Analog Circuit Lab Manual

LAB MANUAL
ANALOG CIRCUIT LAB

[KEC-452]
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP

OF PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES,
LUCKNOW,UP
AFFILIATED TO
Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lucknow UP
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP OF PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES
B. TECH. (EC) IV SEM. (2020-21)
ANALOG CIRCUIT LAB

(KEC-452)
INDEX
Page
Exp.
No. Name of Experiment CO (From---to--)
1 BJT in CE configuration: Graphical measurement of h-parameters CO1 1-2

from input and output characteristics, measurement of Av, Ai, Ro and
Ri of CE amplifier .
2 Measurement of Operational Amplifier parameter:- Common mode CO4 3-5

gain, difference mode gain, CMRR ,slew rate.
3 Study of non-sinusoidal oscillator:-Astable Multivibrator. CO3 6-8
4 Study of sinusoidal oscillator:- (a) Phase shift Oscillator (b)Wein 9-12

CO3
Bridge Oscillator.
5 Application of op-amp:-op- Amp as Summing Amplifier, 13-18
Difference Amplifier and Integrator and Diffrentiator. CO4
6 Field Effect Transistor- Single stage common source FET 19-21

amplifier. Plot of gain (db) vs Frequency, Measurement of CO1
bandwidth, Maximum signal handling capacity (MSHC) of an
amplifier.
7 To study of multistage amplifier :frequency response of single stage and 22-24
multistage amplifier CO2
8 Design and study of Analog to Digital Converter. 25-27

CO5
9 Design and study of Digital to analog Converter. 28-31
CO5
10 To plot the waveform of inverting operational amplifier circuit 32-34
and measurement of bandwidth using P-spice simulation Software. CO4
Course Outcome (CO) :
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
CO1 : Understand the characteristics of transistors.

CO2 : Design and analyze various configurations of amplifier circuits.
CO3 : Design sinusoidal &.non – sinusoidal oscillators.
Understand the functioning of op-amp and design op-amp and design op-amp based
CO4 :
circuit.
CO5 : Design ADC & DAC.
Analog Circuit Lab (KEC-452)
EXPERIMENT NO.-01
OBJECT:- Characteristics of BJT: BJT in CE configuration graphical

measurement of h parameters from input and output
characteristics measurement of Av ,Ai , Ro and Ri of CE
amplifier .
APPARATUS USED:-
1. Training Kit (ETB-115)
2. CRO (ST-201)
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Connecting Patch Cords
THEORY:- The Bipolar Transistor is a three terminal device, there are basically three
possible ways to connect it within an electronic circuit with one terminal being common to both
the input and output.
COMMON EMITTER:- The input signal is applied between the base and emitter
terminals while the output signal is taken between the collector and emitter terminals. Thus, the
emitter terminal of a transistor is common for both input and output and hence it is named as
common emitter configuration.
PROCEDURE:-
 Turn the knob marked level of 1Khz sine wave generator to fully anti clockwise direction
and using connecting leads connect the output of sine wave generator to the input of
common emitter transistor amplifier. Also connect 4K7 resistor as load to the output.
 Switch on the mains power to the training board.
 Now connect the CRO probe to output sockets of CE Amplifier. Increases the level of
sine wave generator till the output as seen on the CRO is a clean & undistorted sine wave
of about 3V peak to peak.
 Now using a calibrated CRO or A.C. millivoltmeter record the A.C. voltages at the socket
marked ‘A’ and ’B’ (These voltages are measured with respect to ground socket marked
G) these are VAG and VBG respectively.
ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

SRMCEM, Lko Page 1 of 34
Faculty In-charge Head of Department

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No. Parameters Value
1 Ri
2 RL
3 Vo
4 VAG
5 VBG
CALCULATION :- Av = Vo/ VAG

Ai = Vo Ri / RL(VBG - VAG)
AP = Av Ai
Rin = VAG Ri / (VBG - VAG)
RESULT:-Study & evolution of different parameter has been done.
PRECAUTION:-
1. Reading should be observed clearly.
2. Connection should be right & tight.
3. Switch ON when circuit is correct.
Related Questions:
Q1.What is meant by CE amplifier?
Q2.What are the advantages of CE amplifier?
Q3.Why CE configuration is used as an amplifier Explain?
Q4.What is function generator and its application?
Q5.Explain the functioning of multimeter.


