Chapter 8 PDF

PHY 130
CHAPTER 8
MATTER
Mardhiah Abdullah
Faculty Of Applied Sciences
Universiti Technology Mara
Pahang
26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka
Pahang, Malaysia
Tel : 094602690, 0139378262
mar_abd@pahang.uitm.edu.my
MATTER
8.1
ELASTICITY
8.2
PRESSURE IN FLUID
8.3
PASCAL PRINCIPLE
8.4
BUOYANCY & ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
8.5
FLUID IN MOTION
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8.1 ELASTICITY
8.2 PRESSURE IN FLUID
8.3 PASCAL PRINCIPLE
8.4 BUOYANCY & ARCHIMEDES’
PRINCIPLE
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
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LESSON OUTCOMES
v Able to define elasticity and elastic deformation.
v Able to draw the stress vs. strain graph
v Able to identify and explain the degree of elasticity of matter
from the stress-strain graph
v Able to Explain and calculate the tensile, shear and bulk stress
and strain and the related modulus.
v Able to define and apply Pascal Principle in static pressure
measurement.
v Able to define buoyancy and state the Archimedes Principle.
v Abe to apply Archimedes Principle in the determination of buoyant
force, density of fluid or objects floating in the fluid.
v Able to define and write the equation for flow rate of fluid flow
and the equation of continuity.
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8.1 ELASTICITY
Ø Elasticity is the property of solid materials to return to their

original shape and size after the forces deforming them have been
removed.
Ø If the force acting on the object is too large, the object can be
permanently distorted.
Ø A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it

exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its
original length.
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8.1 ELASTICITY
• Recall Hooke's law — first stated formally by Robert Hooke in The

True Theory of Elasticity or Springiness (1676):
Extension is directly proportional to force or F = − kΔx
• This is Hooke's law for a spring — a simple object that's

essentially one-dimensional.
• Hooke's law can be generalized to :

Stress is proportional to strain
stress refers to strain refers to a

the cause of the change in some
change (a force spatial dimension
applied to a (length, angle, or
surface). volume)
• The coefficient that relates a particular type of stress to the

strain that results is called an elastic modulus (plural, moduli).
Elastic moduli are properties of materials, not objects.
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8.1 ELASTICITY
STRESS, σ
• When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms. The

way in which the body deforms depends upon the type of force
applied to it.
Compression force makes the body shorter
A tensile force makes the body longer
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8.1 ELASTICITY
STRESS, σ
• Stress is the force per unit area upon which it acts.

Force F
Stress = s = =
Area A
• SI unit is Pascal (Pa) or N/m2)
• Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa.
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8.1 ELASTICITY
STRAIN, ε
• When a body is subjected to an external forces, there is some

change in the dimension of the body (deformation). The ratio of
the change in dimension of the body to its original dimension is
called strain.
x
Strain = e =
L
• Strain has no unit’s since it is a ratio of length to length.

• Most engineering materials do not stretch very much before they
become damages, so strain values are very small figures. It is
quite normal to change small numbers in to the exponent for 10-6
(micro strain)
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8.1 ELASTICITY
• The quantity that describes a material's response to stresses

applied normal to opposite faces is called Young's modulus.
• Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of

stiffness of an elastic material.
• It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like

wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed.
• The symbol for Young's modulus is usually E from the French word
élasticité (elasticity) but some prefer Y in honor of the man
himself (Thomas Young (1773–1829).
• Young Modulus is defined as the "ratio of stress to strain along

that axis“.
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8.1 eLASTICITY
Stress and strain graph
Ø Stress strain curve is a behavior of material when it is subjected to

load.
Ø In this diagram stresses are plotted along the vertical axis and as a
result of these stresses, corresponding strains are plotted along the
horizontal axis. As shown below in the stress strain curve.
A = Elastic limit
B = Upper Yield Stress
C = Lower Yield Stress
D = Ultimate Stress
E = Braking Stress/Fracture
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8.1 eLASTICITY
Explanation of the curve
OA : - The force (stress) increases linearly with the extension(strain)

until point A. Point A is the proportionality limit.
- The straight line graph (OA) obeys Hooke’s law which states “Below
the proportionality limit, the restoring force, Fs is directly
proportional to the extension,x.”
B :- This is the elastic limit of the material.

