Super-Capacitor based Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle Charging

SEMINAR REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electrical and Electronics)

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

Submitted by

ASHIK SANTHOSH [Reg No:ICE18EE014]

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ILAHIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MULAVOOR P.O, MUVATTUPUZHA- 686 673

DECEMBER 2021
 ILAHIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MULAVOOR P.O, MUVATTUPUZHA - 686 673

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “Super-Capacitor based Electric Vehicle
Electric Vehicle Charging” is an authentic report of the seminar presented by ASHIK
SANTHOSH, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, by the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University.

Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Department

Dr Abhiraj T.K Dr.Abhiraj T.K

HOD, HOD

Dept of EEE, Dept of EEE

ICET,Muvattupuzha ICET,Muvattupuzha
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those whose valuable contribution and

suggestions have helped me in the completion of this seminar work.

I am extremely thankful to Prof. Abdul Gafur M Principal ICET, for providing me

infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr.Abhiraj T. K., Head of Dept. of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, ICET, Mulavoor, Muvattupuzha, for his stimulating guidance,

continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the seminar.

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to the seminar co-ordinates

Dr. Abhiraj T. K. , Mr. Sachin Gee Paul and Mr. Lipin Paul for their generous guidance,

help and useful suggestions.

I also wish to extend my thanks to all other faculty members of Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering and other classmates for attending my seminar and for their insightful

comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this seminar work.

In the last but not the least, multimillion thanks to the Almighty God, who gave me the

opportunity and strength to carry out this seminar.

i
 ABSTRACT

Supercapacitor is one of electrical energy sources that have faster charging-discharging

times when compared to other power sources, such as battery and fuel cell. Therefore, it is often

used as an additional power source in an electric vehicle. In this paper, a prototype of small-scale

electric vehicle simulator (EVS) is built and a simple charging scheme of supercapacitor is used

for education purpose. EVS is an electric vehicle prototype which can show the vehicle’s

powertrain on small-scale configuration. Main components of this device are two direct current

motors (DCMs) with a linked axis of rotation. There fore one of them will be able to act as a

generator. The supercapacitor charging scheme is employed by controlling the relays. The

hardware experimental result shows that the averages of charging current are proportional to the

maximum slope angle of the road profiles. This scheme is simple due to the EVS utility and it is

useful for education purpose.

Keywords—Wireless charging system; Electric vehicle ;Hess system; Supercapacitor; Hybrid

vehicle.

ii
 CONTENTS
CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NO.

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
NOMENCLATURE v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE 2

2.1 SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC 3

VEHICLE
4
2.2
DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

CHAPTER 3 SUPERCAPACITORS 7

CHAPTER 4 SUPERCAPACITORS ENERGY STORAGE 8

MECHANISM

4.1 SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF ELECTRIC

DOUBLE LAYER FORMATION AT THE 8
INTERFACE

CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF WOUND AND 10

STACKED SUPERCAPACITORS WITH
ACTIVATED CARBON ELECTRODES

5.1 SHEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF A WOUND 10

SUPERCAPACITORS
5.2 SCHEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF A 10
SUPERCAPACITOR WITH STACKED
ELECTRODE

CHAPTER 6 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUPERCAPACITORS 12

iii
 6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCAPACITOR
TYPES AND THEIR ELECTRODE 12
MATERIAL

6.2 14
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF
SUPERCAPACITOR TYPES
CHAPTER 7 WIRELESS CHARGING 15

7.1 DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES FOR HESS 17

CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR 18

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 19

CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES 21

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

2.1 SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EV 3

2.2 SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF 8

ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER
FORMATION AT THE INTERFACE

3.1 SHEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF A

WOUND SUPERCAPACITORS 10

4.1 SCHEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF A 10

SUPERCAPACITOR WITH STACKED
ELECTRODE

5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCAPACITOR 14

TYPES AND THEIR ELECTRODE
MATERIAL

5.2 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF 14

SUPERCAPACITOR TYPES

IV
 NOMENCLATURE

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION

EV Electric vehicles

SC Super Capacitors

RB Regenerative Breaking

HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System

V
 Super-Capacitor based Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle Charging

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

It is essential to maintain a greener and safer environment by reducing carbon emissions

from our earth progressively. Carbon emissions will generally be decreased by a substantial

reduction in fossil fuel-powered vehicles and a transition to electric cars, which use produced

electricity as fuel, emit fewer emissions than a traditional vehicle, and are zero-emission if the

electricity used is renewable. Supercapacitors are widely used nowadays. These High-pressure,

high-efficiency energy storage devices are also known as Ultracapacitors or electrochemical

double-layer capacitors (EDLC). Their favorable properties make them ideal for use in energy

storage systems, including the ability to be charged and discharged quickly without losing

performance over a long period. A supercapacitor pack can be used in HESS (battery-

supercapacitor system), which integrates various energy storage technologies with a specialized

control strategy that maximizes the benefits of each energy source used to achieve overall

performance. This research paper will describe a brief overview of the benefits, features,

advantages, and disadvantages of hybrid energy systems based on batteries and supercapacitors..