EXPERIMENT NO.-02
OBJECT: - Measurement of Operational Amplifier parameter:- Common

mode gain, difference mode gain, CMRR ,slew rate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. Op-Amp. Designer Kit(ETB-151)
2. Digital Multimeter.
3. CRO.
4. Connecting Patch Cords.
THEORY:- An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that operates
as a voltage amplifier. An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has two inputs of opposite
polarity. An op-amp has a single output and a very high gain, which means that the output signal
is much higher than input signal. The two input terminals are:
(i) Inverting Terminal (ii) Non- Inverting Terminal
Input at the Inverting terminal is amplified and phase shifted by 180˚ while the input at the
non inverting terminal is amplified without phase shift. OP-Amp basically amplifies difference
of signals at the two terminals.
Fig.2.1 Symbol of Op-Amp

CMRR:- The CMRR is defined as the ratio of the powers of the differential gain
over the common-mode gain, measured in positive decibels.
Differential mode voltage gain: Ad = Vout / (V1 – V2)

Where, V1 = Voltage applied at non inverting pin
V2 = Voltage applied at inverting pin
Common Mode voltage gain: Acm = V0 / Vcm


Fig.2.2 Measurement of CMRR
Procedure:
1. Connect voltage source e of (0.6V, 0.7V, 0.8V) serially to inverting and
non inverting terminal of Op-amp through resistance R1 (1Kῼ), Ri (1K
ῼ) respectively.
2. Measure output by using digital multimeter of appropriate range after
selecting each input.
3. Note the output voltage ion observation table and calculate CMRR.
Observation Table:
S.No. Vin Vo V0 =
[(R1 + R2)/R1]*(VO / Vin) Gain in dB =
20log10 CMRR
RESULT:- Op-Amp parameter for CMRR has been measured.
Slew Rate: The slew rate of an electronic circuit is defined as the rate of change
of the voltage per unit time. Slew rate is usually expressed in units of V/µs
SR≥2πfVpk


PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All the connections should be right & tight.
2. Connections must be made according to circuit diagram.
3. Equipments must be handled carefully.
4. Power must be switched on after checking the connections.
5. Tracing must be taken very carefully.
Related Questions:
Q.1 What are the characteristics of ideal Op-Amp?
Q.2 What is the formula for inverting and non-inverting amplifier?
Q.3 Why OPAMP called direct coupled high differential circuit?
Q.4 For the CMRR to be infinite what will be the condition?
Q.5 Define stability factor &Give the expression for stability factor?


EXPERIMENT NO.-03
OBJECT:-Study of non-sinusoidal oscillator:-Astable Multivibrator
EQUIPMENTS USED:
S. No. Name of Equipments Quantity

1 Analog board of [ AB-28 ] 01
2 Analog Lab [ ST-2612 ] 01
3 Function generator 01
4 DMM 01
5 Connecting Patch Cords As per req.
THEORY:-An Astable Multivibrator, also called free-running Multivibrator, is a

rectangular wave generating circuit. This circuit has no stable state therefore does not
require any external trigger to change the state of the output, hence the name free-
running. An Astable Multivibrator can be produced by adding resistors and a
capacitor to the basic timer IC, as illustrated in figure. The timing during which the
output is either high or low is determined by the externally connected two resistors
and a capacitor.
The frequency of oscillations will be
1 1
fo  
T 0.693(R 2  2R 3 )C1
1.44
fo 
(R2  2R3 )C1


PROCEDURE:-
ASTABLE (FREE RUNNING) MULTIVIBRATOR: -
1. Connect power supply +5V from ST 2612 or any external source.
2. Connect point a to point b/c using a 2mm patch cord.
3. Connect point d/e to point f/g using a 2mm patch cord.
4. Keep the pot (R2 1M) to fully anticlockwise direction.
5. Connect pin 3 of IC555 i.e. output socket to the oscilloscope.
6. Vary the potentiometer and observe the variation of output signal’s
frequency
with the change in resistance R (where, R=R 1+R2).
7. Note : For calculating the value of R, disconnect the +5V supply and
connection between point a / b. Connect ohmmeter between point a and tp1.
The ohmmeter will read the value of R.
8. Repeat above procedure for different values of R.
CALCULATIONS:-
Time period (T) = 0.69 (R2+2R3) C1
Frequency (fo) = (1.46)/ (R2 + 2R3 ) C1


OBSERVATIONS:-
] ASTABLE (FREE RUNNING) MULTIVIBRATOR
Theoretical Practical
R2 R3 C1
S.No. Value( fo ) Value %Error
( KΩ) (KΩ) (µF)
(f)
1 100 0.0022
2 100 0.0022
3 100 0.0022
RESULT:-
In Astable we get free running frequency .
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All the connections should be right and tight

2. Connections must be make according to circuit diagram.
3. Equipments must be handled carefully.
4. Power must be switch on after checking the connections.
5. Reading taken carefully.
Related Questions:
Q1. What is the use of Astable Multivibrator?
Q2. Why Astable Multivibrator is called Astable?
Q3. What is difference between a sinusoidal oscillator and non-sinusoidal
oscillator ?
Q4. What are the types of non- sinusoidal oscillators?
Q5. What is duty cycle?


