, with a concentration on the family, schools,
peers, mass media, church, and workplace.
As a social science teacher and a citizen, it is necessary to learn and view about our society
especially socialization as it helps citizens to cope in their daily living.
In this scope of the lesson, it will deliberate the different component how socialization develop in
our self and the agents that helps it.
When we talk about socialization, we're referring to the process by which members of society
acquire the norms, values, language, skills, beliefs, and other cognitive patterns required for
social interaction. The process of socializing for children begins at home with their family and
continues at school. As kids mature and become contributing members of society, they learn
what is expected of them. Adults who join new social circles are also in need of socializing. It is
the process of a group's standards, values, beliefs, and behaviors being passed down to
subsequent members.
Look at the table below, which illustrates the difference between nature and nurture for better
understanding.
SOCIALIZATION
NATURE NURTURE
The School of Thought (Nativism, Innatism) Those who believe in the "nurture" position,
that rallies the "nature" argument asserts that on the other hand, argue that humans evolve
human behavior is influenced by biological because of environmental circumstances.
inclinations. Those who are drawn to combat They also say that humans learn through
have an "aggressive instinct," whereas those watching and copying social patterns in their
who are drawn to capitalism have a environment. Interaction and the use of
"acquisitive instinct," and so on. As a result of language help them develop their distinct
his or her genetic make-up, an individual's behavior.
personality is already "pre-determined."
In this case, we can deduce that a significant person's socialization is either fostered or innate. It
is also argued that socialization serves a vital role in our community by acquainting people with
the norms of a particular social group or society. It also prepares people to join a group by
demonstrating the expectations of that group.
Before we go any farther with the course, consider how our culture assists us in coping with our daily
lives through socializing. Can you answer the question exhaustively.
Question: What do you believe is the most essential lesson you learned through socialization that you can
apply in the current era?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
Apart from the relevance and importance of socialization in our lives, there are also socialization agents
who assist and serve as a basis in social being.
Observe the picture below as it shown who is the target of the agents of socialization to help.
The image depicts the various agents of socialization that aid in the development of a person's
social life and play a vital role in the socialization process.
The agents of socialization are the environmental variables that help shape a person's personality.
An individual builds a connection to his or her community and understands his or her social roles
with the help of these agents. The following is a list of the various socializing agents.
The Family
The process of socialization usually begins within the family as it is the first source of social
communication for most people. Children learn to see and interpret society based on the
understanding of their parents or other members of the family.
The school
The impact of schools on children's socialization is significant and lasts a lifetime. Aside from
teaching students how to read and write and exposing them to courses like math, science, and
language, schools also instill in them a number of important principles that will help them shape
their attitude on life. School, for example, exposes youngsters to hierarchical bureaucratic
structures in which everything is done according to a set of rules and regulations. This means
that by following methods to complete tasks, a youngster will learn the value of social rules and
laws.
Religion
This is one of the most potent socialization agents, as well as one of the most sensitive, because
it can be interpreted in a variety of ways, some beneficial and some detrimental. People learn
about which God to believe in (or not believe in), the rituals to follow, the do's and don'ts in life,
and so on from their parents from the time they are born. This collection of religious beliefs
develops into a significant part of a person's life. One of religion's key goals in the socialization
process is to encourage individuals to be tolerant and respectful of one another.
The Peer Group

Another key socializing agent is the peer group, which is defined as a collection of people of
comparable ages who share similar interests and are likely from similar backgrounds. A peer
group allows a youngster to participate in activities that he or she would not otherwise have
access to inside his or her family.
Mass Media
The mass media is said to have the biggest impact on socialization because it conveys many
ideas and mannerisms to individuals without requiring any interpersonal interactions. People can
acquire a variety of important information through mass media, which includes newspapers,
periodicals, radio, the Internet, video games, and television.
Workplace
Another powerful socialization agent, as it broadens a person's perspective of social acceptance
and tolerance for others. At work, one will meet people of various ages and from various social
and cultural backgrounds.
Now that we finished regarding the agents of socialization and the socialization process, observe the
picture below and answer the question that is being asked as part
As we proceed further, take a glimpse of the picture, and give your opinion regarding this image.
Reflection: What impact does the epidemic have on today's socialization?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________.
In today's culture, there are many obstacles and struggles that different people face with diverse
techniques. We have a defense mechanism here, which is a type of reaction to a specific situation
of a certain person.
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors of people that they use to separate themselves from
unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These psychological strategies may help people put
distance between themselves and threats or unwanted feelings, such as guilt or shame.
Defense mechanisms are based on psychoanalytic theory, which views personality as the
interaction of three components: id, ego, and super ego. This is normal, and they are a natural
component of a significant other's psychological development and in most cases, these
psychological responses are not under in our conscious control which means you don’t decide what you
do when you do it.
Here are a few common defense mechanisms that a person certainly use in a situation:
Denial is one of the most popular defense techniques. It is when we refuse to acknowledge
reality or facts. You avoid dealing with the emotional effect of external events or circumstances
by blocking them from your consciousness. To put it another way, you avoid the unpleasant
feelings or situations.
Repression is the disturbance due to unpleasant thoughts, traumatic memories, or unreasonable

