Critical Reading

for Undergraduate
Students

WEEK 7
“Hello! How are you?
Hope you are all fine.”
The First Part

I
The Art of Summarizing

Definition & Techniques

 Definition

A concise paraphrase of all

the main ideas of a text.

A significant reduction of the

original source
 Common Myths

Paraphrasing = Summarizing
What is the difference?

Basic details:
– Paraphrasing is a restatement of the
author’s original thought and meaning.
– Summarization is the condensing of a
passage or thought into a much smaller
package.
 What’s the difference between
paraphrasing and summarising?

Paraphrase Summary
is a similar length to the original is shorter than the original

has the same meaning as the is an overview of the main ideas

original
includes examples and details
is usually used to provide
evidence or support an
argument
does not include examples
is usually used as background
information
 Characteristic of a good summary

1. Take up no more than one-third the length of

the work being summarized
2. Concentrates on the main ideas
3. Include details only infrequently
4. Changes the original wording without
changing the idea.
5. Does not evaluate the content or give an
opinion in any way (even if the original
contains an error in logic or fact)
Step-by-step of summarizing

M Main idea:
Identify main idea from TOPIC
SENTENCE (if there is one) or use BASIC
SIGNAL WORDS
I Identify SUPPORTING DETAILS
D Disregard unimportant information
A Analyze redundant information
S Simplify, categorize, and label important
information
 problems
(Simmons, 2015)

– To avoid plagiarizing, do not look at the source

while you are composing the summary.
– Use what you remember from the reading or
viewing.
– Write the summary in your own words.
– After you have written the summary, you can
revisit the source to confirm facts.
– Do not express an opinion about the source
(Don't agree nor disagree!)
 Example
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about
10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of
source materials while taking notes.

Summary:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, only about
10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So, it is
important to limit it.

Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/3/
 Example

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only
about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of
source materials while taking notes (Lester, 1976).

An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to
help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester ,
1976).

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/3/
The Second Part

II
Say NO to plagiarism!

Definition & How to

Avoid Plagiarism
Why plagiarize?

– To improve the writing quality/to obtain a

feel for scientific/academic English
– To make up for their shortcomings in
Fluency in English
– Not familiar with the definition plagiarism

(Saadabadi & samad, 2016)

Important to note

“Those who cheated in academic studies

were more likely to cheat in the workplace.”
(Harper, 2006 cited in Anderson, 2009, p.
35)
What is plagiarism?
 Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary

– To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of

another) as one's own
– To use (another's production) without crediting
the source
– To commit literary theft
– To present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source
What actions are counted as
plagiarism in academic writing?

1. Verbatim plagiarism
2. Mosaic plagiarism
3. Inadequate paraphrase
4. Uncited paraphrase
5. Uncited quotations
6. Using material from another’s student’s work
7. Self plagiarising
Verbatim plagiarism

Copy language word for word

from another source without
giving credit.
Example
(https://alcor.concordia.ca/~mlipson/verbatim.html

Original Source Verbatim Plagiarism

It is my hypothesis that the
fundamental source of conflict
in this new world will not be
primarily ideological or
primarily economic. The great
divisions among humankind
and the dominating source of
conflict will be cultural.
[From: Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of
Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3
(Summer 1993): 22.]
It is my hypothesis that the
fundamental source of
conflict in this new world
will not be primarily
ideological or primarily
economic. The great
divisions among humankind
and the dominating source
of conflict will be cultural.
Example
(https://alcor.concordia.ca/~mlipson/verbatim.html

Original Source Proper

Acnowledgement
It is my hypothesis that the
Predictions of a clash of
fundamental source of conflict
civilizations are based on the
in this new world will not be
"hypothesis that the
primarily ideological or
fundamental source of conflict
primarily economic. The great
in this new world will not be
divisions among humankind
primarily ideological or
and the dominating source of
primarily economic. The great
conflict will be cultural.
divisions among humankind
and the dominating source of
[From: Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of conflict will be cultural”
Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3
(Summer 1993): 22.]
(Huntington, 1993, p. 22).
Mosaic Plagiarism

“Copy bits and pieces from a source (or

several sources), changing a few words
here and there without either adequately
paraphrasing or quoting directly” (Harvard
University)
Example
(https://alcor.concordia.ca/~mlipson/mosaic.html)

Original Source (p. 109) Mosaic Plagiarism

Feminist literature de- Feminist scholarship shifts
emphasizes the state and the emphasis from the state
instead focuses on gender
relations, specifically on the to a focus on gender
political and economic relations, especially the
marginalization of women political and economic
within states and in the marginalization of women
world as a whole.
within states and in the
world at large.
[From: Sens, A. & Stoett, P. (2002).
Global Politics: Origins, currents,
directions. Toronto, ON, CA: Nelson
Thompson, 2002]
 Example
(https://alcor.concordia.ca/~mlipson/mosaic.html)