EXPERIMENT NO.-04
OBJECT:-Study of sinusoidal oscillator:- (a) Phase shift Oscillator (b) Wein

Bridge Oscillator.
SR.NO Name of Equipment Quantity

1 Experimental kit 01
2 Audio Frequency Generator(1 MHz) 01
3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (20 MHz) 01
4 Digital Multimeter 01
5 Connecting Patch Cords -
THEORY:-Any circuit that generates an alternating voltage is called as oscillator . To generate

AC voltage, the circuit takes energy from DC source; It is basically a dc to ac converter.
Oscillators are used for obtaining oscillation of different frequencies and amplitude. Their
application is mainly for replacing missing signals in stereo amplifier (20 KHz to 15 KHz) and in
communication system (for generating carrier frequencies) etc.
RC Phase Shift Oscillator:-Tuned Oscillator (LC) are good for generating high frequency
oscillation, but for low frequencies RC oscillator are more suitable as it is difficult to fabricate L
or C of very high value in IC from .
A single stage amplifier not only amplifies the input signal but also shifts it by 180 0. For
oscillations a phase shift of 360 0 is required (positive feedback). A phase shift oscillator consists
of an amplifier which provides 180 0 phase shift and another 1800 is obtained by passing the
signal through a phase shift network consist of 3 RC section , each RC section providing a 60 0
phase shift . RC phase Oscillator is suitable for obtaining oscillation.
Resistance R and Capacitance C are selected that θ = 600 for each section so that,
tan θ = 1/ ω CR
For suitable oscillation Aβ >1
β For phase shift should be = 1/29 OR
A =29
β =1/29
Frequency of oscillation is given by –
f = 1/2π√𝟔 𝟔𝟔


PROCEDURE:-
1. Circuit is assembled as shown in fig where A connected is to B, D connected to E & E to
F.
2. Output is taken from collector of transistor T2 w.r.t ground.
3. Different values of capacitors are selected (1000 pf, 6800 pf) and frequency observed on
CRO for each capacitor value.
Fig. 4.1 RC Phase Shift Osc.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No. Value of Capacitor C Calculated value of Observed Error %
(pF) frequency f= 1/2√6 RC Frequency F
[HZ] [HZ]
1. 1000
2. 3300
3. 6800


Wien Bridge Oscillator: -Wine bridge Oscillator generating low frequencies in the range of
10 Hz to 1 MHz. It is used in all commercial audio generators and has a advantage over phase
shift that its frequency can easily be varied, It consist of two stage RC coupled amplifier and
feedback network. A feedback network is usually a series and parallel combination of R and C.
As shown in fig. A1 & A2 are amplifier Stages, The output of the second stage goes to feedback
network. The net phase shift through two amplifiers is 0. Phase shift through coupling is given
by:
F = 1/2π R1R2C1C2
If R 1=R2=R & C1=C2=C
F= 1/2π RC
β= 1/3 & A ≥ 3
PROCEDURE:-
1. Circuit is assembled as shown in fig. A connected to H, C connected to F.
2. The output is taken from point H or A (collector of transistor T 2) Wrt ground is observed
on CRO.
3. Value of variable capacitor C varied by rotating dial from 0 0 to 1800 clockwise (max to
min) and frequency are observed for each dial position.
Fig. 4.2 Wien Bridge Osc.


OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No. Degree Time Period (T) ms Frequency f Hz

0
1 0
2 300
3 600
4 900
5 1200
RESULT:- Hence phase shift oscillator is studied.

Hence Wien Bridge oscillator is studied.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The CRO must be adjusted for proper operation and for proper vision before the
recording of the result.
2. Calibration must be proper.
3. Set the gain adjusted to get a unidirectional sinusoidal waveform.
4. Tracing must be taken very carefully.
5. Care is taken that the output waveform is not distorted; the set gain is varied to
undistorted waveform.
Related Questions:
Q.1 State the frequency for RC phase shift oscillator?
Q.2What is feedback and what are feedback amplifiers?
Q.3 What is meant by positive and negative feedback?
Q.4What are the conditions for sustained oscillator or what is Backhouse criterion?
Q.5What is the principle of Wein Bridge and Phase shift oscillator?


