ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The completion of this project was subject to several coincidences at various stages. These
were the luckiest of moment form a sequence of beautiful notes in life, definitely struck by the
divine musician himself. So we thank God for gifting us with project so challenging and
fulfilling. Whatever may have been His motive, for us, it was a learning process and we have
grown in both human values and technical knowledge through the implementation of this
project. At every stage of this project this support kept us from falling back from our duty. Each
time we faced a setback, he patiently guided us forward. There is no way that we could
completely express our gratitude to him and we will always be indebted for everything he has
done for us.

We express our gratitude to Mr. Abdul Hameed .CP ( Principal Of Ma’din Polytechnic
College Malappuram).

We are deeply thankful to Mr. Mujeeb Rahman Anhikkadan(Head Of Department In

Automobile Engineering )and Mr.Bipin(Project Chief Guide).

We deeply thankful To Mr . ANAND (Project Guide), to support provided by him through

out this work.

We are very thankful for the huge contribution to our friends and family, who offered we all
kind of supports for this project
 ABSTRACT

STRUCTURE OF 4 WHEELER ELECTRIC VECHILE

The structure of a four-wheeler electric vehicle (EV) typically comprises a chassis, which serves as
the framework supporting all components. The chassis often integrates lightweight materials, such
as aluminum or composite alloys, to enhance efficiency and range. The power train includes an
electric motor, controller, and battery pack. The motor generates propulsion, while the controller
regulates power distribution. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly employed for their energy density.
Suspension systems, consisting of shock absorbers and springs, contribute to ride comfort and
stability. Braking systems, often featuring regenerative braking to recover energy, ensure safe
deceleration. The steering mechanism facilitates directional control, and tires play a crucial role in
traction and handling. Advanced safety features like ABS and electronic stability control are
integrated for enhanced safety.
The body of the EV is designed to minimize aerodynamic drag, optimizing energy efficiency.
Additionally, the inclusion of smart electronics, sensors, and connectivity features enhances user
experience and enables data-driven functionalities. Overall, the structure of a four-wheeler EV
reflects a blend of lightweight materials, electric propulsion components, and advanced technologies
aimed at achieving sustainable and efficient mobility.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 WHAT ARE ELECTRIC VEHICLES? 2

3 TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 3

4 ELECTRIC VEHICLE COMPONENTS 4-15

5 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 16-17

6 DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 18-19

7 PROS AND CONS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN

INDIA 20

8 SOLVING THE DISADVANTAGES OF

ELECTRIC VEHICLES 21-22

9 HOW ELECTRIC VEHICLES WORK? 23

10 WORKING PICTURES 24-27

11 CONCLUSION 28

12 REFERENCE 29
FIGURE NO: FIGURE NAME: PAGE NO:

2.1 EV SALE GRAPH 2

3.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EVS 3

4.1 EV COMPONENTS 4

4.2 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR 5

4.3 EXPLODED VIEW OF BRUSHLESS MOTORS 6

4.4 CONTROLLER 7

4.5 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE BATTERY 8

4.6 DIGITAL DISPLAY 10

4.7 IGNITION SWITCH 12

4.8 THROTTLE 13

4.9 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS(MCB) 14

4.10 CHARGING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 15

6.1 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF EV 19

10.1 STAGE 1 24

10.2 STAGE 2 24

10.3 STAGE 3 24

10.4 STAGE 4 24

10.5 STAGE 5 25

10.6 STAGE 6 25

10.7 STAGE 7 25

10.8 STAGE 8 25

10.9 STAGE 9 26

10.10 STAGE 10 26

10.11 STAGE 11 26

10.12 STAGE 12 26

10.13 STAGE 13 27

10.14 STAGE 14 27

10.15 FINAL STAGE 27

 1.INTRODUCTION

During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation infrastructure,
along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric transportation infrastructure. Electric vehicles
differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide
range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power,
and wind power or any combination of those.

An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or
traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that are directly powered
from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power
source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine
(a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trains, electric
lorries, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters and electric spacecraft. Proposals
exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines operating on battery power are, for the duration of the battery run,
electric submarines, and some of the lighter UAVs are electrically- powered.

Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred
methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be
achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion
method for motor vehicles but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains
and smaller vehicles of all types.

1
 2.WHAT ARE ELECTRIC VEHICLES?