ideas. Instead of confronting them, you may instinctively opt to conceal them in the hopes of
completely forgetting about them.
Projection is when some of your feelings or ideas regarding another person may make you feel
uneasy. You're misattributing those feelings to the other person if you project them.
Displacement is when you directed to your rage and frustrations at a person or item who does
not appear to be dangerous. This permits you to respond to a strong urge without risking serious
consequences.
Regression is when people may unconsciously "escape" to an earlier stage of development when
they are frightened or anxious.
Rationalization happens when people try to justify bad action by inventing their own set of
"facts." This permits you to feel at ease with the decision you made, even if you know it isn't the
best one.
Sublimation is a type of defense mechanism that is seen to be beneficial. That's because people
who rely on it choose to channel intense emotions or feelings into a suitable and safe object or
activity.
Reaction formation is happened when people that employ this defense mechanism is aware of
how they feel, yet they choose to act contrary to their impulses.
Compartmentalization is separating your life into distinct sectors may appear to be a good
strategy to safeguard many aspects of it.
Intellectualization happened when you are confronted with a difficult scenario, you may decide
to detach all emotion from your responses and focus instead on numerical facts. This method
may be employed when a person who has been laid off chooses to spend their days compiling
spreadsheets of job chances and leads.
This course will teach us how to overcome life obstacles that may have an impact on our
personality as well as our social lives. When we are confronted with a variety of situations, we
often resort to defense mechanisms to help us get through them.
Now that we finished the different defense mechanism that may give us the hint on how to
overcome something or to confront something.
Look at the situation below.
Let us have an reflection about these situations that may confront us or happened to us:
Reflection question: How will you manage a circumstance like the one shown above if you use defense
mechanisms? Write a 250-word reflection to share your experience.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.
Activity No. 1- B: LIFE-Info Graphic

Instruction: Info graphics are visual representations of data or other information. They can help
convey information clearly, easy to understand and attractive. In this exercise, you will be able to
explain and depict the impact of one agent of socialization using images, words and other
visuals.
(10 POINTS EACH)
1. Select one agent of socialization that has a large impact on your life at this moment.
2. List 5 ways that this agent of socialization impacts you and what you learn from it.
3. Create info graphic describing the agent of socialization. Using the “Worksheet 02 –M02”for
making info graphics, you'll be pasting it on the template and select or put graphics, charts,
photographs, and other visuals to accompany the text that you include. Start with your list of
things that you learn from the agent of socialization you have selected and then find graphics or
images to create a visual representation of your agent of socialization.
4. Include Proper Credits if you are using someone’s photographs or materials using the APA
Format.
Sample:
WORKPLACE
Agent of Socialization 1. I learned how to value

teamwork that promotes
productivity and friendship.
[Insert Image Here]

____________________________________
Agent of Socialization 1.
____________________________________
[Insert Image Here] [Insert Image Here]
2. 3.
___________________________________ ____________________________________
[Insert Image Here] [Insert Image Here]
4. 5.
___________________________________ ____________________________________
Activity No. 2-Poster making

Instruction:In a ¼ illustration board make poster with the theme “socialization in pandemic”.
You will be grade with the following rubrics.
Rubrics:
Content- 35%
Originality-10%
Cleanliness-5 %
Activity No. 3- C: Essay

Instruction: Answer the following questions.
1.How important are peer groups to socialization? In what ways do they influence individuals
throughout the life course?
2. How do sociologists and psychologists view the world differently?
References
Benito, V. (2008). Sociology in a changing world: a modular approach (2nd Edition).
Crossman, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Works/a/Presentation-Of-

SelfEveryday-Life.htm
Goffman, E. (1956). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.
Mercandte, Adam A. (2008). Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/the-role-nature-nurture-
shapinghuman-behavior-2255780.html
Zamora, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/person.html

Zulueta, F. (2002). General sociology (Revised Edition). Academic Publishing Inc. What is
Personality? Retrieved April 1, 2007 from http://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-
1WhatIsPersonality.html
Mitchelle, G. Retrieved from http://www.trans4mind.com/minddevelopment/jung.html
Baxamusa, B. Retrieved November 22, 2012 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/agents-of-

socialization.html
Lesson 3- SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES

Learning outcomes

1. define and explain the sexual terminologies
2.compare sexual identities
3.understand and appreciate gender roles
4.value the nature of feminist and masculinity’s identity
Introduction
The distinction between gender and sex in a human setting reflects how these terms are used:
Gender encompasses the psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural characteristics of being
male or female, whereas sex usually refers to biological qualities of maleness or femaleness (i.e.,
masculinity or femininity.) You are frequently required to submit your name, birth date, and sex
or gender while filling out official forms. Have you ever been questioned about your sex and
gender? You may not realize that sex and gender are not synonymous. Sociologists and most
other social scientists, on the other hand, regard sex and gender as conceptually separate.
Sex denotes biological characteristics and exists along a spectrum from male to
female. Gender, on the other hand, denotes social and cultural characteristics that are assigned to
different sexes. Sex and gender are not always synchronous, meaning they do not always line up
in an easy-to-categorize way.
This section will go through the differences between gender and sex, as well as the various
aspects of sexual orientation and gender culture.
Theories have defined sex and gender in a variety of ways, making them interchangeable by
significant others. However, keep in mind that gender is a socio-cultural phenomenon that
divides people into various categories such as male or female, each with its own set of roles,
expectations, and stereotypes e.g., LGBTQAI +, and sex is one of two main divisions (female or
male) into which many organisms can be classified.
Take note of the differences between gender and sex in the table below, and keep in mind that
these two have separate characteristics.
SEX GENDER
 Biological and physical difference  Refers to the culturally or socially
between men and women constructed roles ascribe to males
 It is largely unchangeable. and females.
 It can be taught or learned
 It is dynamic and can be changed
Every person has 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell and in the 23rd pair that differentiates the
sexes. Female have an XX Chromosomes while Male have just one X, together with a smaller Y.
To learn more about gender and sex, as well as its other components, look at the image below,
which depicts the components of sex and gender.
Sexual orientation is an enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other persons that
can be possessed by significant others and is either inherent or immutable. The following is a list
of the various sexual orientations that a person can have.
ASEXUAL is the identity or orientation that includes individuals who don’t experience sexual
attraction to others of any gender.
ALLOSEXUAL is a word and category describing those who experience sexual attraction. We
use of this term that helps to normalize the experience of being asexual and provides a more
specific label to describe those who aren’t part of the asexual community.
Bisexual is a sexual orientation that describes those who experience sexual, romantic, or