EXPERIMENT NO.-05
OBJECT: -Application of op-amp:-op- Amp as Summing Amplifier, Difference Amplifier and
Integrator and Diffrentiator.
1. OP- Amp. Designer Kit. (IC-741)
2. Digital Multimeter.
THEORY:-An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that operates
as a voltage amplifier. An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has two inputs of opposite
polarity. An op-amp has a single output and a very high gain, which means that the output signal
is much higher than input signal. The two input terminals are:
(i) Inverting Terminal (ii) Non- Inverting Terminal
Input at the Inverting terminal is amplified and phase shifted by 180˚ while the input at the non
inverting terminal is amplified without phase shift. OP-Amp basically amplifies difference of
signals at the two terminals.
Fig. 5.1 (a) Pin Diagram of IC 741 (b) Symbol of Op-amp

1. SUMMER:-
OP-Amplifier can also function as a summer (addition) amplifier.
The OP-Amp output as summer in inverting mode can be given as-
V0=-R2 (V1 /R1+V2/R2 )
(If R1=R2=R f=R than)
V0= -(V1+V2) i.e. Addition


Fig.5.2 SUMMER
PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the practical circuit shown in the figure.
2. R1=R2=RR is kept at 1K  (say).
3. Voltage V1 & V2 are fed at the inverting terminal (<2V)
4. The output voltage is obtained at Pin No. 6 with respect to ground terminal with the help
of a multi meter.
5. The observed value is compared with the theoretical value and the error Calculated.
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
For SUMMER Amplifier:-
S.No. V1 V2 R1 R2 Rf V0 V0 Error %
Theoretical Observed
1
2
3
4


2. Difference Amplifier:- A Differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that

amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the
two inputs. It is an analog circuit with two inputs and one output in which the output is ideally
proportional to the difference between the two voltages.
VO = R2 * (V2 – V1)/R1
Fig. 5.3 Op-Amp as Difference Amplifier
PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the practical circuit shown in the figure.
2. R1=R2 is kept at 1KΩ (say).
3. Voltage V1 & V2 are fed at the inverting terminal and non inverting terminal with respect to
ground.
4. The output voltage is obtained at Pin No. 6 with respect to ground terminal with the help of a
multi meter.
5. The observed value is compared with the theoretical value and the error is calculated.
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
For Difference Amplifier
S.No. V1 V2 R1 R2 V0 = R2*(V2-V1)/R1 V0 Error
Theoretical Observed


3) INTEGRATOR:- An integrator is a component whose output signal is the

time integral of its input signal. It is the continuous analog of a counter, cumulating the input into
an output.
In this case, current is summer over a period of time and the resultant voltage generated is the
integral of that current as a function of time. This means that if constant voltage is given to the
ramp with a constant slope is generated at the output when the input is positive, the output of the
OP-AMP ramps negative.
In doing so it pulls the inverting terminal negative so as to maintain a virtual earth condition. The
input current (Vin/RI) is being equaled by the current flowing through the capacitor. This
equilibrium is maintained. The equation governing the behavior of a capacitor is C dv/dt =I
where dv/dt is the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor.
Vo = -
So when square wave is applied to the input of circuit, triangular wave from is generated. R 2 help
in providing DC stability. The circuit has low output impedance.
Fig. 5.4 Op-Amp as Integrator

PROCEDURE:-
(i).The circuit is connected as per the integrating circuit.
(ii).Apply square wave input to the integrating circuit.
(iii).Record & trace the output integrated wave form appeared on CRO which is connected to the
output terminal of the circuit


4) DIFFRENTIATOR:-A differentiator is a circuit that is designed such that the output of

the circuit is approximately directly proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of the
input. A true differentiator cannot be physically realized, because it has infinite gain at infinite
frequency. A similar effect can be achieved, however, by limiting the gain above some
frequency.
A differentiator circuit (also known as a differentiating amplifier or inverting differentiator)

consists of an operational amplifier in which a resistor R provides negative feedback and a
capacitor is used at the input side. The circuit is based on the
capacitor's current to voltage relationship
If Vout is the voltage across the resistor and Vin is the voltage across the capacitor, we can
rearrange these two equations to obtain the following equation:
VOUT=-RC dvI/dt
Fig. 5.6 Op-Amp as Diffrentiator

PROCEDURE:-
(i).The circuit is connected as per the Diffrentiator circuit.
(ii).Apply square wave input to the Diffrentiator circuit.
(iii).Record & trace the output differentiated wave form appeared on CRO which is connected to
the output terminal of the circuit.
OBSERVATION: - Trace wave forms on tracing paper.