Electric vehicles are the alternative mode of transport that run on electricity instead of petrol, diesel, or
gasoline. EVs use a large battery to store electrical energy, which powers the electric motor to propel the
vehicle. In simpler terms, an electric vehicle is like a conventional car but it runs on a really big rechargeable
battery.
Instead of going to a filling station to fill up with fuel, electric vehicles are charged by plugging them into
an electric outlet or an EV charging station.
Currently, in 2023, most electric vehicles come with lithium-ion batteries having a strong battery management
system for controlling their charging and discharging.

FIG.2.1:EV SALE GRAPH

2
 3.TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

FIG .3.1 : DIFFERENT TYPES OF EVS

3.1 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES (BEVS)

Battery Electric vehicles are fully electric vehicles that run only on electricity. BEVs are powered by large
Lithium-Ion battery packs which store electrical energy, used as an alternative to fuel.

3.2 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) combines the benefit of both the electric and conventional ICE.
They offer extended driving ranges compared to fully electric vehicles, as they can switch to their internal
combustion engines when the EV battery is depleted.

3.4 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVS)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles combine the use of an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. However,
unlike PHEVs, Hybrid electric vehicles cannot be charged externally in charging stations. Instead, they
utilize the regenerative braking feature and the internal combustion engine to charge the battery.

3.5 FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES (FCEVS)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity, which powers the electric motor.
One of the main advantages of FCEVs is their quick refueling time

3
 4.ELECTRIC VECHILE COMPONENTS

FIG. 4.1 : EV COMPONENTS

4.1 COMPONENTS

The components used in this project are BLDC motor , controller unit, sealed batteries, ignition switch,
accelerator , charging circuit

4.2 ELECTRIC MOTOR

The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels and propel the car.
Motors vary hugely, some runoff direct current (DC), some off alternating current (AC). The most
common motors for electric vehicle conversions are AC due to them being more efficient. A motor is
effectively a large electromagnet that turns due to the attraction and repulsion of the magnets within.
Electric motors vary in size and power. For example, a motor that could be mounted in an average classic
car would be around 120 horsepower, whereas a Tesla large drive unit can generate upwards of 500
horsepower if required.
The motor turns the transmission (gearbox),
Which can be either the original one or a single speed unit specifically designed for electric power. Using
the original gearbox lowers the cost of converting a classic car to electric power as there is little
fabrication of new drivetrain components and only adapter plates are required.
However, if using a tesla drive unit, for example, this has to be mounted across an axle and therefore
needs custom half-shafts, differentials, and drive trains – significantly increasing cost.

4
4.3 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

FIG. 4.2 : BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

4.4 SPECIFICATIONS OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

Motor type BRUSHLESS

Rated power 800 W
Max speed 30KM/H
Peak power 1000 W
Rated voltage 48V
Speed :rated rpm 400
Peak rpm 500
Max torque 90NM
Max efficiency 90%
Peak current 30A
Working temperature(°𝑪) 100
Rated torque 102 KG-CM
Cooling NATURAL
Gear ratio 6:1
Weight approximate(kg) 8KG

TABLE 4.1 : SPECIFICATION OF BLDC MOTOR

5
4.5 EXPLODED VIEW OF BRUSHLESS MOTOR

FIG. 4.3 : EXPLODED VIEW OF BRUSHLESS MOTOR

6
4.6 Controllers
FIG.4.4 : CONTROLLER

The electric vehicle controller is the electronics package that operates between the batteries and
The motor to control the electric vehicle‘s speed and acceleration much like a carburetor does in A gasoline-
powered vehicle. The controller transforms the battery’s direct current into alternating current (for AC motors
only) and regulates the energy flow from the battery. Unlike The carburetor, the controller will also reverse
the motor rotation (so the vehicle can go in Reverse), and convert the motor to a generator (so that the kinetic
energy of motion can be used To recharge the battery when the brake is applied).In the early electric vehicles
with DC motors, a simple variable-resistor-type controller controlled the acceleration and speed of the vehicle.
With this type of controller, full current and power was drawn from the battery all of the time. At slow speeds,
when full power was not needed, a high resistance was used to reduce the current to the motor. With this type
of system, a large percentage of the energy from the battery was wasted as An energy loss in the resistor. The
only time that all of the available power was used was at high speeds. Modern controllers adjust speed and
acceleration by an electronic process calledpulse width modulation. Switching device such as silicone-
controlled rectifiers rapidly interrupt (turn on and turn off) the electricity flow to the motor. High power (high
speed and/or acceleration) is achieved when the intervals (when the current is turned off) are short. Low power
(low speed and/or acceleration) occurs when the intervals are lon

4.7 SPECIFICATION DETAILS OF CONTROLLER

Rated voltage : 48 volt dc.

