PLASTIDS

Plastids are semiautonomous organelles having DNA /

RNA ribosomes and double membrane enveloped . these
are largest organelles in plant cell

HISTORY
1-Haeckel (1865) discover plastids , but the term was
first given by Schimber ( 1883)

2-A well organized system of grana and stroma in

plastid of barley plant was reported by De Van
Wetlstein .

3-Park and Biggins (1964) gave the concept of

quantasomes .

4-The term chlorophyll was given by Pelletier and

Coventau and the structure detailed was given by
Willstatter and stall.

5-The term thylakoids was given by Menke (1962).

 6- RIS and Plaut (1962) reported DNA in chloroplast
annnd was called plastidome .

LEUCOPLAST S
They are colour less plastid which generally occur near
the nucleus and possess internal lamellae . EX – seed ,
underground stemps , root

TYOE OF LEUCOPLASTS

 AMYLOPLAST – (The word "Amylo" means starch)

synthesize and store starch grains .
 EX – patato tubers , wheat

 ELAIOPLAST ( Lipidoplast , Oleoplast ) store

grains .
 Ex – castor endosperms

 Aleuroplast – (Proteinoplast) store protein . Ex

aleurone cells of maize
 Tannosomes: They are found in vascular plants.
They synthesize polyphenols and tannins.
  Gerontoplasts 
They arise from a chloroplast during the aging of
plant foliage. Structural changes in the thylakoid
membrane cause the formation of gerontoplasts.

 CHLOROPLAST

 Discover by Sachs and named by Schimber.

There are two types of chromoplasts which include:

 

 Phaeoplast - Brownish and naturally found

in brown algae
 Rhodoplast - Plastids found in red algae.

 SIZE

 It range from (3 10 um) in diameter . the discoid

chloroplast of higher plant are (4 - 10 um) in length
and 2-4 um in breadth . Chloroplast in Spirogya may
reach a length of 1 mm . Sciophytes hove large
chloroplast

General Structure and Features of Plastids

For land plants, the number of plastids has been shown to

be relatively high per cell ranging from 30 to 40 and 100
to 150 in diploid cells. The plastids of plants are also
simpler when compared to those found in other organisms
like algae.
Depending on the species (species of plant, algae etc)
plastids may take up a variety of shapes ranging from
discoid, spherical, dumbbell-shaped or lens-shaped
among a few others.

* Under stressful conditions, mitochondria have also been

observed in plastids (by intrusion). This has been shown
to be the case with plastids like chloroplast surrounding
the mitochondria. 

References

Gangaram Mohabir and Philip John. (1988). Effect of

Temperature on Starch Synthesis in Potato Tuber Tissue
and in Amyloplasts. Plant Physiol. 
 
Robert R Wise. (2006). The Diversity of Plastid Form and
Function. ResearchGate. 
 
Robert R. Wise and J. Kenneth Hoober. (2007). The
Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in
Photosynthesis and Respiration, Volume 23. 
 
Thomas W Braukmann. (2015). Investigating plastid
genome evolution in heterotrophic plants and the use of
structural changes to the plastid genome as phylogenetic
markers. 
 
 Katalin Solymosi and Áron Keresztes (2012). Plastid
Structure, Diversification and Interconversions II. Land
Plants. Researchgate. 
 

List of vector-borne diseases, according to their

vector
The following table is a non-exhaustive list of vector-borne disease, ordered according
to the vector by which it is transmitted. The list also illustrates the type of pathogen that
causes the disease in humans. 

Vector Disease caused Type of pathogen

Mosquito Aedes Chikungunya Virus

Dengue Virus

Lymphatic filariasis Parasite

Rift Valley fever Virus

Yellow Fever Virus

Zika Virus

Anopheles Lymphatic filariasis Parasite

Malaria Parasite
 Culex Japanese encephalitis Virus

Lymphatic filariasis Parasite

West Nile fever Virus

Aquatic snails Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Parasite

Blackflies Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Parasite

Fleas Plague (transmitted from rats to humans) Bacteria

Tungiasis Ectoparasite

Lice Typhus Bacteria

Louse-borne relapsing fever Bacteria

Sandflies Leishmaniasis Parasite

Sandfly fever (phlebotomus fever) Virus

Ticks Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Virus

Lyme disease Bacteria

Relapsing fever (borreliosis) Bacteria

Rickettsial diseases (eg: spotted fever and Q fever) Bacteria

Tick-borne encephalitis Virus

Tularaemia Bacteria

Triatome bugs Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Parasite

Tsetse flies Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) Parasite