- Beyond this point, the material is permanently stretched and will
never regain its original shape and length. If the force (stress) is
removed, the material has a permanent extension of OT.
- The area between the two parallel line (AO and CT) represents the
work done to produce the permanent extension OT.
- OB region is known as elastic deformation.
C : - The yield point marked a change in the internal structure of the

material.
- The plane (layer) of the atoms slide across each other resulting in
a sudden increase in extension and the material thins uniformly.
8.1 eLASTICITY
CDE : - This region is known as plastic deformation.

- When the force (stress) increases, the extension
(strain) increases rapidly.
D - The force (stress) on the material is maximum and is known as the
breaking force (stress). This is sometimes called the Ultimate
Tensile Strength (UTS).
E - This is the point where the material breaks or fractures.
Ductile materials - undergo plastic deformation before breaking.

- such as steel, copper, aluminium.
Brittle materials - do not show plastic behaviour (deformation).
- such as glass.
8.1 eLASTICITY
• Elastic Limit: The maximum stress up to which a material can exhibit the
property of elasticity.
• Yield Stress: When a specimen is loaded beyond the elastic limit the
stress increases and reach a point at which the material
starts yielding this stress.
• Ultimate Stress: A maximum load which can be placed prior to the

breaking of the specimen.
• Braking/Fracture Stress: When stressed beyond the elastic limit, some

materials fracture, or break.
8.1 eLASTICITY
• Deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an

object due to an applied force.
• It can be a result of tensile(pulling) forces, compressive
(pushing forces,shear, bending or torsion (twisting).
• Deformation is often described as strain
• We consider three types of deformation and defines an elastic
modulus for each.
1. tensile or compressive deformation – Young modulus, Y
2. shear deformation – Shear modulus, S
3. volume deformation – bulk modulus, B
8.1 ELASTICITY
Young’s Modulus, Y
• let's imagine a rod of length L and cross sectional area A being

stretched by a force F to a new length ΔL.
• Tensile stress is the outward normal force per area (σ = F/A) and
tensile strain is the fractional increase in length of the rod
(ε = ΔL/L).
# %/'
• Young’s modulus, 𝐸 = = ∆)/)
$
• Young’s modulus measures the resistance of a sloid to elongation.

• SI unit: N/m2 or Pascal.
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8.1 eLASTICITY
shear modulus
• A force applied tangentially (or transversely or laterally) to the

face of an object is called a shear stress.
• The deformation that results is called shear strain. Applying a
shear stress to one face of a rectangular box slides that face in
a direction parallel to the opposite face and changes the adjacent
faces from rectangles to parallelograms.
• The coefficient that relates shear stress to shear strain is
called the shear modulus or the rigidity modulus.
• It is usually represented by the symbol G from the French word
glissement (slipping) although some like to use S from the English
word shear instead.
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹3
𝑆= = 𝐴
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑥3
𝐿
8.1 eLASTICITY
SHEAR MODULUS
Applying a shear stress

to one face of a
rectangular box slides
that face in a
direction parallel to A force applied tangentially (or
the opposite face and transversely or laterally) to the
changes the adjacent face of an object is called a
faces from rectangles shear stress.
to parallelograms –
this is called shear
strain
The coefficient that relates shear stress to shear strain is called the
shear modulus or the rigidity modulus
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹3
𝑆= = 𝐴
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑥3
𝐿
8.1 eLASTICITY
BULK MODULUS
• A force applied uniformly over the surface of
an object will compress it uniformly. This
changes the volume of the object without
changing its shape.
• The resulting volume strain is measured by the
fractional change in volume (∆V/VO).
• The coefficient that relates stress to strain
under uniform compression is known as the bulk
modulus or compression modulus.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝐹3

B= =− 𝐴 = − ∆𝑃
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉3
𝑉? 𝑉?
• The volume stress, , is defined as the ratio

of the normal force to the area, which is
called the pressure.
• The volume strain is equal to the ratio of
the change in volume to the original volume.
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 1
A steel beam is placed vertically in the basement of a building to
keep the floor above from sagging. The load on the beam is 5.8´104 N
and the length of the beam is 2.5 m, and the cross-sectional area of
the beam is 7.5´103 m2. Find the vertical compression, DL of the
beam if Y for steel = 200´109 Pa.
Solution:
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 1
A steel beam is placed vertically in the basement of a building to
keep the floor above from sagging. The load on the beam is 5.8´104 N
and the length of the beam is 2.5 m, and the cross-sectional area of
the beam is 7.5´103 m2. Find the vertical compression, DL of the
beam if Y for steel = 200´109 Pa.
Solution:
Force of
ceiling on F DL
beam =Y
A L
æ F öæ L ö
DL = ç ÷ç ÷
è A øè Y ø
æ 5.8 ´10 4 N öæ 2.5 m ö