Rated power : 800W
Maximum current : 30 Amps.
Current limited : 30A±0.5A.
Consumption : <1.5W.
Speed set : 1-4.2V
Brake input : Low- level size:
About 255x84x43mm
Colour : Silver
Weight : About70

7
4.8 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE BATTERY

FIG. 4.5 : LLITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE BATTERY

48 v 24 AH Lithium phosphate battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium iron phosphate
(lifepo4) as the cathode material. It is also commonly referred to as LFP battery. Lithium phosphate
batteries are known for their safety, long cycle life ,and high energy density. They have a higher thermal
and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries , making them less proneto over heating
,explosion, and fire hazards.

These batteries are used in a wide range of applications , such as electric vehicles , power tools , solar
power storage, and backup power systems. They are also becoming increasingly popular in the
renewable energy sector due to their ability to store large amounts of energy from solar panels and wind
turbines.

Overall, lithium phosphate batteries are a promising and reliable technology that offers many benefits
over other battery chemistries.

8
4.9 LIFE PO4 BATTERY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Lithium phosphate batteries (lifepo4) are a type of rechargeable battery that have gained popularity in
recent years due to their superior performance compared to other types of batteries .Here are some
advantages and disadvantages of lithium phosphate batteries:

Advantages:

 Safety :Lithium phosphate batteries are considered saferth another types of lithium-ion batteries
due to their stable chemistry and lower risk of the rmalruna way.
 High cycle life: Lithium phosphate batteries can last for up to 2000 cycles, which is
significantly higher than other types of lithium- ion batteries.
 High discharge rate: Lithium phosphate batteries have a high discharge rate, making them
suitable for high-power applications like electric vehicles.
 Low self-discharge rate: Lithium phosphate batteries have a low self-discharge rate,which
means they can hold their charge for a long time without needing to be recharged.
 Environmentally friendly :Lithium phosphate batteries are non-toxic and do not contain harmful
chemicals, making them more environmentally friendly than other types of batteries.

Disadvantages:

 Low energy density : Lithium phosphate batteries have a lower energy density compared to
other types of lithium-ion batteries, which means they may not be suitable for applications
where a high energy density is required.
 High cost: Lithium phosphate batteries are generally more expensive than other types of
lithium-ion batteries, which may make them less affordable for some applications.
 Limited availability: Lithium phosphate batteries are not as widely available as other types of
lithium-ion batteries, which may limit their use in certain applications.
 Lower voltage: Lithium phosphate batteries have a lower voltage compared to other types of
lithium-ion batteries, which means they may not be suitable for applications that require a high
voltage.

Overall, lithium phosphate batteries have several advantages that make them suitable for a variety of
applications, but they also have some limitations that may make them less suitable for certain uses.

9
4.10 LCD DIGITAL DISPLAY UNIT

FIG.4.6 : DIGITAL DISPLAY

A display on an e-bike serves an essential purpose. While the motor is the component that
distinguishes an electric bicycle the most, the e-bike screen is the extra functionality that
highlights the benefits of the inbuilt technology that sets the electric bicycle apart from
conventional bikes. The readings of all the vital metrics you must be mindful of when riding
are tracked by the e-bike display.

The display has become an indispensable tool for all e-bike commuters in the past few decades.
Any electric bike now needs this screen, which in many forms serves the same purpose as a
vehicle's speedometer. The reason for this is simple: the e-bike display not only provides an
overview of all riding data at all times but can also check the functionality of your electric bike.

The explanation for this is straightforward: the electric bike's display not only provides a
summary of all riding data every time but can also analyze the effectiveness of your electric
bike. One benefit of e-bike screens is that they let you monitor your effectiveness and make
adjustments as necessary. Most people only have experience with e-bike speedometers. The
electricity meter, which shows the wattage in real-time, the pedal support, battery status, USB
connectivity, and other functions are a few of the additional features. If you are unaware of the
functionalities it provides and the importance of the data it reveals, a display is of no use. It is
therefore important that you are knowledgeable about the display features.