emotional attractions to people of more than one gender.
Demisexual, this sexual orientation describes individuals who experience sexual attraction only
under specific circumstances, such as after building a romantic or emotional relationship with a
person.
Gay is the term that describes individuals who experience sexual, romantic, or emotional
attraction to people of the same or a similar gender.
Heterosexual is a term that describes people who experience sexual, romantic, or emotional
attraction to people of the “opposite” gender (e.g. male vs. female, man vs. woman) or a different
gender.Heterosexuality can exist in both cisgender and transgender people. Straight is a typical
description for this sexual orientation type.
Homosexual, It is an outdated term rooted in the fields of medicine and psychology that refers to
individuals who experience sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction to people of the same or a
similar gender.
Lesbian, Is a woman or female-identified person who experiences sexual, romantic, or
emotional attraction to people of the same or a similar gender.Some women who are lesbians
may also refer to themselves as gay or queer, while others prefer the label lesbian.
Omnisexual It is like pansexual and can be used to describe individuals whose sexuality isn’t
limited to people of a particular gender, sex, or sexual orientation.
Monosexual A broad sexual orientation category that includes people who experience romantic
or sexual attraction to people of one sex or gender. Monosexuality typically includes those who
are exclusively heterosexual, gay, or lesbian.
LGBTQIA+ Is the acronym that often describes individuals who don’t identify as exclusively
heterosexual or exclusively cisgender.
The letters in the LGBTQIA+ acronym stand for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or
questioning, intersex, and asexual.
Pansexual It is a term that describes individuals who can experience sexual, romantic, or
emotional attraction to any person, regardless of that person’s gender, sex, or sexuality.
Sapiosexual A word used to describe those who experience attraction based on intelligence,
rather than sex or gender.
Polysexual A term that describes individuals with a sexual orientation that involves sexual or
romantic attraction to people with varying genders. Polysexual orientations
include bisexuality, pansexuality, omnisexuality, and queer, among many others.
After knowing the different term for sexuality, let us take a look to our self and have some
reflection:
Reflection question: where do you think you belong, do you really recognize yourself?
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
Now let us further proceed to Gender.
GENDER is the sense of one’s own gender that falls on gender binary, as some individuals are
identified as either male or female. There are 2 types under gender the cisgender or either or
transgender. Cisgender refers to the identity that aligns with the sex organ while transgender
differs. Transgender- refers to the gender identity or gender expression that differs from their
sex assigned at birth and transexual is the term that we used if an individual undergoes with
surgery to change his/her biological characteristic.
Before moving on to the next issue, look at this situation and express your thoughts about it.
James is a student at Maiba University, where he is well-known for being a gay varsity player.
Despite his celebrity, many of his classmates continue to abuse him and other students who have
different gender preferences.
Question:
If you will be one of his classmate, what would do you to decrease and prevent this form of
bullying?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
Let's look at the following section of the scope, which discusses gender culture and its
components.
GENDER EXPRESSION is an external expression of one's gender identity, which may or may
not adhere to socially accepted behaviors and features normally associated with being either
masculine or feminine, and which is frequently exhibited through behavior, dress, hairstyle, or
voice.
GENDER TRANSITION is the process by which some people strive to align their internal
knowledge of gender more closely with its outward appearance. Some people socially transition,
whereby they might begin dressing, using names and pronouns and/or be socially recognized as
another gender. Others undergo physical transitions in which they modify their bodies through
medical interventions.
GENDER DYSPHORIA is clinically significant distress caused when a person's assigned birth
gender is not the same as the one with which they identify.
Aside from the components of gender culture, there are other circumstances that might lead to
gender confusion in a prominent person, and the following are some of them.
 Sociologists emphasize the environmental impact for gender identity.

 Socialization or the process of transferring norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to group
members, plays a significant part on how individuals learn and internalize gender.
It also incorporates with the differences in terms of social interaction. For Masculine, they have
the qualities and appearance traditionally associated with men, especially strength and
aggressiveness and for Feminine, they qualities or an appearance traditionally associated with
women, especially delicacy and prettiness.