DL = çç -3
÷
2 ÷ç 2 ÷
Force of è 7.5 ´ 10 m øè 200 ´ 10 9
N/m ø
floor on
beam DL = 1.0 ´10 - 4 m
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 2
A 0.50 m long guitar string, of cross-sectional area 1.0´10-6 m2,
has a Young’s modulus of 2.0´109 Pa. By how much must you stretch a
guitar string to obtain a tension of 20 N?
Solution:
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 2
A 0.50 m long guitar string, of cross-sectional area 1.0´10-6 m2, has a Young’s
modulus of 2.0´109 Pa. By how much must you stretch a guitar string to obtain a
tension of 20 N?
Solution:
F DL
=Y
A L
æ F öæ L ö
DL = ç ÷ç ÷
è A øè Y ø
æ 20.0 N öæ 0.5 m ö
=ç -6 ÷ç 2 ÷
è 1.0 ´ 10 m øè 2.0 ´ 10 N/m ø
2 9
= 5.0 ´ 10 -3 m
= 5.0 mm
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 3
A steel rod 2.0 m long has a cross sectional area of 0.30cm2. The rod is now hung by
one end from a support structure, and a 550 kg milling machine is hung from the
rod’s lower end. Determine the stress, the strain, and elongation of the rod.
[Ysteel] = 20 x 1010 Pa
Solution:
F^ (550kg )(9.8m / s 2 )
Stress = = -5 2
= 1.8 ´ 10 8
Pa
A (3.0 ´10 m )
DL Stress 1.8 ´ 10 8 Pa -4
Strain = = = = 9.0 ´ 10
L Y 20 ´ 1010 Pa
Elongation = DL = ( Strain ) ´ Lo = (9.0 ´ 10 -4 )( 2.0m) = 0.0018m
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 4
The upper surface of a cube of gelatin, 5.0 cm on a side, is displaced by 0.64
cm by a tangential force. If the shear modulus of the gelatin is 940 Pa, what
is the magnitude of the tangential force?
Solution:
F
F Dx
=S
A L
F
Dx
From Hooke’s Law: F = SA
L
( )( )
æ 0.64 cm ö
= 940 N/m2 0.0025 m 2 ç ÷ = 0.30 N
è 5.0 cm ø
8.1 eLASTICITY
Example 5
An anchor, made of cast iron of bulk modulus 60.0´109 Pa and a volume of
0.230 m3, is lowered over the side of a ship to the bottom of the harbor
where the pressure is greater than sea level pressure by 1.75´106 Pa. Find
the change in the volume of the anchor.
Solution:
DV
DP = - B
V
DV = -
VDP
=-
(0.230 m 3 )(1.75 ´10 6 Pa )
B 60.0 ´10 9 Pa
= -6.71 ´10 -6 m 3
• A fluid is a collection of molecules that are randomly

arranged and held together by weak cohesive forces and by
forces exerted by the walls of a container.
• Both liquids and gases are fluids.
• Fluid cannot maintain its own shape. It can flow and alter
its shape to conform to the outlines of its container.
• The density, ρ of an object is its mass per unit volume, V
and its SI unit is kgm-3
B
𝜌=
C
• the specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its

density to the density of water.
• In fluid mechanics, the study of fluid mechanics at rest is
called fluid statics, and then the study of fluids in motion
is called fluid dynamics.
• Pressure is defined as the ratio of the force to the area.

