GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

AHMEDABAD

S.N.PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH

.CENTER UMRAKH,

A report of
Electrical vehical and its component

Under subject of

Summer internship -(3170001)

B.E. Semester-vii
Electrical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY
Kulkarni Mehul R. 190493109030

Prof. Megha Makwana

(faculty guide)

Prof. Chirag B. Patel

(Head of the department)
S.N.PATEL OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTER, UMRAKH
2021

CERTIFICATE
Date: / /2021
This is the certify that the project report entitled “electrical vehicles and its component ” has
been carried out by 1) KULKARNI MEHUL R. under my guidance in design engineering in
Electrical engineer(7th semester) of Gujarat technology university, Ahmedabad during the
academic year 2021

Guide BY: Head of the department:

Prof. Megha Makwana Prof. Chirag Patel

\
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of people whose ceaseless corporation made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement grown all effort with success.
Our sincere thanks to our faculty guide Prof. Megha Makwana, and HOD Prof. Chirag
Patel for providing valuable guidance throughout our internship work. Whenever we were
confused about anything, they were always there to help us.
We are thankful to Gujarat Technological University to giving the opportunity for assigning
this Summer Internship work.

Kulkarni Mehul R. 190493109030

 SPARK INNOVATIONS

Electric Vehicle Internship

Certificate
Date: 15th June 2021

To whomsoever it may concern

This is to certify that MEHUL KULKARNI, a student of S.n.patel institute and

research center has successfully completed a 15-day online remote internship
starting from 5/24/2021 at Spark Innovations.

MEHUL KULKARNI has worked on the project title “BLDC motor” for around
70 hours during the internship period. He/she has demonstrated
inquisitiveness and sincerity in learning about Electric vehicle components
and other aspects of Electric vehicles.

We wish MEHUL KULKARNI best wishes for his/her career and future
endeavors.

All the best!

Regards

Mr. Ritul Shah

Founder, Spark Innovations

Head Office Contact Details Admin Office

Vudanagar Bungalows 9 Mo: +91-9429832868 FF 31/32 Kalpvruksh Complex
Near Rutansh Duplex, Gotri Email: sparkinnovations14@gmail.ccom Opp. GEB Office, Gotri Road,
Vadodara, Guj – 390021 Vadodara, Guj-390021
 ABSTRACT

Battery electric vehicle (BEV) is an electric vehicle that utilizes chemical energy stored in
rechargeable battery packs. Electric vehicles use electric motors instead of, or in addition to,
internal combustion engines (ICES). Vehicles using both electric motors and ICES are called
hybrid vehicles, and are usually not considered pure BEVS.
The global production of cars in 2011 was 60 million units per year, growing at 3.3% per year.
Cars account for 74% of production of motor vehicles and at present are responsible for about
20% of all the carbon released into the atmosphere. National governments implement policies
to reduce this source of emissions through taxation and incentives. One of the incentives is to
subsidies electric vehicles (EVs).
From a materials point of view, the major differences between electric and internal combustion
(IC) cars are the replacement of the 1C engine with electric motors that, at present, use
neodymium-boron permanent magnets and the replacement of gasoline or diesel fuel by
batteries. It is estimated that the global production of electric cars either hybrids, plug-in
hybrids, or fully EVs- will exceed 16 million per year in 2021 and will account for 20% of all
vehicles manufactured. EVs. particularly, are seen as the way to decarbonise road transport,
France, Germany and the UK all have target EV sales of around 10% of all car sales by 2020
with the aim of reducing carbon emissions. Is this a realistically achievable sustainable
development on a global scale?
 CONTENT