Gender cultures have an impact on how people of various genders communicate. It all starts in
childhood. According to MALTZ AND BROKER's research, children's games help to socialize
them into masculine or feminine roles.
Let us take a look at this table where it gives the difference between masculine and feminine at
certain situations
Feminine Masculine
Feminine people tend to self-disclose Masculine do not self-disclose. Why?
intimate details in communication
Feminine people tend to communicate more While masculine are not affectionate. Why?
affection with greater intimacy and
confidence.
They are closer with their friends than They expect competition in friendship.
masculine.
They communicate weakness and They avoid communicating weakness and
vulnerability with each other. vulnerability.
Women tend to talk more than men at home. Men tend to talk more that women in public.
Women are more inclined to face each other While, men are more likely to look away
and make eye contact when talking. from each other.
Women are more inclined to express While men are more incline to debate.
agreement and support.
Women like to share her emotion and While man tends to share his ideas and
thoughts to others. suggestions and avoids talking about his
feelings.
We also the have the Communication and Gender Cultures in our society where it was use by
different individuals to convey their thought and feelings.
COMMUNICATION CULTURES is a group of people with an existing set of norms regarding

how they communicate with each other.
GENDER CULTURES are the primarily created and sustained by interaction with others.
Transsexual - Those who wish to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as
surgery and hormonal therapy- so that their physical being is better aligned with gender and
identity.
Sexual Orientation -It refers to being romantically or sexually attracted to people of specific
gender.
The following are the agents of socialization which helps a significant other to understand
and accept himself.
FAMILY- Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and
grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she
needs to know. For example, they show the child how to use objects (such as clothes,
computers, eating utensils, books, bikes); how to relate to others (some as “family,”
others as “friends,” still others as “strangers” or “teachers” or “neighbors”); and how the
world works (what is “real” and what is “imagined”). As you are aware, either from your
own experience as a child or from your role in helping to raise one, socialization includes
teaching and learning about an unending array of objects and ideas.
• SCHOOLS - School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and
leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children.
• RELIGION - While some religions are informal institutions, here we focus on practices
followed by formal institutions. Religion is an important avenue of socialization for many
people. The United States is full of synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and
similar religious communities where people gather to worship and learn. Like other
institutions, these places teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material
culture (like a mezuzah, a prayer rug, or a communion wafer).
• MASS MEDIA - distribute impersonal information to a wide audience, via television,
newspapers, radio, and the Internet. With the average person spending over four hours
a day in front of the television (and children averaging even more screen time), media
greatly influences social norms (Roberts, Foehr, and Rideout 2005). People learn about
objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as
nonmaterial culture—what is true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is
expected (norms).Gender Agents of Socialization are influenced by the system of
PATRIARCHY.
• Patriarchy is a form of social organization which grants the father supreme authority in
the family, clan, community and society.
Gender as stratifier leads to unequal access of male and female to opportunities, income,
wealth, and privileged, with males enjoying greater access than females. The following are
the list of manifestation of gender bias.
MULTIPLE BURDENS – Is s condition experienced by a person (usually women) when limited
time and energy are devoted to several tasks.
STEREOTYPES - The tendency to assign fixed unquestioned and unexamined beliefs and
perceptions about women and men and about gender as well.
OPPRESION OF MEN - Men are expected to be strong and in control of his life and of his
family
- Men treated as if they do not feel pain or experience the full range of emotions like
women.
- If a boy or man asks for help, they are seen as weak and put down for behaving like a
woman.
References:
Lumen, D. (2019)Psychosexual and Psychosocial Theories of Development. Retrieved

from:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/lifespan-theories-
psychosexual-and-psychosocial-theories/
Kelland, M. (2020), Social Science: Libretext,3.5: Psychosexual Stages of Development.

Retrieved from: https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book
%3A_Personality_Theory_in_a_Cultural_Context_(Kelland)/03%3A_Sigmund_Freud/
3.05%3A_Psychosexual_Stages_of_Development
Journal Psyche (2018), Tag Archives: Stages Of Psychosexual Development. Retrieved from:

http://journalpsyche.org/tag/stages-of-psychosexual-development/.
https://www.cristinacabal.com
Benito, V. (2008). Sociology in a changing world: a modular approach (2nd Edition).
Crossman, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Works/a/Presentation-Of-

SelfEveryday-Life.htm
Goffman, E. (1956). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.
Mercandte, Adam A. (2008). Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/the-role-nature-nurture-
shapinghuman-behavior-2255780.html
Zamora, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/person.html
Zulueta, F. (2002). General sociology (Revised Edition). Academic Publishing Inc. What is
Personality? Retrieved April 1, 2007 from http://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-
1WhatIsPersonality.html
Mitchelle, G. Retrieved from http://www.trans4mind.com/minddevelopment/jung.html
Baxamusa, B. Retrieved November 22, 2012 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/agents-of-

socialization.html
References:
Biden, J (2015), HRC Equaity Convention, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions.
Retrieved from: https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-
terminology-and-definitions
Kremer, W. (2013, January 25). Why did men stop wearing high heels? BBC News Magazine
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21151350
Sax, L. (2002, August). How common is intersex? A response to Anne Fausto-Sterling. Journal
of Sex Research, 39(3), 174-8 http://www.isna.org/faq/frequency
James S, et al. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey.
transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf
Schulster M, et al. (2016). The role of estradiol in male reproductive function.