RESULT:- Summer & integrator both are studied & observations are recorded
PRECAUTION:-
(i).All the connections should be right & tight.
(ii).Connections must be made according to circuit diagram.
(iii).Power must be switched on after checking the connections.
(iv).Tracing must be taken very carefully.


Related Questions:
Q.1What is BJT differential amplifier?
Q.2 Sketch the dc transfer characteristic of MOSFET differential amplifier.
Q.3 Discuss the principle of Op-Amp as integrator.
Q.4Define slew rate of Op-Amp.
Q.5 Define common mode gain.


EXPERIMENT NO. - 6
OBJECT:- Field Effect Transistor- Single stage common source FET amplifier.
Plot of gain (db) vs Frequency, Measurement of bandwidth, Maximum signal

handling capacity (MSHC) of an amplifier.
APPARATUS USED:-
1. Experiment Kit
2. Audio frequency Generator (1 MHz)
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (20 MHz)
5. Connecting Patch Cords
THEORY:-
Field effects Transistors (FET) or Junction Field Effect transistor (JFET) are also three
terminal devices which are unipolar because their action depends only on one type of charge
carriers i.e. either electrons or holes. The three terminals are Gate, Drain and source. The current
conduction at output is controlled by means of Electric Field (Voltage at the gate) and hence the
name is FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR.
The FET circuits are similar to those of BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor). It can be operated at
low voltage as used in bipolar circuits. The biasing methods used are not as complex as used for
bipolar transistors. The performance characteristics are more like those vacuum table stage. FET
can also be used as an Amplifier like BJT.
There are three basic FET Amplifier configurations:-
(1) Common Source (CS)
(2) Common Drain (CD)
(3) Common Gate (CG)
The Common Source (CS) FET Amplifier is most frequently used because of very high input
impedance, high output impedance and high voltage gain. Because of these features FET finds
extensive application as first stage amplifier in measuring instruments.


Maximum signal handling capacity (MSHC):- It can be define as the maximum peak to peak
voltage signal at the input of a RC Coupled FET amplifier after which the output peak to peak
voltage just begins to distort.
Frequency Response:-It is a graph between input frequency signal and gain of the amplifier (in
Decibels) on a semi-log graph paper with Logarithmic Scale on X- Axis and Linear Scale on Y-
Axis.
Gainindecibels, A(dB)  20 log   V0 
10 
V 

 in 
Bandwidth:-The Bandwidth of an amplifier can be defined as the range of frequencies over
which the gain of the Amplifier is equal to or greater than 70.7% of the maximum gain. It is also
called as 3dB frequency.
F1= Lower cut off Frequency
F2= Upper cut off Frequency
F2 – F1 = Bandwidth
A Common Source FET Amplifier practical circuit is shown in figure 8.1.
Fig. 6.1 Common source FET amplifier circuit


Fig. 6.2Frequency response of FET Amplifier

PROCEDURE:-
1. RD of 3K3 is connected into the circuit by connecting E to F. Also Rs = 1 KΩ is connected
into the circuit by connecting I to J.
2. Output is taken across Drain and Source i.e. across M and N is connecting to CRO.
3. Input signal of 1 KHz sine wave is given between Gate and Source (A and B) from an
audio generator. Amplitude of the input signal is kept at say 100mV (peak to peak}.
4. Amplitude of input signal is varied keeping frequency constant till we get a distorted wave
at the output on CRO. The maximum Signal handling capacity of the amplifier is recorded by
observing peak to peak amplitude value from signal generator.
5. For recording of frequency response, peak to peak amplitude of the input signal is kept less
than the maximum signal handling capacity of the amplifier. Outputs of the circuit (point M
and N) are connected to CRO. The input frequency is varied from 30 Hz to 300 KHz keeping
input signal amplitude peak to peak constant values of frequencies.
6. A graph is plotted between input Frequency (f) and output Gain of the amplifier (G) in
decibels (dB).
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Frequency Response and Bandwidth:-
Vin (P-P) = mV (constant), R D = 3.5 KΩ and RS = 1.5 KΩ


S. Input V0(P-P) Gain, Gain in dB,

No. Frequency (f) (Volts) V0( P P) V 
A A(dB)  20 log
0( PP )

Vin( P P) 10  
 Vin( PP) 
1 50
2 100
3 200
4 400
5 600
6 800
7 1K
8 2k
9 4k
10 6k
RESULT:- Maximum Signal Handling Capacity of Amplifier =------------- Volt,

Band Width (f2 – f1) = ----------------------- Hz.
PRECAUTION:-
1. Connections must be made according to circuit diagram.
2. Make the connection tight.
3. Turn off power supply while making connection.
4. The CRO must be adjusted for proper operation and vision before the recording the
result.
5. Calibration must be proper.
Related Questions:
Q.1 Explain principle of FET amplifier.
Q.2 Draw frequency response curve of CS amplifier.
Q.3 Write the formula for drain current in triode region for MOSFET.
Q.4 Define trans-conductance.
Q.5 Explain two types of MOSFET.