10
4.11 SPECIFICATION DETAILS OF DIGITAL DISPLAY

Voltage: 48v to 72v

Speed indication, l/r indication, head light indication ,low battery indicationspeed
bar and battery bar
Speed setting in circuit

This display is use full for any electric vehicle which works with 48v /60v /72v
accuracy is high and good quality of lcd,

Size : 155*82.55mmwire
lenght :50 cm
color : black
Material : plastic

11
4.12 IGNITION SWITCH

FIG.4.7 : IGNITION SWITCH

An ignition switch is a switch in the control system of IC engine motor vehicle that activates
the main electrical systems for the vehicle. It also usually switches on power to many
accessories. The ignition switch usually requires a key be inserted that works a lock built into
the switch mechanism. It is frequently combined with the starter switch which activates the
starter motor. It may be bypassed by disconnecting the wiring to the switch and manipulating
it directly. This is known as hot wiring.

12
4.13 THROTTLE

FIG.4.8 : THROTTLE

The accelerator mode is similar to how a motorcycle operates. When the accelerator is engaged
the motor provides power and propels you and the bike forward. It allows you to kick back and
enjoy a free ride. Most accelerators can be fine-tuned like a volume dial between low and full
power.

13
4.14 Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)

FIG.4.9 : MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MCB)

An MCB is an automatically operated electrical switch. Miniature circuit breakers are intended
to prevent damage to an electrical circuit as a result of excess current. They are designed to trip
during an overload or short circuit to protect against electrical faults and equipment failure.

MCB Working

Mini circuit breakers are triggered by over current - electrical current that exceeds a designated
safe current and makes use of a relatively robust mechanical mechanism designed to minimize
failures and false alarms.

Excess current causes the bimetallic strip within the MCB to heat, bend, and trip. This releases
a switch that moves the electrical contact points apart to confine the arc (electrical discharge).
The arc is divided and cooled by an insulated metal strip called the arc chute. The contacts
close again once the fault has been fixed and the MCBs are reset.

An MCB is designed to protect against both overloading and short-circuiting. These are
detected differently using separate processes. Overload protection is provided by the bimetallic
strip using thermal operation, whereas short-circuit protection is provided by the tripping coil
via electro-magnetic operation.

If the discharge is especially high, the MCB will trip (activate) very quickly – within one-tenth
of a second. When the overcurrent is closer to the safety limits, the component will be slower
to respond.

14
4.15 CHARGING CIRCUIT

FIG.4.10 : CHARGING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Electric bike chargers are designed to fulfill all kind of power requirements of electric bike.
Battery charging which operates in wide ac input range (170 - 300vac) and to withstand the
adverse indian power conditions. These are designed with high frequency switching technology
that makes product highly reliable, cost effective, compact in size and light in weight when the
charge level in the charge indicator shows less, then the engine is switched on mechanically.
The power developed from the engine generates electricity through the bldcmotor and charges
the batteries through the charging circuit.

15
 5.ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

The adoption of electric vehicles offers lots of advantages for the environment, economics, and the job
sector. Since their launch, EVs have gained significant popularity because of the benefits of electric
vehicles. Here are all the major advantages of electric vehicles:

5.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The major advantage of electric vehicles is that they are energy-efficient. It is because they convert a
higher percentage of energy from the electrical grid into actual wheel power. In comparison, the fuel-
powered car wastes lots of energy through heat dissipation. This efficiency leads to lower energy
consumption and decreased dependence on fossil fuels.

5.2 CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

Electric vehicles run on electricity stored in batteries, producing zero tailpipe emissions, thereby
significantly reducing air pollution and combating climate change. The main benefit of electric vehicles
is that they are environmentally friendly and offer a sustainable mode of transport.

5.3 LOW RUNNING COSTS

Electric vehicles are cost-effective in the long run. The cost of EV charging is significantly lower than
the cost of petrol, diesel, and gasoline, resulting in lower running costs. The major advantage of electric
vehicles is that you do not need to worry about running fuel prices.

5.4 GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES

To promote the adoption of evsand fully utilize the benefits of electric vehicles, the Indian Government
offers friendly incentives and subsidies under schemes such as FAME II and PLI. These incentives are
offered on the purchase cost, GST reductions, and reduced loan interest, making evsmore affordable
and accessible to a wider range of consumers.
Currently, there are 23 FAME-approved electric car models in India with a maximum subsidy of up to
Rs 2.5 lakh, depending on the variant selected. These subsidies are provided for consumers to fully
utilize the advantages of electric cars and scooters.

5.5 QUIET AND SMOOTH DRIVING EXPERIENCE

Electric vehicles are the best solution for noisy urban environments since they operate very quietly. The
main advantage of electric vehicles is that there is no engine noise and they reduce noise pollution.
Moreover, the benefit of an electric car is that the electric motor delivers instant torque and a smooth
driving experience.

