Electric Vehicle Technology

Table of Contents
Introduction 6
Part 1: Vehicle Overview 6
Part 2: Vehicle Ranges 7
Part 3: EV Regenerative Braking Modes 7
Part 4: PHEV Drivetrain Modes 8
Part 5: EVSE Types 8
Part 6: Reporting Energy Consumption 9
Ic Engines Vs Electric Motors 11
What is an internal combustion engine? 11
Internal combustion engine types 11
Compression ignition engine: 11
What is an electric engine? 12
What is an electric engine? 12
Types of electric vehicles 13
The advantages of electric motors 13
Conclude 13
Understanding the Electric Vehicle Components and Key Functions 14
Electric vehicle parts 14
How Do Electric Cars Operate? 14
Simple Main Electrical Vehicle Components 15
Pack of Traction Batteries (A) 15
Energy Converter (B) 15
Controller (C) 15
Motorized Traction Electric (D) 16
Other Elements of Electric Vehicles 16
Hybrid Powertrain Technology 17
AVL Method 17
AVL Solution 17
Benefits in Brief 17
Market Conditions 18
How does an EV work 19
How electric vehicles move 19
How do electric automobiles operate? 19
How is the engine of an electric automobile designed? 20
 How is charging carried out? 21
Important characteristics and elements of an electric vehicle 21
Battery-powered automobiles 23
Inverter 23
Battery 23
Charge for batteries 23
Controller 23
Plug-in cable 24
Types of EV 25
How Do Electric Vehicles Operate? 25
Types of Electric Motors 25
DC Series Motor 25
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) 25
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) 25
Three Phase Induction Motor 26
But from where does the electricity for the electric motor come? 26
Battery-powered automobile (BEV) 26
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 27
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 27

Motor & Energy Storage 28

Systems for Flywheel Energy Storage (FESS) 28
Functioning of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems 29
Storage of compressed air energy (CAES) 30
The Workings of Compressed Air Energy Storage 30
Diabolic CAES Approach 31
Adiabatic Approach 31
Storage Alternatives 31
CAES isothermal 32
Challenges 32
Drivetrain of the EV 34
What is an EV Drivetrain System? 34
The importance of an EV drivetrain system 34
Important Elements of an Effective EV Drivetrain System 35
What Will Happen to the EV Drivetrain System Next? 35
Why Use DATAMYTE? 35
Power Electronics in the EV 37
Resources and Techniques 37
An explanation of the original EV parts. 37
Principal elements of the EV 38

Sizing of the EV 39
 Resistance to rolling 39
Aerodynamic Drag 39
Gradient force 40

Fuel Cells 43
What exactly are fuel cell electric cars? 43
Mechanics of Fuel Cells 43

Hydrogen as a Fuel 44
The Operation of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 44
Range and Refueling 45
The Problems with Fuel Cell Cars 46
Important Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Car Battery (Auxiliary) Components: 46
The auxiliary battery 46
Pack of batteries 46
Converter for DC/DC 47
Electric traction motor (FCEV) 47
Stack for fuel cells 47
Fuel Dispenser 47
Tank for hydrogen fuel 47
Controller for power electronics (FCEV) 47
Heating and cooling system (FCEV) 47
Electric transmission 47

Electric Machines and their Controllers 48

Electrical Machine Types 48
There are two different types of generators: alternators and DC generators. 49
DC Generator: 49
AC Generator: 49

Electric Vehicle Modelling 51

Proposed Work/Simulink Model 52
A. Modeling of Electrical Vehicle (EV) 52
B. Dynamics of Vehicle Longitudinal Motion 53
Results 53

Design Considerations 54
Design Consideration #1: High-Voltage Powertrains 54
Design Consideration #2: Keeping Power Under Control 54
Design Consideration #3: Meeting Data Requirements 55
Design Consideration #4: High-Performing Cameras 56
Design of Ancillary Systems 57
System Security, and Energy Equilibrium 57
A. Frequency Maintenance 58
B. Voltage Maintenance 59
Electric Vehicles and the Environment 60
Electric car emissions: tailpipe and well-to-wheel 60
How to maximise your electric car's environmental advantages 61
Electric car efficiency 61
FAQs 61
Are electric vehicles more environmentally friendly? 62
Compared with a gasoline-powered vehicle 62
How does the manufacturing of electric cars impact the environment? 62
What about the energy needed to power an electric vehicle? 63
Are hybrid vehicles just as environmentally friendly? 63
Power Generation for Transport – Particularly for Zero Emissions 64
General principles for action are as follows: 66

Modern Electric Vehicles 67

The Evolution of Electric Vehicles 67
The 1970s energy crisis 67
It's time to purge the air 68
The emergence of Tesla 68
Continuity of the Prius 69
The Future Route 70

The Future of Electric Vehicles 71

Significant cost savings on running and maintenance 71
Environmentally friendly CO2 emissions reductions 72
Amazing driving experience by lowering stress/driver fatigue 72
Commodious charges 72
Tax advantages 73
Charging system design considerations 74
AC & DC Charging 77
AC charging for electric vehicle charging 77
DC charging for electric vehicle charging 77
Where can I find AC power outlets? Where are DC chargers? 77
Continuing to be innovative 77
EV Charging Demonstration - Fast Charging 79
How does charging work? 79
EVs and their range 79
What types of electric cars are there? 79
What are the inner parts of an EV? 80
EV batteries - capacity and kWh explained 80
How to charge an EV? 80
How long does it take to charge an electric car? 80
 Battery Box 81
Motor 81
Transmission 81
Power Management System 81
Charge for batteries 82
Vehicle To Charger Communication System 83
State-of-the-art 83
Secure and safe 83
Flexible 83
Cost-efficient 83
Flexible, risk-free, and safe charging 83
Public protocols 84
OCPP 84
OSCP 84
OCPI 84
ISO 15118 85
OpenADR 85
Charging System Technology 86
Challenges with wireless (inductive) charging 86
Charging solutions for electric mobility 87
Conductive charging 89
Principal benefits of conductive charging 89
Principal drawbacks of conductive charging 89
The evolution of wireless charging 89
Technology 90
Energy efficiency and power management 91
Considerations 92
References 93