EXPERIMENT NO.-7
OBJECT:- To study of Multi-stage amplifier: Frequency

response of single stage and multi stage amplifiers.
1. Experimental Kit.(Nvis6542)
2. Audio Frequency Generator.
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 MHz.
THEORY:-
The main active component in an amplifying device is the transistor
which amplifies weak signal. For amplifying signal transistor is biased in the active
region. An A.C. voltage is applied between biased base and emitter which produces
amplified fluctuation at collector, when current flows through collector resistor.
When the input signal is so weak so as to produce small fluctuation at collector as
compared to its quiescent value, the amplifier is called “Small Signal” or “Voltage
Amplifier”.
As shown in figure,
R1, R2, RE – are biased resistance
Cb – Blocking capacitor which block dc & passes input signal to base of
transistor.
Ce – It is bypass capacitor.
Cc – It is called Coupling capacitor which passes amplified ac signal at collector
to load.
Maximum signal handling capacity (MSHC):-
It can be define as the
maximum voltage peak to peak signal at the input of a RC Coupled BJT
Amplifier after which the output waveform just begins to distort.
Frequency response:-
It is a plot of graph between input signal frequency
and output gain of the Amplifier in decibles on a semilog graph paper with
Logarithmic Scale on X- Axis and Linear Scale on Y- Axis.
Gain in decibels(db)= 20log 10Vo/Vin


Bandwidth:-
The Bandwidth of a Amplifier can be define as the range of
frequencies over which the gain of the Amplifier is equal to or greater than
70.7 % of the maximum gain. It is also called 3 dB frequency.
f1 = Lower cut off Frequency
f2 = Upper cut off Frequency
f2 ~ f 1 = Bandwidth
PROCEDURE:-
Trace the circuit according to the diagram shown on the panel and
be familiar with the different sockets. Now connect the audio generator to
the socket named input terminals. Set the frequency of the audio generator at
1 KHz and the output of the audio generator at very low level say 100 mV
and connect the input output sockets to the Y- Plates of the oscilloscope.
Now go on increasing the input and observe the point where the stage gets
overloaded. This is the maximum signal that the stage can handle.
Now give a nominal input less that maximum usable signal and measure
the output at the point “A” with A.C. Millivotmeter and also measure the
input with A.C. Millivoltmeter and calculate the gain “A” of the 1st stage.
Similarly repeat for that the stage by giving input to point “B”.
Fig.7 Two Stage RC coupled Amplifier


OBSERVATION TABLE:- Vin( Peak to Peak)=………mV(Constant)

S.No. Input Vo (P-P) Gain G=Vo(P-P)/Vin(P-P) Gain in 20 log 10 Vo/Vin
Frequency (f) (Volts)
1 10 Hz
2 20 Hz
3 30 Hz
4 40 Hz
5 50 Hz
6 100 Hz
7 200 Hz
8 400 Hz
9 600 Hz
10 800 Hz
11 1 KHz
12 2 KHz
13 4 KHz
14 6 KHz
15 8 KHz
16 10 KHz
17 20 KHz
18 40 KHz
19 60 KHz
20 80 KHz
21 100 KHz
22 200 KHz
23 300 KHz
24 400 KHz
25 500 KHz
RESULT:- Maximum Signal Handling Capacity of Amplifier=… ........... V

Band Width (f2-f1)=… ...............Hz
PRECAUTION:-
1. Make the connection tight.
2. Turn off power supply while making connection.
Related Questions:
Q.1What is BJT differential amplifier?
Q.2 Sketch the dc transfer characteristic of MOSFET differential amplifier.
Q.3 Discuss the principle of Op-Amp as integrator.
Q.4Define slew rate of Op-Amp.
Q.5 Define common mode gain.