16
5.6 ENERGY INDEPENDENCE
Transition to electric vehicles enhances energy independence by reducing the reliance on the import of
fuels, which ideally costs 12 trillion Indian rupees yearly. One of the important advantages of electric
vehicles in India is becoming self-sufficient in meeting energy needs.

5.7 HEALTH BENEFITS

Since electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, they contribute to improved air quality, resulting
in significant health benefits. Reduced air pollution leads to lower respiratory problems like asthma and
bronchitis. By choosing electric vehicles, we can create cleaner and healthier communities for ourselves
and our future generations.

5.8 ENHANCED TECHNOLOGY

The rise of electric vehicles has enhanced the technologies and innovations in the automotive industry
of India. EV manufacturers are constantly improving battery technology, and developing more efficient
electric motors. These advancements not only benefit electric vehicles but also influence other sectors,
such as renewable energy and energy storage.

5.9 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Electric vehicles present a great investment opportunity for individuals and businesses. As the demand
for evscontinues to rise, investing in electric vehicle companies, battery manufacturers, and charging
infrastructure offers good returns.

5.10 JOB OPPORTUNITIES

The adoption of electric vehicles has opened up new job opportunities across various EV sectors in
India. As the demand for evsincreases, there is a growing need for skilled professionals in
manufacturing, research and development, battery technology, and charging infrastructure
development.
While there are numerous advantages of electric vehicles in terms of sustainability and reduced
emissions, they also come with several disadvantages that should be carefully addressed. Let’s have a
look at the drawbacks of electric vehicles.

17
 6.DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Being a new and cleaner technology, electric vehicles offer lots of environmental and economic
advantages. However, like any other new technology, electric vehicles also have their drawbacks.
Here’s a list of disadvantages of electric vehicles

6.1 LIMITED DRIVING RANGE

One of the major disadvantages of electric vehicles is their limited driving range. While newer EV
models come with enhanced range, most evsstill provide a lower range compared to ICE vehicles. It is
a concern for those who live in areas with limited charging infrastructure or travel long distances often.
Currently, most affordable evsin India provide a range between 100-210 km, on a full charge.

6.2 LONGER CHARGING TIMES

Another drawback of electric vehicles is the longer time required for charging. Even with fast-charging
options, it may take several hours to fully charge an electric vehicle. This creates a problem for the use
of evsin sectors such as ride-hailing and last-mile deliveries.

6.3 LIMITED CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE

While efforts are being made by the Indian government to expand the charging infrastructure for electric
vehicles, their numbers are still low. This is a major disadvantage of electric vehicles in India, especially
in rural or remote areas, where finding a charging station can be a difficult task. Currently, there are
only 1575 DC fast charging stations in India, which is clearly not enough.

6.4 HIGHER INITIAL COST

For a price-sensitive country, the initial cost of buying an electric vehicle in India is very high due to
the imported EV batteries and the use of high-end technologies. The price of a normal conventional car
starts from Rs 4 lakh in India, while the price of EVs starts from Rs 6 lakh – Rs 7 lakh in India.

6.5 LIMITED MODELS

As of now, the numbers of mass-market electric cars and electric scooter models are very limited in
India. This limitation can make it challenging for buyers to find an electric vehicle that meets their
specific requirements, preferences, or budget.

6.6 HIGHER BATTERY REPLACEMENT COST

Electric vehicle battery degrades over time due to factors like temperature, usage patterns, and charging
habits. It results in a reduced driving range and decreased efficiency of the vehicle. Replacing these EV
18
batteries costs a lot of money, which is another big disadvantage of electric vehicles.

6.7 PRESSURE ON THE GRID

Supporting the growing number of electric vehicles in India is a major challenge for the electricity grid.
EV charging during peak hours creates a lot of pressure on the grid since they are not upgraded to
support the EV ecosystem. It can lead to power outages or reduced charging efficiency.

6.8 IMPACT OF BATTERY PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL

The production and disposal of electric vehicle batteries impact the environmental impact negatively,
as the mining of Lithium, cobalt, and nickel to make these EV batteries release toxic fumes. According
to a report by earth.org, the production of a single electric car battery releases 4 tonnes of CO2, and
producing 1 tonne of Lithium requires 2 million tonnes of water. Similar fumes are released from the
battery recycling industry in India.

6.9 LOW RESALE VALUE

Due to the rapid advancement of EV technology and the introduction of newer EV models with
improved features, the resale value of older electric vehicles is too low. Buyers hesitate to purchase a
used electric vehicle due to their lower range and underdeveloped technologies.