Dept. of EEE ,ICET,Mulavoor Page 1

 CHAPTER 2

WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An electric car is powered by an electric motor instead of a petrol engine. The electric

motor gets energy from a controller, which regulates the amount of power—based on the driver’s

use of an accelerator pedal. The electric car (also known as electric vehicle or EV) uses energy

stored in its rechargeable batteries, which are recharged by common household electricity.

Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for maintaining

and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or

diesel). While some EVs used lead acid or nickel metal hydride batteries, the standard

for modern battery electric vehicles is now considered to be lithium ion batteries as they

have a greater longevity and are excellent at retaining energy, with a self discharge rate

of just 5% per month.

Fig 1: Simple block diagram of electric vehicle
 DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1. Recharge Point’s
Electric fuelling stations are still in the development stages. Not a lot of places you go to on

a daily basis will have electric fuelling stations for your vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long

trip or decide to visit family in a rural or suburban area and run out of charge, it may be harder to

find a charging station. You may be stuck where you are.

However, until charging stations are more widespread, be sure to have a charging station maps

where you live and where you frequently go so that you’ll be able to charge your new EV when

you need to.

2. The Initial Investment is Steep

As EVs are very new, you may be surprised when you take a look at the sticker price for

EVs. Even the more affordable brands can be around $30,000 to $40,000.

If you’re looking for a luxury option, you may be paying $80,000 or even more. Though

technology is advancing and the price to produce electric cars continues to drop, you still have to

pay $10,000 to $50,000 more for an EV than for a gas-powered car.

3. Electricity isn’t Free

Electric cars can also be a hassle on your energy bill if you’re not considering the options

carefully. If you haven’t done your research into the electric car you want to purchase, then you

may be making an unwise investment.

4. Short Driving Range and Speed

Electric cars are limited by range and speed. Most of these cars have a range of about 50-

100 miles and need to be recharged again. You just can’t use them for long journeys as of now,

although it is expected to improve in the future.

5. Longer Recharge Time

While it takes a couple of minutes to fuel your gasoline-powered car, an electric car takes

about 4-6 hours and sometimes even a day to get fully charged.

Therefore, you need dedicated power stations as the time taken to recharge them is quite long.

Thus, the time investment and necessary planning do put some people off.
 6. Silence as a Disadvantage
Silence can be a bit disadvantage as people like to hear the noise if they are coming from behind them. An

electric car is, however, silent and can lead to accidents in some cases
 CHAPTER 3

SUPERCAPACITORS

Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors differ from conventional capacitors due to their fast

charge–discharge rates, longer life cycle, high power, and high energy density . There are two

types of supercapacitors depending on the charge storage. The first type is a double-layer

electrical capacitor (EDLC) that stores electrical energy by intercalating charges at the electrode–

electrolyte interface forming the double layer of charges. The charges are physically deposited by

electrostatic attraction, resulting in rapid charge–discharge kinetics, high-power density, and

long-life cycle (as no chemical reaction is involved).Carbonaceous materials (graphene, carbon

nanotubes, activated carbon, graphite, etc.) are mostly used as the electrode material to store

charges. The second type of supercapacitor is known as a pseudocapacitor as it uses faradaic

reactions to store electric energy. RuO and MnO are well-known pseudocapacitive materials with

specific capacitance closer to their theoretical limit. Since electrochemical signature of

pseudocapacitor is like EDLC, it is called a pseudocapacitor. The energy density of this

supercapacitor is higher compared to EDLC, but the involvement of chemical reactions decreases

its power density as well as life cycle.