EXPERIMENT NO.-08
OBJECT:- Design and study of Analog to Digital Converter.
EQUIPMENTS USED:-
S.
Name of Equipments Quantity
No.
1 A to D converter trainer kit [ ST-2601 ] 01
2 DMM 01
3 Connecting Patch cords As per req.
THEORY:-
[I] A/D SIGNAL CONVERTER:-The process of conversion of an analog signal to

digital signal is referred to as on analog to digital conversion and the system used for this
purpose is referred to as analog to digital converter.
The analog digital convert is logical process that requires conceptually two steps quantizing &
coding. Quantization is the process that performs the transformation of a continuous analog
signal in a set of discrete level. In this, Input voltage can have only value in a range, but digital
Output can only have 2 n value for n bit A/D convertor.
In general quantum is given by
Q = FSR/N = Full Scale Range/2 n
PROCEDURE:-
A/D SIGNAL CONVERTER:-
1. Make the connection as shown in Fig.8.
a) Connect the variable DC supply to the Vi of the converter.
b) Keep the DC variable in counter clockwise position.
c) Place the Reset / Count switch in reset position.
2. Connect the power supply to the board.
3. Connect a multimeter as voltmeter for DC, to the input Vi of the converter.
4. Set the Reset / Count switch to count position
5. Rotate the pot connected to +5V DC from initial position i.e. ; 0V in clockwise
direction to max. voltage i.e. +5V.
6. Read and measure and record the output analog voltage display on DMM respective
to digital output display on LEDs ,which is in binary progression.


Fig.8. Analog to Digital Converter

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:

Practical
S.No. D3 D2 D1 Do
Value
1 00
2 0.30
3 0.45
4 0.88
5 1.14
6 1.60
7 1.90
8 2.20
9 2.65
10 3.00
11 3.38
12 3.96
13 4.14
14 4.50
15 4.88
16 5.30
RESULT:-The A to D converter is studied & observations are recorded in observation tables.
PRECAUTIONS:-
 All the connections should be right and made according to connection diagram.
 Switched on the power supply after checking the connections.
 Reading should be taken carefully consciously.


Related Questions:
Q.1 Which ADC does not use clock signal?
Q.2 Which is the fastest ADC technique ?
Q.3 Which ADC has a fixed conversion time?
Q.4 Which ADC does not use clock signal?
Q.5 What is the conversion time of 10 bit successive approximation A/D converter if input clock
is 5 MHz?


EXPERIMENT NO.-09
OBJECT:- Design and study of Digital to analog Converter.
EQUIPMENTS USED:-
S.
Name of Equipments Quantity
No.
1 D to A converter trainer kit [ ST-2602 ] 01
2 DMM 01
3 Connecting Patch cords As per req.
THEORY:-
D/ACONVERTER: -In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a
device that converts a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage, or
electric charge). A typical DAC converts the abstract numbers into a concrete sequence of
impulses that are then processed by a reconstruction filter using some form of interpolation to
fill in data between the impulses. As per the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, a DAC can
reconstruct the original signal from the sampled data provided that its bandwidth meets certain
requirements (e.g., a baseband signal with bandwidth less than the Nyquist frequency).
TYPES OF D/A CONVERTER:-There are two types D/A converter

 Weighted resistor D/A converter
 D/A converter with ladder N/W.
(A) WEIGHTED D/A CONVERTER:-The binary weighted resistor DAC uses an op-
amp to sum n binary weighted currents from a reference voltage VR via current scaling resistor
2R,4R,8R,……2 nR.A weighted resistor DAC requires a wide range of resistor values for better
resolution whereas a R-2R ladder type DAC requires only two values of resistor .
(B) D/A CONVERTER WITH LADDER N/W:-In this type reference voltage is
applied to one of the switch position , and other switch position is connected to ground .The
number of birs can be expanded by adding more sections of same R/2R values.


PROCEDURE:-
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER:
(A) Functional verification of a weighted resistor D/A converter.
1. Make the connection as shown in Fig.9.
2. Connect the power supply to the board.
3. Connect the logic switches to the corresponding jacks B 0 -B3 of the converter.
4. Set the switches S0 -S3 to logic level 0.
5. Connect the Vref socket to +5volts.
6. Connect a multimeter as voltmeter for DC, to the output Vo
7. of the converter .
8. Switch the logic switches in binary progression & measure & record the output voltage
in correspondence of every Combination of the input code.
Fig.9. Digital to Analog Converter
OBSERVATIONS:-
Digital to Analog converter:
(A) Functional verification of a weighted resistor D/A converter:
S.
Vo
No S3 S2 S1 S0
(Volt)
.
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0
4 0 0 1 1
5 0 1 0 0


6 0 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 0
8 0 1 1 1
9 1 0 0 0
10 1 0 0 1
11 1 0 1 0
12 1 0 1 1
13 1 1 0 0
14 1 1 0 1
15 1 1 1 0
16 1 1 1 1
RESULT:-The D to A {weighted resistor & ladder network} is studied &

observations are recorded in observation tables.
PRECAUTIONS:-
 All the connections should be right and made according to connection diagram.
 Switched on the power supply after checking the connections.
 Reading should be taken carefully consciously.
Related Questions:
Q.1 What is the major advantage of the R/2R ladder DAC, as compared to a binary resistor
DAC?
Q.2 When a DAC is said to be non-monotonic?
Q.3 In which method Only two values of resistor are required for the DAC
Q.4 In binary resistor DAC, what is the value of scale factor K ?
Q.5 In R-2R Ladder DAC, what is the value of the scale factor K ?