FIG.6.1 : ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF EV

19
 7.PROS AND CONS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA

Since electric vehicles are growing exponentially in India, we identified some of their benefits and
drawbacks, along with the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles in India. Here are some of
the pros and cons of electric vehicles in India:

TABLE 7.1 : PROS AND CONS OF EV’S IN INDIA

20
 8.SOLVING THE DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Being a new technology, there are various advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles in India.
With to vision to become carbon neutral by 2030, the government of india has identified these major
drawbacks of electric vehicles in india and worked out various models to address them. Here are some
of the major solutions rolled out by goi for the electric vehicle industry in india

8.1 GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES

The Indian government has introduced various policies and programs to promote the use of electric
vehicles in the country. These initiatives, both at the central and state levels, align with the government’s
ambitious target of achieving 100% electric vehicle adoption by 2030.

8.2 FAME II

FAME II was launched to promote the adoption and manufacturing of electric and hybrid vehicles in
India with a budget of Rs 10,000 crore. It is introduced to support and incentivize 500,000 electric three-
wheelers, 7,000 electric buses, 55,000 electric passenger vehicles, and 1 million electric two-wheelers
in India.

8.3 PLI SCHEME

PLI scheme was launched on June 2021 to boost the domestic manufacturing of electric vehicles and
their components in India, for the production of affordable electric vehicles with an outlay of Rs 18,100
crores.

8.4 BATTERY SWAPPING POLICY

The Battery Switching Policy was launched in India to address the range limitation of electric vehicles
and long charging times through the unification of electric vehicle battery standards.

8.5 DUTY REDUCTION

It reduces the import duty on mineral ores, important for manufacturing Li-ion batteries. Import duty
on Nickel ores and Nickel Oxide is reduced to 0%, while the duty on Ferro Nickel is reduced from 15%
to 2.5% in India.

21
8.6 SUBSIDIES ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Several state governments have introduced their individual EV policies to incentivize EV buyers and
manufacturers in the state. Subsidies are a major advantage of electric vehicles for the Indian market.
For electric scooters, the subsidy offered is between Rs 5,000 to Rs 10,000 per kwh of battery capacity
up to a maximum of Rs 25,000. Subsidy offered on the purchase of electric cars in India is between Rs
5,000 to Rs 10,00 per kwh of battery capacity up to a maximum of Rs 2.5 lakh.

22
 9.HOW ELECTRIC VEHICLES WORK ?

Electric vehicles work by the simultaneous working of interconnected ev components. Here’s how
electric vehicles work:

 Electric vehicles (evs) have a battery that stores dc power.

 To make the electric motor work, the dc power from the battery is converted to ac power.
 When the accelerator pedal is pressed, it sends a signal to the controller.
 The controller adjusts the speed of the ev by changing the frequency of the ac power sent to the
motor.
 The motor connects to the wheels through a cog, causing them to turn and propel the vehicle
forward.
 When you apply the brakes or the ev slows down, the motor switches to acting like an alternator.
 As an alternator, the motor generates power, which is then sent back to the battery for later use.

23
 10.WORKING PICTURES

FIG.10.1: STAGE 1 FIG.10.2: STAGE 2

FIG.10.3: STAGE 3 FIG.10.4: STAGE 4

24
FIG 10.5: STAGE 5 FIG.10.6: STAGE 6

FIG.10.7: STAGE 7 FIG.10.8: STAGE 8

25
 FIG 10.9: STAGE 9 FIG.10.10: STAGE 10

FIG.10.11: STAGE 11 FIG.10.12: STAGE 12

26
FIG.10.13: STAGE 13 FIG.10.14: STAGE 14

FIG.10.15: FINAL STAGE

27
 11.CONCLUSION
.
In conclusion, there are lots of advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles for the Indian market. EVs
present a promising solution to the problems caused by conventional ice-powered vehicles. The consumer
acceptance of EVs in India is led by the environmental and economic advantages of electric vehicles.
However, they come with some disadvantages too, which we discussed in this article. After addressing these
drawbacks, the Indian electric vehicle market size of USD 4,230 million in 2023 is expected to grow at a
CAGR of 68 % to reach USD 1,52,000 million by 2030.

28
 12.REFERENCE

https://www.linengineering.com
https://www.academia.edu
https://afdc.energy.gov
https://www.topsoe.com
https://www.bldcmotor.org

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