Title Page I

Certificates II

Acknowledgement III

Internship certificate IV

Abstract V

Content VI

List of Figures VII

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Aim and Objectives 3

1.3 Project Requirement 4

1.4 Tools & Technologies 5

1.4.1 Key tools of electrical vehicle 5

1.4.2 How electric vehicle work 6

2 System Analysis 8

2.1 Existing System 9

3 Implementation 13

3.1 Advantages 14

3.2 Disadvantage 16

4 Comparison of vehicle 17

4.1 Comparison of ICE and EV 18

5 Outcomes 19

5.1 Future Scope of electrical vehicle 20

5.2 Conclusion 21

6 Bibliography 22
6.1 Reference 23
 List of figure
Sr no. Name of figure Page no.

01 1.1 PART OF ELECTRICAL VEHICLE 6

02 2.1 Block diagram of (BEV) 9

03 2.2 block diagram of H.E.V. 10

04 2.3 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle 11

05 2.4 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 11

06 2.5 Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 12

 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
An electric vehicle(EV) ,also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, is a vehicle which uses
one or more electric motors for propulsion. Depending on the type of vehicle, motion may be
provided by wheels or propellers driven by rotary motors, or in the case of tracked vehicles ,by
linear motors. An electric car is an alternative fuel automobile that uses electric motors and
motor controllers for propulsion, in place of more common propulsion methods such as the
internal combustion engine(ICE).
Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric vehicles (EVs).
ElectricVehicles store electricity in an energy storage device ,such as a battery. The electricity
powers the vehicle's wheels via an electric motor. EVs have limited energy storage
capacity,which must be replenished by plugging in to an electrical source. Electric vehicles
are different from fossi lfuel-powered vehicles in that they can receive their power from a
wide range of sources, including fossilfuels, nuclear power,and renewable sources such as
tidal power, solarpower, and windpower or any combination of those.
The electricity may then be stored on board the Vehicle using a battery, flywheel,
supercapacitor,or fuelcell.In an electricvehicle (EV), a battery or other energy storage device
isused to store the electricity that powers the motor.
 AIM & OBJECTIVE OF E.V.

A-AIM of electrical vehicle

The project was carried out to study the effect the adoption of electric vehicles would have on
the electrical supply/demand for Findhorn Ecovillage. This was achieved through completion
of the objectives detailed below.

B- Objective of electrical vehicle

Acquire data on the current Ecovillage electrical demand and residential travel profiles
• Create a model to simulate an electric vehicle charging, with the option to alter the parameters
to simulate different EVs
• Construct a calculator to generate an annual time-series electric vehicle charging demand for
the Ecovillage residents for different
adoption rates
•25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of current cars transition to electric vehicles
• Simulate the new Ecovillage electrical supply/demand for each adoption percentage
• Investigate whether electrical storage or additional generation capacity is required for the
Ecovillage according to the predetermined Key
Performance Indicator:
• Remain a net exporter of electricity
Project Requirement

1. high voltage battery with control unit for battery regulation and charger

2. electric motor and generator with electronic control and cooling system

3. transmission including the differential

4. brake system

5. high voltage air conditioning for vehicle interior climate control

6. electric motor / generator

7. transmission with differential

8. power electronics

9. electronics box with control unit for battery regulation

10.cooling system

11.high voltage air conditioning compressor

12.high voltage heating

13. battery charger

14. charging contact for external charging

15.external charging source

 tools and technology
key tools of electric car

1- Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery

provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.
2- Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power
supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
3- DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
4- Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both
the drive and regeneration functions.
5- Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge
port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It also
communicates with the charging equipment and monitors battery characteristics
such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.
6- Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
7- Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
8- Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
9- Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the
electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
 How electrical vehicle works

All-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery electric vehicles, have an electric motor
instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to
power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet or charging equipment, also
called electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle
emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such
as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.

