Term 1 Science notes

Glossary
Ionic compound: compounds consisting of ions, formed because of the electrostatic attraction between
anions and cations
Compound: substance formed from two or more chemical elements chemically bonded together
Ion: an atom or molecule that carries a electric charge
Anion: negatively charged ions (non-metals)
- Cation: positively charged ions (metals)
G: gas
L: liquid
Aq: aqueous
S: solid
Spectator ion: an ion involved in the chemical reaction but is not changed throughout the reaction staying
the same before and after the reaction
Net ionic equation: a chemical equation that shows only those elements, compounds and ions that are
directly involved in the chemical equation

Formula writing examples (cross method)

NH41+ and CO32- --> (NH4)2CO3 (ammonium carbonate)

Need to balance equation (same quantities on each side)

Like maths you can simplify (if all of the numbers are
same can simplify to 1 therefore don’t need to write
numbers)

Solubility table (provided)

Solubility table is used to predict whether a precipitate will be formed

Polyatomic ions (provided)

Nitrate: NO31-  (CHARGE OF 1-)
Hydroxide: OH1-(CHARGE OF 1-)
Sulfate: SO42-(CHARGE OF 2-)
Carbonate: CO32-(CHARGE OF 2-)
Phosphate: PO43-(CHARGE OF 3-)
Ammonium: NH41+(CHARGE OF 1+)

Chemical reactions

Reaction Example
acid + metal →  a salt + hydrogen Word equation: Sulfuric acid + Magnesium --> Magnesium
sulfate + hydrogen

Chemical equation: H2SO4 + Mg (s) --> MgSO4 (aq) +

H2 (g)

acid + carbonate → a salt+ carbon Word equation: Hydrochloric acid + magnesium carbonate
dioxide + water --> magnesium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

Chemical equation: 2HCl (aq) + MgCO3 (aq) --> MgCl2 (aq)

+ CO2 +H2O

acid + base → a salt + water Word equation: Sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide -->
sodium sulfate + water

Chemical equation: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH --> Na2SO4 +

2H2O

Acids and Bases

pH = 7 (neutral)
ways to identify pH level: litmus paper, universal indicator

Acids Bases
pH < 7 pH > 7
corrosive corrosive
Sour taste Sour taste
Vinegar, citric acid, carbonic acid Toothpaste, soap, ammonia

Combustion
Combustion is the rapid reaction of a substance usually a fuel, with oxygen gas to produce heat

3 things needed for combustion to occur

- fuel
- Oxygen
- Activation energy
Complete combustion
fuel + oxygen -------- > carbon dioxide + water
Example: methane + oxygen ----- > carbon dioxide + water
CH4 (g) + O2 (g) ______ > CO2 (g) = H2O (l)

Incomplete combustion
Methane + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
Ethanol + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
Octane (in petrol) + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
Cellulose )wood) + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon soot + water

Decomposition
Decomposition reactions are the process in which a chemical break up into simpler parts

General form: AB -> A + B

Elements: CO -> C + O
Compounds: Ca(OH) ₂ -> CaO + H₂O

Respiration
Respiration is the process in living organisms involving the production of energy

Speed, distance and time

Speed:
- SI unit: m/s, m s−1
- Scalar
- Speed it the time rate at which an object is moving along a path
Distance
- SI unit: m (meters)
- Scalar
- Distance refers to how much ground an object had covered during its motion
Time:
- SI unit: s (seconds)
- scalar
 - Time is the progression of events from the past to the present into the future

Speed, time, distance triangle (STD!!)

Displacement
- SI unit: m/s
- vector
- Displacement refers to how far out of place an object it from the original position

Displacement / time graphs

Displacement time graph Distance time graph

- can reach negative points (moved past - can’t reach negative points (can’t have
original point) negative distance)
- Shows the displacement of a moving - Shows the distance and speed of an object
object changed through time changed with time

Acceleration
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity with respect to time
Symbol: a
SI unit: ms-2 (m/s/s)

Acceleration = Change in Velocity

Change in time
a = v = v-u
t t
where a = acceleration in ms-2
v = change in velocity (ms-1)
t = change in time (s)
v = final velocity (ms-1)
u = initial velocity (ms-1)
Velocity:
- SI unit: m/s
- Vector
- Velocity is the measure of level and direction of movement

Acceleration and Velocity / time graphs