DOI:10.4103/1008-682X.173932
finals
Lesson 1- GENDER ISSUES IN THE SOCIETY

1. discuss the issues on gender in the society along with health, work, politics, religion, division
of household labor, migration, and discrimination
2.enumerate and discuss samples of partner violence
3. appreciate gender equality and gender rights
Learning Activities
Introduction
Gender issues encompass all elements and concerns about women's and men's lives and
situations in society, including how they interact, differences in access to and use of resources,
activities, and how they respond to changes, interventions, and laws. Gender issues, on the other
hand, are concerned with the connection between men and women in society, rather than with
women alone.
This section will cover a variety of topics related to gender, such as domestic violence and
concerns in society, as well as media representation, rights, and issues.
As a social science teacher, it is important to address issues and concerns in our society,
particularly gender inequality.
Gender equality, is the state or condition in which both men and women have equal access to
human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources, allowing both sexes to
participate to and profit from all aspects of society (economic, political, social, and cultural).
For example: A family is on a tight budget, and both the daughter and the son require new shoes
for the upcoming school year, but only one of them will be able to do so this year. Gender
equality is demonstrated when the family determines (and who in the family decides?) which
youngster will receive the new shoes based on the child's NEED rather than his or her gender.
While Gender equity is defined as the justice and fairness in the treatment of women and men to
achieve gender equality. It is frequently requested that women and men be treated differently (or
that specific measures be taken) to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that
prevent women and men from competing on an equal footing.
Example: Gender equality can be achieved by providing women with leadership training or
implementing quotas for women in decision-making roles.
Take note that Equity leads to equality! Equity means that there is a need to continue taking
differential actions to address historical inequality among men and women and achieve gender
equality!
Let us move on to gender equality and women's rights in our community. The following is a
list of women's rights in our society:
 The entitlements that women have on the basis that they are human.
 The normatively based in several international human rights documents
(e.g. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)).
 The arranged around the concept of duty bearer& rights holder.
There are many scenes in our society where disparities manifest regardless of the sex and gender
of a significant other, and here is a summary of some of the patterns of gender inequalities:
1.Inequalities in political power and representation: In formal decision-making systems, such
as governments, community councils, and policy-making agencies, women are frequently
underrepresented.
2.Inequalities in economic participation and opportunities: Women and men are dispersed
differently across industries in most countries. Women are paid less for comparable labor, are
more likely to work in low-paying employment and unsecured work (part-time, temporary,
home-based), and have less access to productive assets such as education, skills, property, and
credit than males.
3.Educational attainment: Women have a lower literacy rate and enrolment in primary,
intermediate, and postsecondary education in most countries.
4.Sexual and domestic violence: Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence by
a woman's intimate partner, sexual exploitation through human trafficking and the sex trade, and
in wars by an enemy army as a weapon of attempted "ethnic cleansing," among other things.
5.Differences in legal status and entitlements: Equal rights to personal status, security, land,
inheritance, and career prospects are denied to women in many cases by law or practice.
NOTE THAT Changes in attitudes and relationships, changes in institutions and legal
frameworks, changes in economic institutions, and changes in political decision-making
structures will all be required to achieve greater equality between men and women.
There are many terms that were used to define a significant being in terms of gender, and here
are some of the terminologies that our civilization utilized, as shown in the table below:
Term Definition
Gender Balance Equal representation and participation in all areas of activity and
interest by having the same (or a sufficient) number of women and
men at all levels of the organization.
Gender Focal Point A person within the company (field or headquarters) who is
designated as a source of information on gender issues.
Gender Roles Women and men are assigned different sets of behaviors, duties, and
responsibilities by society, which are reinforced at various levels of
society through governmental and educational institutions and
systems, job patterns, norms and values, and the family.
Gender The systematic integration of the respective needs, interests and
Mainstreaming priorities of men and women in all the organization’s policies and
activities. This rejects the idea that gender is a separate issue and
something to be tacked on as an afterthought.
Feminism A collection of movements and ideas aimed towards defining,
establishing, and realizing women's equal political, economic,
cultural, personal, and social rights. There are a number of outdated
and erroneous preconceptions about feminism (e.g. feminism meant
wanting women to defeat or overtake men into submission).
Inspired by International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2003
Let us now turn our attention to the various gender issues that arise in our society, which affect
everyone. Both men and women today confront challenges in a variety of ways, including the
following:
The World Health Organization described it as inequitable and unjust inequalities in health care
obtained by different groups of individuals, which are not only needless and avoidable but also
unfair and unjust. In many places of the world, the persistence of health disparities implies that
health equity does not exist.
Equity in health refers to a condition in which each person has a fair chance to reach their full
health potential. Overall, the term "health disparities" or "health inequalities" refers to the
discrepancies in health that exist between persons who are in different socioeconomic
circumstances.
The Gender-based imbalances of personnel in power and command over the administration of
the organization are examples of prevalent workplace inequities. Women do not advance into
higher-paying positions as quickly as males do.
 Sexual harassment. An obstacle that many women face in the workforce is sexual
harassment. ...
 Racism. Unfortunately, race seems to play a major role in how women are treated and
compensated in the workplace.
 Women are promoted less often than men.
 Fear of asking to be paid what you're worth.
Political inequality is defined as a disparity in access to government resources that does not
result in civic equality. Income disparity, gender inequality, health care, and social class are all
manifestations of social inequality. Gender discrimination exists in politics even in democratic
cultures where gender equality is legally legislated, both in terms of presumptions about political
allegiances that fall along gender lines and differential gender representation within
representative democracies. This was especially true in the past, when women were not
considered complete citizens and could not vote.
The gender division of labor refers to how men and women are assigned to different tasks or
types of employment. Changes in human capital distribution (education) and their impact on
gender division of work. Informal work and small businesses from a female perspective.
Examples of the Gender Division of Labor
• In some parts of Asia, women are frequently seen working as road laborers, although in
Europe, road construction is primarily a man's vocation.
• Purchasing products for household use is a male-dominated duty in some cultures,
whereas purchasing items for household use is a female-dominated task in others.
• Handling money is considered 'lowly' in some Buddhist societies. Women's financial
management is frequently delegated to them due to their lesser social position. Men, on
the other hand, may have control over household finances and purchase all household
things in various Islamic communities.
The gender-specific impact of migration is determined by gender relations and hierarchies in