FIG.1.1 PART OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Carbon emissions generated from transport sector is becoming a major source of total
carbon emissions . The report of the International Energy Agency (IEA) suggests that transport
sector contributes approximately onefourth of the total worldwide greenhouse gas emissions,
which is predicted to increase from 23 to 50 percent by 2030 (IEA, 2009). There can be no
doubt that decarbonizing the transport sector is helpful in reducing carbon emissions and
mitigating the high reliance on fossil fuels . Hence, increasing concerns about the
environmental impact of the current road transport system as well as the risks associated with
peak oil have stimulated the adoption of electric mobility systems . Currently, energy-
sustainable transport innovations such as electric vehicles (EVs) have been regarded as one of
the substantive responses to reduce carbon emissions from the transport sector. EVs are
vehicles that derive motive power exclusively from on board electrical battery packs that can
be charged with a plug through an electric outlet. Compared with conventional vehicles, EVs
have advantages in improving fuel efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. To promote the
penetration of EVs, great efforts have been exerted, such as subsidizing consumers and
manufacturers, facilitating the construction of charging infrastructures and providing relevant
convenient policies for EVs’ daily travel and maintenance. The same goes in China. By the end
of 2016, the global EVs ownership has exceeded 2 million and China owns the largest
proportion. The EVs ownership in China has reached 900,000 and China has been the largest
worldwide adoption market. Thus, research on Chinese consumer acceptance of EVs is
essential and meaningful. The success of EVs largely depends on the extent to which they are
accepted and adopted by consumers. However, the public acceptance of this new eco-friendly
vehicle is relatively insufficient, and consumers are suspicious of this new technology since
they have minimal experience or knowledge. Mainly of current adoption of greener or cleaner
transport instruments is promoted by relative policies or programs launched by government.
There are few studies or reports that we can refer to obtain a comprehensive understanding of
consumers’ acceptance from the social perspective. It is worth noting that consumers’
consumption motivation is multi-dimensional, including both situational factors and
psychological factors. Thus, to understand how consumers’ decision-making process is
affected by these factors, it is urgent and vital to consider these multi-faceted factors via the
existing behavioral theoretical models to understand their latent relationships. Within our
achievable literature accumulation, the current research on the adoption of EVs mainly
originates from two perspectives. One perspective is the focus on the attributes, particularly
the instrumental attributes of EVs. These results indicate that instrumental attributes such as
price, operation cost, comfortability, performance, pollution level, driving range, charging time
and convenience, have significant effects on consumers’ attitude and their acceptance of EVs.
The other research scope regards EVs as green technology innovation products and from the
consumer perspective to explore the effects of innovative personality, green values and beliefs,
environmental attitude and responsibility, moral norms and other cognitive and psychological
factors on consumers’ intention to adopt EVs. Certain research theories and models such as the
theory of planned behavior, the diffusion of innovation theory, the values-beliefs-norms theory,
the technology acceptance model and the norm activation model are often exploited. According
to the marketing theory especially the consumer value theory, consumers are more likely to
make purchase decisions only if the products contain specific values and meet their
requirements. However, to the best of our knowledge, limited research has empirically
investigated the role of consumer value on EVs adoption. Such a void leaves a significant gap
between theoretical and empirical research to promote EVs. In this paper, we attempt to fill
this gap. There are several contributions in this research. Firstly, this research was conducted
from the perspective of consumption value; Secondly, we classify the consumption values into
two general categories to evaluate their effects and such classification may enable to make our
prediction more accurate and targeted. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. we
conclude the research and note the implications and limitations.
 CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 existing system
 Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV)

 Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV)

i. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

ii.Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

iii.Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle(PHEV)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV)

A-Battery Electric Vehicles(BEVs):-

The battery operated vehicles are didn’t run on gasoline or diesel and are powered entirely by
electricity, that’s why the battery electric vehicles are also known as“ all-electric Vehicles”. An all-
electric vehicle (EV )uses a battery to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EV batteries
are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. They are also equipped with
regenerative braking systems to capture the kinetic energy normally lost during breaking and store it
in the battery. They also typically require less maintenance because the battery, motor, and associated
electronics require little to no regular up keep

. Fig.2.1 Blockdiagramof(BEV)
B- Description of Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEVs):-
A hybrid electric vehicle uses an electric motor/generator along with an internal combustion engine-
offering high fuel economy ;low tail pipee missions ;and the power, range,and convenience of a
conventional vehicle. A hybrid electric vehicle does not plug into charge. Instead, the battery is charged
by the internal combustion engine and via regenerative braking. In regenerative braking ,the electric
motor/generator captures energy normally lost during braking.This recovery and reuse of energy results
in better fuel economy with out sacrificing performance. Energy stored in the battery provides
extrapower during startsand acceleration. It can also power auxiliary loads and reduceengine idling
when the vehicle is stopped.

Fig- 2.2 block diagram of H.E.V.

i. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Here use two power sources linked together, with only one source directly connected to the
vehicle’s transmission. A small ICE isused to powera generator that converts the energy to
provide electric power to the vehicle’s wheels and auxiliary devices as well as to a battery
system and/or capacitor. When compared to the parallel hybrid design, series hybrid systems
achieve better fuel efficiency and emission reductions. Parallel hybrid vehicles tend to be
mechanically complex, requiring a larger combustion engine, a transmission, and a
mechanism to couple both motors to the drive wheels. Series hybrid vehicles have no
connection between the ICE and the vehicle drive train,relying on stored power to provide for
acceleration demands. This allows the ICE to run at optimal speeds resulting in smaller,more
efficient engines.Since electric motors drive the wheels, energy saving is also achieved
through regenerative braking systems that use the vehicle’s momentum to allow the traction
motor to act as a generator,providing braking torque to the wheels and back to the batteries.
 Fig-2.3 Series Hybrid ElectricVehicle

B- Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle:-

Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In this type of HEVs provide a dual power supply That is physically connected to the
vehicle’s driving wheels. Either the ICE or the electric motor–or both – can power the vehicle’s
wheels. And therefore, it is possible to feed the desired amount of power At any given period of
time. As compared with series HEV,elimination of generator leads to single-stage power conversion
that increases the efficiency and reduces the weight and cost of the vehicle.
C- Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The vehicle can be powered by the gasoline engine working alone, the electric motor by itself,
or by both energy converters working together. Power distribution between the engine and
motor is designed so that the engine can run in its optimum operating range as much as
possible. Compared with the series hybrid, the series-parallel hybrid has the advantage of a
smaller power rating of the generator since the excess power of the engine can be transferred
directly to the drive wheels. The disadvantage is that, by adding a mechanical connection, we
lose the flexibility in terms of packaging. Compared with a parallel hybrid, a series-parallel
hybrid uses two electric machine and performs the same tasks. For these reasons, the series-
parallel powertrain architecture with a clutch connection between the two electric machine is
not widely used by automotive manufacturers.

Series-Paralle lHybrid Electric Vehicle

 CHAPTER 3
Implementation
 Advantage of electrical vehicle

1. Butter smooth and almost noiseless driving experience:

Electric cars don’t have a lot of moving parts inside the engine. In fact, they only have one
moving part, which is the electric motor. The petrol engine has a myriad of rotating parts inside.
In order to produce power, they have to constantly keep grinding and hitting against each other.
The sound waves created from the contact between these parts is heard as the exhaust note and
felt inside the car’s cabin as vibrations. While nowadays, petrol engines release significantly
lesser noise and vibrations compared to what they would a 7 or 8 years ago, they still exert
noticeable levels of both. In an electric vehicle, the only moving part is the motor which spins
and in turn rotates the wheels. The only sound that can be heard from this process is a very
futuristic and almost silent whine. The same attribute also contributes to an absolutely
vibration-free driving experience as well.

2. Explosive torque available from standstill:

One primary drawback of the petrol engine’s working is that it produces peak torque only at a
specific RPM range. As a virtue of its design, the torque produced by it starts from a very low
value, goes up to its peak level and decreases again after that as the RPM’s increase.

Petrol engines also experience output loss due to a large number of intermediate parts used to
transmit the torque. The torque in a petrol car gets transmitted through the following path:
Piston to Crankshaft to Clutch Assembly to Gearbox to Differential Gears and finally to the
wheels. So, the net output by the time it reaches the wheel gets reduced by approximately 20%
due to frictional losses. In the case of electric cars, they produce their maximum torque output
straight out of the bat. That means you have access to the entire torque output straight from
standstill. It only starts decreasing as you progress towards the upper RPM range due to the
phenomena of back EMF. Electric cars only consist of one intermediate part between the
wheels and the motor, the transmission. Hence, they produce a really high torque output and
experience negligible output loss at the same time. For a comparative figure, a Chevrolet Bolt
electric city hatchback produces 360 Nm of torque which is as much as a Nissan 370Z V6-
powered coupe!
3. Easiest driving operation:
Electric cars have the simplest driving method in the world of automobiles. Commercial
electric cars come with a transmission comprising of only one really long gear. They also don’t
suffer from the problem of stalling as petrol cars do. This effectively eliminates the need of
adding a clutch mechanism to prevent that from happening. So what this essentially means is
that you can operate an electric with just the accelerator pedal, brake pedal and steering wheel.

Another really useful feature of electric cars is regenerative braking. In normal cars, the braking
process usually results in total wastage of kinetic energy that gets released as frictional heat.
However, in an electric vehicle, the same energy instead of getting lost to heat is used to charge
the batteries.

While applying the brakes in an electric car, you stop giving it any accelerator input. The
induction motor which works to rotate the tires now starts to act as a generator which is getting
rotated by the tires. The entire circuit gets reversed and now the same rotational energy of the
tires is used to charge up the batteries. In the newer batch of electric cars, regenerative braking
is programmed to be so strong and effective that you will only need to use the actual brakes of
the car very rarely or only in emergencies.