In electrochemical energy storage device, both type of capacitor materials are combined in a

single device to harvest of the advantages of both capacitive materials. A hybrid energy storage

device can deliver high energy and power density compared to EDLC and pseudocapacitive

material alone. Overall, supercapacitors are capable to deliver high-power density

compared to batteries, but their energy density is still far behind batteries .
 CHAPTER 4

SUPERCAPACITORS ENERGY STORAGE MECHANISM

Generally supercapacitors are classified in two categories commonly known as electric double

layer capacitors (EDLCs) and Pseudocapacitors (PC). In EDLCs, electrical energy

storage phenomenon is purely electrostatic in nature where polarized electrode active materials

(usually carbon) and electrolyte ions. Electrolyte ions are accumulated in the form of a very thin

layer (few nanometers) in order to balance the charge of oppositely charged polarized electrode

layer so making a double layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface (Fic et al., 2018) as shown

in Fig. 3. Supercapacitors can be charged/discharge in very short time span (milliseconds) since

there is no electronic transfer and energy storage phenomena is completely electrostatic.

Fig. 3. Schematic presentation of electric double layer formation at the

interface
n PCs, electrical energy storage arises through fast and fully revisable faradic redox reaction

where electronic transfer takes place without formation or breaking of any chemical bonding.

Pseudo-capacitive charge storage also occurs at the interface of electrode/electrolyte without

using bulk of the material (unlike electrochemical batteries). Diffusional process and the kinetics

of charge transfer are the limiting factors in Pseudo-capacitive energy storage.

 CHAPTER 5

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF WOUND AND STACKED SUPERCAPACITORS WITH ACTIVATED

CARBON ELECTRODES

Schematic construction of a wound supercapacitor

1. terminals, 2. safety vent, 3. sealing disc, 4. aluminum can, 5. positive pole, 6. separator, 7. carbon electrode, 8.
collector, 9. carbon electrode, 10. negative pole
 

Schematic construction of a supercapacitor with stacked electrodes

1. positive electrode, 2. negative electrode, 3. Separator

Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors), each coated with an

electrode material such as activated carbon, which serve as the power connection between the

electrode material and the external terminals of the capacitor.

Specifically to the electrode material is a very large surface area. In this example the activated

carbon is electrochemically etched, so that the surface area of the material is about 100,000 times

greater than the smooth surface. The electrodes are kept apart by an ion-permeable membrane

(separator) used as an insulator to protect the electrodes against short circuits. This construction

is subsequently rolled or folded into a cylindrical or rectangular shape and can be stacked in an

aluminum can or an adaptable rectangular housing. The cell is then impregnated with a liquid or

viscous electrolyte of organic or aqueous type. The electrolyte, an ionic conductor, enters the

pores of the electrodes and serves as the conductive connection between the electrodes across the

separator. Finally, the housing is hermetically sealed to ensure stable behavior over the specified

lifetime.
 CHAPTER 6
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUPERCAPACITORS

Supercapacitors can be classified into three types: (1) Electrochemical double layer (EDLC), (2)

Pseudocapacitor, and (3) Hybrid type formed by a combination of EDLC and pseudocapacitor].

Classification of supercapacitor types and their electrode materials

 In EDLCs , the energy storage and release mechanism are based on nanoscale charge

separation at the electrochemical interface formed between the electrode and electrolyte. The

charge storage mechanism is nonfaradaic and no chemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

are involved. EDLCs have relatively long life cycles because only physical charge transfer

occurs. In contrast, pseudocapacitors are based on faradaic redox reactions involving high energy

electrode materials based on metal oxides, metal-doped carbons, or conductive polymers. These

electrode materials allow supercapacitors with higher energy density. As a result,

pseudocapacitors usually provide higher energy density at the price of shorter life cycles and

lower rates than EDLCs. Hybrid supercapacitors, as the name suggests, incorporate mechanisms

from both EDLCs and pseudocapacitors. A supercapacitor basically consists of two electrodes

isolated from electrical contact by a semi-permeable membrane functioning as a separator. The

electrodes and separator are impregnated with an electrolyte solution, which enables the flow of

ionic current between electrodes while preventing electronic current from discharging the cell.

Current collectors conduct electrical current from the electrodes. Supercapacitors are governed

by the same fundamental equations as traditional capacitors in which capacitance can be derived

from the conventional capacitance.

Fig. 10.4. Schematic representation of supercapacitor types: (A) EDLC; (B) pseudocapacitor; (C) hybrid capacitor 
 CHAPTER 7
WIRELESS CHARGING

Wireless charging has started an alternative method for charging electric gears. As charging

of battery throw wireless technology for Electric Vehicles (EVs) arise numerous issues just like

the power pad, coil association plan's and most sizeable is charging time for batteries of an

electric-powered car, power converters for excessive recurrence strength change, and also

electromagnetic field securities. The inductive coupling systems typically operate in khz band as

a result of the state-of-artwork power electronic devices are to be had for every power generation

and conditioning. On the opposite hand, this low frequency needs an enormous length coil and

heavy ferrite materials, which could not be most well-liked with using vehicles in terms of

payload efficiency. The resonance coupling systems work higher operating frequencies within

the megahertz band. it's taken into thought to be promising for the reason of the wireless car

charging owing to the subsequent advantages:

1. More efficiency at less distance

2. High transmission distance with moderate efficiency

3. solely act with the resonant body (lower magnetic attraction exposure to non-resonant body)

4. very less weight (no iron and ferrite core required)

5. compact size

Wireless energy transfer suggests the electrification of cars

might extend on the far side, delivering electricity and changing it into energy through the

onboard batteries of stationary vehicles. Especially, the wireless charging of moving vehicles on-

demand and in the period of time (i.e., dynamic charging) would result in a paradigm shift of

standard transit. The wireless charging of electric vehicles can considerably alleviate the demand

for onboard batteries or perhaps modify battery-free vehicles. Considering the need for quick and

frequent wireless charging, another variety of electricity storage device, supercapacitors, can be

additional appropriate than batteries thanks to their glorious characteristics for vehicle onboard

usage:

1. Work electrostatically while not reversible chemical reactions

concerned

2. unlimited cycle life (use of cycle is unto million times)

3. quick and high economical charge/discharge thanks to little internal

resistance with about 97-98 % efficiency

4. (charged voltage is proportional to the energy stored in a capacitor)

5. An operation temperature vary from -40 to +70◦C and

a little amount of leakage current.

6. No need to use heavy material so environmentally friendly.

 DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES FOR HESS

The first topology is a partially–decoupled HESS. In this configuration, the supercapacitor is

attached immediately to a bidirectional DC/DC converter. The battery is attached to the terminal

of the inverter (DC/AC converter). The DC hyperlink voltage can have small voltage fluctuations

because. the battery is connected to the DC hyperlink. But here, the electricity density of the

supercapacitor may be fully applied as it may be discharged to zero volts. The dangers of this

configuration are that the DC/DC converter has to modify the strength speedy, which increases

the implementation complexity.

Another HESS topology is every other partially decoupled shape. The battery is attached to a

bidirectional DC/DC converter. The supercapacitor is related to the terminals of the DC

hyperlink running as a low pass filter. The power that goes with the drift may be efficiently

controlled. The supercapacitor can work in a much wider variety, and the DC hyperlink voltage

can reveal excessive fluctuation

 CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR

 Provide peak power and backup power.

 Extend battery run time and battery life.

 Reduce battery size, weight and cost.

 Enable low/high temperature operation.

 Improve load balancing when used in parallel with a battery.

 Provide energy storage and source balancing when used with energy harvesters.
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The SCs, in contrast to batteries, because of their traits, are capable of offering an

immediate reaction for a changing demand application, at the same time as being capable of

performing in harsh environmental conditions. It, in hybridization with battery, can increase the

battery's existence and extend battery substitute duration. The SCs can release and soak up excess

energy and might offer the use of power electronic converter and switches, can offer bendy

voltage operations at the same time as providing the most significant benefit of each ESS

withinside the HESS

 CHAPTER 10

REFERENCES

I. Authors : Hemant Sharma , Imroz Khan , Anjali Kumari , Prem Prakash, Paper

ID : IJERTV10IS050407, Volume & Issue : Volume 10, Issue 05 (May 2021), Published

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reference should be base paper reference]

II. M. K. Andreev, "An Overview of Supercapacitors as New Power Sources in Hybrid Energy

Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles," 2020 XI National Conference with International

Participation (ELECTRONICA), 2020, pp. 1-4, doi:

10.1109/ELECTRONICA50406.2020.9305104.

III. W. Lhomme, P. Delarue, P. Barrade, A. Bouscayrol, and A. Rufer, “Design and control of a

supercapacitor storage system for traction applications,” in Conference Record of the 2005

Industry Applications Conference, Oct. 2005, pp. 2013-2020.

IV. M. Ostroverkhov and D. Trinchuk, "Increasing the Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Drives with

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Systems (ESS), 2020, pp. 258-261, doi: 10.1109/ESS50319.2020.9160291.

V. Shen, J., Dusmez, S. and Khaligh, A. (2014). “Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life

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IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, 10(4), pp. 2112–2121

VI. Araujo, R. E., Castro, R. de, Pinto, C., Melo, P. and Freitas, D. (2014). “Combined Sizing

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Dept. of EEE ,ICET,Mulavoor Page 21

VII. Khaligh and Z. Li, "Battery, Ultracapacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the

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Dept. of EEE ,ICET,Mulavoor Page 21

Design and implementation of automatic guided vehicle for hospital application

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