both sending and receiving nations. When male relatives (husbands or parents) relocate, women
who stay behind may be forced to live with other male relatives, who may restrict their activities
outside the home.
Gender influences migration motivations, who migrates and where they migrate, how people
travel and the networks they use, opportunities and resources available at destinations, and links
with home countries. Gender shapes one's risks, vulnerabilities, and needs to a large extent, and
they might differ substantially between gender groups. The roles, expectations, connections, and
power dynamics that come with being a man, woman, boy, or girl, as well as whether or not one
identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or intersex (LGBTI), all have an impact on
the migration process, and migration can have a new impact.
Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions within a community
between racial and ethnic groupings, which are usually based on physical characteristics such as
skin color and other physical aspects, as well as an individual's place of origin or culture. Racism
refers to the reality that some races are better off than others, allowing them to enter the labor
market and earn higher wages. The privilege of belonging to a certain ethnic group is referred to
as ethnicity. Race has evolved into a social construct capable of constraining or facilitating social
position, despite the fact that it has no biological basis.
People from marginalized groups may have fewer opportunities as a result of racial disparities,
which can lead to poverty and political marginalization in cycles. Racial and ethnic groups
become minority groups in a society. As a result of majority policies, minorities in such a society
are commonly subjected to discriminatory practices such as assimilation, exclusion, oppression,
expulsion, and annihilation. In the run-up to the 2012 federal elections in the United States, for
example, laws intended to combat voter fraud in specific "battleground states" led in the
disenfranchisement of tens of thousands of mostly African American voters.
Institutional barriers to full and equitable social participation have far-reaching consequences for
excluded communities, such as lower economic opportunity and output, educational outcomes
and possibilities, and overall health.
Now that you've covered the various gender concerns in society, it's time to put what you've
learned into practice.
Reflection: How can you utilize your position as a student and a member of Generation Z to
prevent the growth of gender issues that lead to bias in society?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________.
Desired Activity:
Activity 01-A: WONGENDERING
Instruction: Construct your thoughts through an essay with at least 5 sentences.
QUESTION: Do boys should not play dolls and girls should not play toy guns? Why?
Activity No.2: Brochure

Instructor: choose a partner among your classmate and make a flyer/brochure/pamphlet
promoting gender equality in our society. Your work will be graded with the following
rubrics.
Content 50%
Creativity 20%
Uniqueness 20 %
Cleanliness 10%
References:
https://www.scribd.com/document/268809299/CEDAW-a-Summary
https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/CEDAW_In_Brief_For_Adolescent-
Web_Version.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/FIROZQURESHI/gender-sensitivity-64020198
https://developmenteducation.ie/
http://www.glopp.ch/A5/en/multimedia/A5_1_pdf2.pdf
https://www.ineteconomics.org/events/ysi-africa-convening-1/gender-economics-the-
gender-division-of-labour-diversity-and-change
Lesson 3: LEGAL AND POLITICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR GENDER EQUALITY


A. Explain the rights and issues of LGBTQ
B. Define and explain RA #9262, GAD and SOGIE
C. Appreciate the importance of RA #9262, GAD and SOGIE in Philippine society in relation to
gender identities
Learning Activities
Introduction
Gender discrimination is often known as sexual discrimination, it is when someone (or a group
of people) is denied from opportunities, privileges, or rewards because of their gender. Both men
and women, as equal members, should be able to freely participate in all types of social
activities, enjoy equal political, economic, and cultural benefits, and share responsibilities." Men
and women's human rights are treated equally in such a society. Because they occur in countries
where gender inequality is profoundly ingrained, investments and education programs produce
distinct outcomes for women and men. Gender inequality is frequently fueled by existing gender
stereotypes that shape our perceptions of women and men's roles in society.
Gender discrimination is unequal or disadvantageous treatment of an individual or group of
individuals based on gender. Sexual harassment is a form of illegal gender discrimination.
Gender discrimination can be treating an individual differently based upon his/her gender in
academia or extracurricular activities, academic programs, discipline, class assignments given in
a classroom, class enrollment, physical education, grading, and/or athletics.
The scope of the lecture will include discussions on RA #9262, GAD, and the SOGIE BILL, as
well as other legal and political frameworks for gender equality.
As a social science communicator, it's critical to be informed of what's going on in our