4. Zero emissions and pollution:

In a petrol car, power is produced by burning the fuel inside the engine. The by-products
released due to this process are Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide and
various SPM’s (Suspended Particulate Matter). All of these are highly polluting in nature and
cause a lot of harm to the human body when inhaled. They also cause a lot of damage to the
environment at the same time.

In the case of a diesel car, the quantity of these pollutants is even higher. While pollution
control technology is being improved continuously over time, the complete eradication of
pollutant release is yet to be accomplished. Electric cars, on the other hand, don’t rely on any
fuel combustion process to produce energy. They simply convert the electrical energy from a
battery to rotate a motor which in turn rotates the wheels. So they produce zero levels of any
pollutant gas or particulate matter and effectively run on 100% clean energy.
 Disdvantage of electrical vehicle

1. Limited Range and Long Recharge Time:

If you plan on travelling long distances in your electric vehicle, you may come across a lot of
problems. For starters, the current crop of electricity-powered cars, suffer from a serious usable
range issue. On average most of them only have a usable range of about 400-450 kilometres
from 100% battery that too when driven conservatively.

In case you feel like exploring that grin-inducing torque payload, the effective range is going
to further reduce. Also in comparison to petrol pumps which are scattered across the country
in large numbers, charge stations for electric cars are pretty much non-existent currently. To
further worsen this situation, most electric cars take a good 6-10 hours to fully charge from
zero percent. So even the slightest miscalculation of distance and battery usage could very
much get you stranded in the middle of the road.

2. Is the source of energy green?

In our country, 58% of the total electricity production comes from Thermal Power Plants where
coal is burnt to create electric energy. The cleaner forms of electricity generation namely, Solar,
Hydroelectric or Wind Power Plants only constitute about 25%.

In such a situation, the widespread introduction of electric cars is only going to increase the
overall electricity demand. This could directly lead to an increase in the amount of coal to be
burned to match up to that demand unless the government decides to invest more in the clean
sources. So while the electric motor in the car doesn’t create any emissions, the same can’t
always be said for the source of electricity used to power it.
 CHAPTER 4
COMPARISION OF ICE AND EV
Comparision of ICE and EV MACHINES
CHAPTER 5
OUTCOMES
5.1 Future Scope of Electric Vehicles in India:-
A. India has the largest market of Electric Vehicle in the world.
B. Consumer demand triumphs in the long run and that is evident in the recent industry
developments. Forinstance, the world’s most valuable electric vehicle manufacturer,Tesla,is
now all set to launch its cars in India this year.
C. The fact remains that the core of e-mobility is obviously the EV itself.
D. the Transport Minister of india announced that since the campaign was launched, there
has been an increased registration of electric two-wheelers. The campaign is an eight-week
awareness drive to promote the benefits of switching toEVs.
E. There is a wide scope for EVs in two-wheeler market, autorickshaw, goods vehicles, bus
as well as four-wheeler. All of those markets are waiting for the change
 CONCLUSION
The responses for the questionnaire proved to be crucial for the conclusion of our research as the results
were positive and where matching with what was predicted by us. The perception of people towards
EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section of our society is still unaware of various Alternative
Technologies used in Automobiles.
The current EVs don‘t meet the consumer‘s expectations to a larger extent. The Government Initiatives
taken for the promotion of EVs is still in developing stage and is up to papers, though various agencies
have been formed and various plans have been brought by them but still its implementation is not yet
done. The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current vehicles on road, so a
change in consumer‘s behaviour is important. They should gradually become more conscious about the
use of cleaner technologies. Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid
vehicles but still there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer‘s expectations such
as REVOLVO KIT.
Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping foot towards GREENER
ENVIRONMET. Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part of
their corporate social responsibilities. Page 42 Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is
GREEN..
CHAPTER 6
REFERENCE
 REFERENCE
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technology/li-ion-lithium-ion-advantages-disadvantages.php
2-https://alpinepowersystems.com/blog/october-2020/advantages-disadvantages-
lithium-forklift-battery/
3-https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.cars24.com/blog/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-electric-cars/amp/
4- https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-
guides/electrical-engineering/electric-cars-basics
5https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://isiarticles.com/bu
ndles/Article/pre/pdf/85099.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiAu4C1u6DxAhUKwjgGHWz5AFk
QFjASegQIFBAC&usg=AOvVaw0DdxYMLZveSFMM9NkU9Y0h
6-https://www.slideshare.net/rubel2012/electric-vehicles-70589142
7-https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work