Original Source (p. 109) Proper Acknowledgment

1. Quote and cite:
Feminist literature de-
"Feminist literature de-emphasizes the state
emphasizes the state and and instead focuses on gender relations,
instead focuses on gender specifically on the political and economic
relations, specifically on the marginalization of women within states and
political and economic in the world as a whole" (Sens & Stoett,
marginalization of women within 2002, p. 109).

states and in the world as a OR

whole.
[From: Sens, A. & Stoett, P. (2002). Global Politics: Origins,
currents, directions. Toronto, ON, CA: Nelson Thompson, 2002]
2. Paraphrase properly and cite:
Feminists direct our attention to the ways in
which women are relegated to secondary
status both domestically and internationally
(Sens & Stoett, 2002).
Inadequate Paraphrase

“It's not enough to change a few words here and

there and leave the rest; instead, you must
completely restate the ideas in the passage in
your own words. If your own language is too close
to the original, then you are plagiarizing, even if
you do provide a citation.” (Harvard University)
 Example
(https://academicintegrity.unimelb.edu.au/forms-of-
plagiarism/inadequate-paraphrasing

Original Source Plagiarism

The shifting fortunes of war had a terrible
impact, and not just on those who were killed When the republican forces
or maimed in the fighting. When the took Mainz in 1792, a group of
republican General Custine's forces took the patriots formed a society with
city of Mainz in the Rhineland in October 1792, five hundred people. They
local patriots created a Society of Friends of wrote their own version of the
Liberty and Equality with five hundred
'Marseillaise', and planted a
members, adapted their own version of the
liberty tree.
'Marseillaise', the 'Bürgerlied der Mainzer',
and planted a liberty tree (McPhee, 2016, p.
182).
Source: McPhee, P. (2016). Liberty or death: The
French revolution. London: Yale University Press.
 Example
(https://academicintegrity.unimelb.edu.au/forms-of-plagiarism/inadequate-paraphrasing

Original Source Proper Acnowledgement

The shifting fortunes of war had a terrible
impact, and not just on those who were killed A group of patriots from the
or maimed in the fighting. When the republican captured city of Mainz formed
General Custine's forces took the city of Mainz their own society honouring
in the Rhineland in October 1792, local patriots the ideals of the Revolution,
created a Society of Friends of Liberty and expressing these ideals by
Equality with five hundred members, adapted planting a liberty tree and
their own version of the 'Marseillaise', the
creating a local variation of
'Bürgerlied der Mainzer', and planted a liberty
the 'Marseillaise' (McPhee,
tree (McPhee, 2016, p. 182).
2016).
Source: McPhee, P. (2016). Liberty or death: The
French revolution. London: Yale University Press.
 Uncited Paraphrase

“It’s not enough to paraphrase the source

material responsibly; you also need to cite
the source, even if you have changed the
wording significantly.” (Harvard University)

(http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342054)
 Uncited Quotation

“Always credit the author of that

material and provide a trail for your
reader to follow back to the original
document.” (Harvard University)

(http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342054)
 Using material from another
student’s work

“Ideas that come up in the course of class

discussion or peer review are collaborative.
[...] when a particular student comes up
with an idea, you should certainly cite that
student. [...] include a discursive footnote in
your paper that lets your readers know
about that discussion.” (Harvard University)
http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342054
Example

"I am indebted to the members of my Expos 20

section for sparking my thoughts about the role of
the narrator as Greek Chorus in Tim O'Brien's The
Things They Carried.“ (Harvard University)

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342054
Self Plagiarism

– “An author uses his or her work that has

been published previously elsewhere.”
(Winter, 2006, p. 113)
– Check the rules to use our own work in
more than one class so that it won’t be
classified as plagiarism
– Discuss with the professors/instructors of
the class
How to avoid
plagiarism?
Give Credit

– Within the paragraph: in-text

citation
– At the end of the paper: List of
references
Common Knowledge

Do not need to document common

knowledge

For example:
Institut Teknologi Bandung was known
as Technische Hoogeschool te Bandung.
Quoting

– Must be identical to the original

– Must match the source document word for word
– Must be attributed to the original author

Example:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p.
199).

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/
Summarizing &
Paraphrasing

Summarize & paraphrase but don't

forget to give credit to the author!
 Conclusion:
Paraphrase & Summarize
– Have I used my own words to summarize or
paraphrase the original source?
– Have I quoted, paraphrased, and/or summarized the
original source accurately?
– Have I provided an appropriate citation for the
quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material?
– Do my words and ideas stand out more than
quotations, summaries, paraphrases from source
material(s)?

(Arizona State University)

Finally, remember:

You must give credit for every:

•Summary

•Paraphrase

•Quotation
THANK YOU & SEE
YOU NEXT WEEK!