community, particularly in terms of gender.
When we discussed gender, we included the term LGBTQ, which stands for lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, and questioning (or queer).
Here are some of the legal aspects in terms of gender in our country, where:
Same-sex relations is possible but not legally recognized, Legal gender recognition is not
possible, Registration of LGBTIQ organizations is possible and Actions related to SOGIE at UN
is supported IE SOGI in 2019.
In the Philippines, significant progress has been made in the acknowledgment of LGBTIQ
people's human rights, and these issues have broad political support. LGBTIQ persons, on the
other hand, continue to encounter impediments to full equality. In the Philippines, there are
special laws protecting LGBTIQ individuals from discrimination in a number of cities and
provinces. The Anti-Discrimination Bill, which would have prohibited discrimination based on
sexual orientation and gender identity, passed the House of Representatives overwhelmingly in
2017, but it failed to pass the Senate in 2019 due to conservative senators' stalling tactics.
Senators have already suggested new legislation to safeguard LGBTIQ individuals.
Even while certain religious leaders publicly condemn same-sex relationships as unethical,
societal tolerance of LGBTIQ persons is high. Even though LGBTIQ people are
underrepresented in governmental and corporate leadership positions, media coverage of
LGBTIQ people is accurate and empathetic. Despite opposition from conservative politicians
and religious leaders, several LGBTIQ organizations are working to legalize same-sex marriage,
gender recognition, and a federal anti-discrimination measure. In the Philippines, lesbians, gays,
bisexuals, transgenders, and queer (LGBTQ) persons have a distinct culture and limited legal
rights.
Let's start with one of the most long-running bills in history, the SOGIE law.
Throughout the decade, there are various LGBT groups that were formed such as the
Metropolitan Community Churches (MCC) in 1991, UP Babaylan in 1992 and ProGay
Philippines in 1993, and according to the report, the 1990s are the "probable maker of the
emergence of the LGBT movement in our country ".
The SOGIE Equality Bill is meant to fulfill the rights set forth in the 1987 constitution,
particularly the equal protection clause. It recognizes the LGBTQ++ as equals and ensures that
their rights are protected in as much as everyone is.
In May 2019, the SOGIE Equality Bill officially became the longest-running bill under the
Senate interpellation period in Philippine history. Supporters of the bill have remarked that the
prolonged interpellation was intended by the dissenters to block the passage of the historic anti-
discrimination bill.
Let's start with your position on the longest-running measure in this case.
Question: What is your stand regarding SOGIE BILL? Should it be pass or not? Why and why
not?
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Let us now turn our attention to the issue of women's rights and protection.
Republic Act 9262 Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004
In our neighborhood and society today, there is a lot of violence towards women and children.
Sexual violence, psychological violence, and economic abuse, as well as threats of such actions,
battery, assault, coercion, harassment, or arbitrary denial of liberty, are all examples of
“violence” against women and children. It imposes harsher punishments for abusive husbands
and fathers and declares the state's value for "women's and children's dignity, as well as full
respect for human rights."
In our society, any act or series of acts “committed by any person against a woman who is his
wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating
relationship, or with whom the person has or had a common child, or against her child, whether
legitimate or illegitimate, within or outside the family abode” is punishable under our law.
In the 15 years since the VAWC was passed, some members of Congress have seen the need to
broaden the statute to cover acts of violence that use electronic communications and social media
platforms to inflict psychological harm.
House Bill No. 8655, which seeks to establish the "Expanded" Anti-Violence Against Women
and Their Children Act, is one example of this desire to modernize the law. It should not go
unnoticed, however, since Republic Act No. 10175, or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012,
effectively modified the VAWC by classifying as cybercrimes any criminal offenses under the
VAWC performed using information and communication technology.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a type of domestic violence that occurs in a romantic
relationship. The term "intimate partner" include both current and previous spouses, as well as
dating partners. The frequency with which IPV occurs and the severity with which it is
manifested are also variables. It can range from a single violent event with long-term
consequences to numerous years of chronic and severe bouts. Any of the following sorts of
behavior can be classified as IPV:
 Physical violence is when a person hurts or tries to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, or
using another type of physical force.
 Sexual violence is forcing or attempting to force a partner to take part in a sex act, sexual
touching, or a non-physical sexual event (e.g., sexting) when the partner does not or
cannot consent.
 Stalking is a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention and contact by a partner that causes
fear or concern for one’s own safety or the safety of someone close to the victim.
 Psychological aggression is the use of verbal and non-verbal communication with the
intent to harm another person mentally or emotionally and/or to exert control over
another person.
In many countries, IPV is referred to as domestic violence, and it affects not only women but
also males. It occurs not only in the home, but also in a variety of settings such as offices and
public spaces, regardless of a significant being's sex, gender, or status.
Out of the picture above, compose a 4-line poem in free verse and give a title for your poem.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________.
From this scope, let us take a break and watch this video clip regarding Women,-
In our society today, there are several resources that are available now, such as the media, for
spreading awareness and information. Many people use a variety of technologies to send and
convey information to groups, ranging from the oldest to the most recent.
Media representations are the ways in which the media portrays groups, communities,
experiences, ideas, or topics from a particular ideological or value perspective. They aren’t
always completely accurate, and they can be said to be “re-presentations” which can sometimes
go as far as to create a new reality. A clear example of media representation can be found in beer
advertisements when they generally make out like drinking beer is a key component of a party in
order to make it fun, because by doing this they’re creating the connotation that it’s their product
that makes the party fun, and this then helps them to promote their product. It was used to spread
information in varies ways using media like, television, radio, newspaper and social networking
sites like Facebook, YouTube and etc.
Observe the picture below as it expands the information about media representation.
After knowing the information above let’s apply it in real world.