EXPERIMENT NO. – 10
OBJECT:-To plot the wave form of Inverting Operational Amplifier circuit

and measurement of bandwidth using P-spice simulation software.
PROGRAM:-
VS 1 0 AC 1 SIN(0V 1VPEAK 10KHZ)

R1 1 2 5K
R2 2 4 10K
XOP 0 2 4 OPAMP1
* OPAMP MACRO MODEL, SINGLE-POLE

* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | output
* || |
.SUBCKT OPAMP1 126
* INPUT IMPEDANCE
RIN 1 2 10MEG
* GAIN BW PRODUCT = 10MHZ
* DC GAIN (100K) AND POLE 1 (100HZ)
EGAIN 30 12 100K
RP1 3 4 1K
CP1 4 0 1.5915UF
* OUTPUT BUFFER AND RESISTANCE
EBUFFER 50 40 1
ROUT 5 6 10
.ENDS
*
* ANALYSIS
.AC DEC 5 1K 10MEG
.TRAN 0.005MS 0.2MS
* VIEW RESULTS
.PROBE
.END


Circuit Diagram:-
FIG. 10.1 INVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

Result:-
Fig. 10.2Frequency response of Inverting Amplifier


Fig. 10.3Frequency response of Inverting Amplifier
Related Questions:
Q.1 What is meant by inverting Amplifier?
Q.2 Give few applications of inverting amplifier.
Q.3 Derive the formula for gain of inverting amplifier.
Q.4 What do you mean by CMRR?
Q.5 Mention five properties of ideal Op-Amp.


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LAB MANUAL

ANALOG CIRCUIT LAB

SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP

Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ANALOG CIRCUIT LAB

1 BJT in CE configuration: Graphical measurement of h-parameters CO1 1-2

2 Measurement of Operational Amplifier parameter:- Common mode CO4 3-5

3 Study of non-sinusoidal oscillator:-Astable Multivibrator. CO3 6-8

4 Study of sinusoidal oscillator:- (a) Phase shift Oscillator (b)Wein 9-12

6 Field Effect Transistor- Single stage common source FET 19-21

8 Design and study of Analog to Digital Converter. 25-27

Course Outcome (CO) :

At the end of this course, the student will be able to:

CO1 : Understand the characteristics of transistors.

OBJECT:- Characteristics of BJT: BJT in CE configuration graphical

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

CALCULATION :- Av = Vo/ VAG

RESULT:-Study & evolution of different parameter has been done.

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

OBJECT: - Measurement of Operational Amplifier parameter:- Common

Fig.2.1 Symbol of Op-Amp

Differential mode voltage gain: Ad = Vout / (V1 – V2)

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

Fig.2.2 Measurement of CMRR

RESULT:- Op-Amp parameter for CMRR has been measured.

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

OBJECT:-Study of non-sinusoidal oscillator:-Astable Multivibrator

S. No. Name of Equipments Quantity

THEORY:-An Astable Multivibrator, also called free-running Multivibrator, is a

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

Time period (T) = 0.69 (R2+2R3) C1

Frequency (fo) = (1.46)/ (R2 + 2R3 ) C1

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

] ASTABLE (FREE RUNNING) MULTIVIBRATOR

In Astable we get free running frequency .

1. All the connections should be right and tight

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

OBJECT:-Study of sinusoidal oscillator:- (a) Phase shift Oscillator (b) Wein

SR.NO Name of Equipment Quantity

THEORY:-Any circuit that generates an alternating voltage is called as oscillator . To generate

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

Fig. 4.1 RC Phase Shift Osc.

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

Fig. 4.2 Wien Bridge Osc.

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

S.No. Degree Time Period (T) ms Frequency f Hz

RESULT:- Hence phase shift oscillator is studied.

ECE Department, Prepared By Checked By

Faculty In-charge Head of Department

Fig. 5.1 (a) Pin Diagram of IC 741 (b) Symbol of Op-amp