Instruction:
How can you use your social media platform to raise gender equality awareness?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
In our community it is not just the self that develop but also our understanding regarding gender
and in this scope, it will expand and enlighten our knowledge about gender in our society.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) refers to a participatory and empowering

development attitude and process that is also equitable, sustainable, free of violence, respectful
of human rights, and supportive of self-determination and realizing human potential. It aims to
make gender equality a core objective that should be reflected in development decisions, arguing
that women are active agents of development rather than passive recipients.
Also it is a development approach, GAD seeks to equalize the status and condition of and
relations between women and men by influencing the process and output of policy-
making, planning, budgeting, implementation and monitoring, and evaluation so that they would
deliberately address the gender issues and concerns affecting the full development of women.
As we close the topic regarding gender and development, what do you think is the importance it
in our society? Justify your answer by citing situation in your community.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________.
Activity 01-A: REACT-ON-PAPER

Instruction: Read and analyze carefully. React using your OWN PHOTO on the following
question and explain it with minimum of 5 sentences. 50 POINTS
DO GIRLS HAVE MORE RIGHTS THAN BOYS IN TODAYS WORLD?(PHOTO
REACTION)WHY?
(Note:Relate it only in the context of the Philippines or with your own experience.)
Sample:
[INSERT YOUR ANSWER HERE]
(c)https://www.meme-arsenal.com/en/create/template/2237053
Criteria:
Photo - 20 points
Content - 30 points
50 points
Activity 02-B:NAME ACRONYM- REFLECTION
Instruction: Read and analyze carefully. Then you will use the letters of your FIRST NAME to
write down adjectives and create a sentence using the acronym.
How would studying laws governing different genders give an impact to your life today?
(Note:If you do have 2 or more Given Name, just choose one of it.)
Example:
Name: Uvuv Wev Wef V. Covidapdap
U - Unique I know that everyone is born to be UNIQUE in different ways. I should

V – Venerable still be a VENERABLE servant of God even crimes are becoming
U - Ubiquitous increasingly UBIQUITOUS in our daily living to stay
V - Virtuous VIRTUOUS and respected by everyone.
Activity No.3: Poster Making

Instruction: Make a poster with the theme "gender equality in society" on a ¼ sheet of
cardboard/cartolina. Post your work in your social media for awareness and take a
screenshot of it.
Your work will be graded with the following rubrics.
Rubrics:
Content --------------70%
Clarity ---------------15%
Originality-----------10%
Cleanliness -----------5%_
100%
Activity No. 4: Commercial Presentation

Instruction: inside the class, build a group with 5 members each group and create a TV
commercial in prevented gender violence.
Rubrics:
Content --------------60%
Clarity ---------------15%
Originality-----------10%
Uniqueness -----------15%
REFERENCES:
Women and UNV.
Women, 4(4), 2622-2690.
14231-14429.
Politics, 12(3), 3213-3243.
E-RESOURCES:
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UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

MODULE IN SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SIENCES

Course Title: GENDER AND SOCIETY

Intended Learning Outcomes

Activity 2: Let’s Apply

Activity No.3 Infographic

1.Define the term sociology

Founders or the pioneering sociologists

Here are some of the field/branches in Sociology

 Quantitative methods focus on measuring quantity of information: terms such as

Branches of Sociology Importance

A. Define the concept of society

Moving on, lets proceed discussing the TYPES OF SOCIETIES

Activity No. 01: Table chart

Hunting and Pastoral and Horticultural Agricultural Industrial

Lesson 4: SOCIAL INSTITUTION ORGANIZATION

Social norms may be divided into two.

Culture-and-personality studies, often known as psychological anthropology, is a field of

Activity 1: Poster Making

Activity No. 02: Video Statement.

Activity 3: Let’s Document

 Archer, J. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in physcial aggression between partners: A social-

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the meaning of personality

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development is a comprehensive stage theory of moral

Activity No. 1: My Personality

Activity No. 2: Document Presentation

 Archer, J. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in physcial aggression between partners: A social-

Yes because, __________________________________________________________________.

 Anal Stage (2 – 3 years old)

 Latency Period (6 years to puberty)

 Genital Stage (Puberty onward)

Activity No. 1- A: Describe Your Behavior

A. Selfish B. Energetic C. Demanding D. Polite E. Reserved F. Helpful

Answer Items Why?(Explain briefly)

Activity no. 2- Let’s Apply

1. Choose a color; the first color comes to your mind.

2. Choose an animal, the first animal that comes to your mind.

3. Choose a body of water like a river, ocean, sea or lake.

Lumen, D. (2019)Psychosexual and Psychosocial Theories of Development. Retrieved

Kelland, M. (2020), Social Science: Libretext,3.5: Psychosexual Stages of Development.

Journal Psyche (2018), Tag Archives: Stages Of Psychosexual Development. Retrieved from:

Lesson 2- SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

The Peer Group

Repression is the disturbance due to unpleasant thoughts, traumatic memories, or unreasonable

Activity No. 1- B: LIFE-Info Graphic

Agent of Socialization 1. I learned how to value

[Insert Image Here]

[Insert Image Here] [Insert Image Here]

Activity No. 2-Poster making

Activity No. 3- C: Essay

Benito, V. (2008). Sociology in a changing world: a modular approach (2nd Edition).

Crossman, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Works/a/Presentation-Of-

Zamora, A. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/person.html

Mitchelle, G. Retrieved from http://www.trans4mind.com/minddevelopment/jung.html

Baxamusa, B. Retrieved November 22, 2012 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/agents-of-

Lesson 3- SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Bisexual is a sexual orientation that describes those who experience sexual, romantic, or

Now let us further proceed to Gender.