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
• It is a scalar quantity.
• The S.I unit for pressure is Pascal or N/m2
• At any point on the surface of a submerged object, the force
exerted by the fluid is perpendicular (┴) to the surface of
the object.
PROPERTIES OF FLUID’S PRESSURE
The fluid pressure is

The forces exerted by
directly proportional
a fluid on the walls of
to the depth of the
its container are
fluid and to its
always perpendicular.
density.
At any particular Fluid pressure is

depth, the fluid independent of the
pressure is the same shape or area of
in all directions container
PROPERTIES OF FLUID’S PRESSURE
v The forces exerted by a fluid on the walls of its

container are always perpendicular to the surface.
v The fluid pressure is directly proportional to the depth

of the fluid and to its density.
v At any particular depth, the fluid pressure is the same in

all directions
v Fluid pressure is independent of the shape or area of

container
• At any point in a fluid, pressure is directly

proportional to the density, ρ and the depth, h in the
fluid.
𝐹 𝑚𝑔
𝑃= = ..........(1)
𝐴 𝐴
An object has density, ρ:
𝑚
𝜌= ∴ 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉..........(2)
𝑉
P Are h
By substituting (2) into (1):
a
mg
𝑚𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑔
𝑃= = Where V = Ah
𝐴 𝐴
𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔
𝑃= = ρ𝑔ℎ
𝐴
• At depth, h below the surface of liquid.

• Change in pressure with change in depth:
At two different point of

depth, 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
G G
𝑃H = 𝜌𝑔ℎH
P1 Where,
h1
∆𝑃 = 𝑃H − 𝑃G
h2
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎH − ℎG)
Area
Therefore,
P2
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
• Thus, if the top surface of the container is exposed to the
atmosphere, the absolute pressure at a depth h in the fluid
would be,
P = Patm + rgh
Where Patm (Po) is atmospheric

pressure
Po
Patm = Po = 1.00 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa
h
and P is absolute pressure.
P
Terminology in Pressure
• Absolute Pressure: The sum of the pressure due to a fluid and

the pressure due to atmosphere.
• Gauge Pressure : The difference between the absolute

pressure and pressure due to the atmosphere
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + 1 atm
Example 6
A diver is located 20 m below the surface of a lake (ρ = 1000
kg/m3). What is the pressure due to the water? Find the
absolute pressure?
Solution:
DP = rgh
DP = (1000 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(20 m)
DP = 196 kPa
The absolute pressure:

P = Po + rgh
P = 196 kPa + 101.3 kPa
P = 297 kPa
• States that: “Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and
the walls of its container.”
• he principle was first enunciated by the French
scientist Blaise Pascal.
• A force F1 is applied to a
small piston of surface area
A1.
• The pressure is transmitted
through an incompressible
liquid to a larger piston of
surface area A2.
Pin = Pout
• Pressure is exerted equally in
all part of en fluid, thus :
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
• Application of pascal’s principle.
8.3 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Example 7
The smaller and larger pistons of a hydraulic press have
diameter of 4 cm and 12 cm. What input force is required to
lift 4 kN weight with the output piston?
Fout 4000 N
Pout = = = 354 kPa
(
Aout p 0.12
2
2
) Fin Fout
Aout
Pout = Pin Ain
Fin Fin
Pin = = = 354 kPa
(
Ain p 0.04
2
)
2
Fin = 354 kPa ´ p 0.04( 2

)
2
Fin = 444.44 N
8.4 BOUYANCY AND ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE
• Buoyancy is the upward thrust on a body immersed in a fluid,
enabling it to float or at least to appear lighter.
• Important for many vehicles: Eg. Boats, ships, balloons,
airships.
• Archimedes Principle States that: “The buoyant force on an
object that immersed fully or partially in a fluid is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.”
• Volume of fluid displaced equal to the volume of the

submerged object.
• EXAMPLE: if the object is placed in a glass initially filled40
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to the brim with water, the water that flows over the top
• Volume of fluid displaced equal to the volume of the
submerged object.
• EXAMPLE: if the object is placed in a glass initially filled
to the brim with water, the water that flows over the top
represents the water displaced by the object.
𝐹K = 𝐹H − 𝐹G
= ℎH 𝜌L 𝑔𝐴 − ℎG 𝜌L 𝑔𝐴
= 𝜌L 𝑔𝐴(ℎH - ℎG )
= 𝜌L 𝑔𝑉
𝐹K = 𝑚L 𝑔
Where mf = mass of fluid
g = gravitational force
• Thus, the buoyant force on the

cylinder is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the cylinder.
• This is valid no matter what the
shape of the object.
Example 8
A block of material has a density ρ1 and floats three-fourths submerged in a liquid of
unknown density. Show that the density of the liquid ρ2 is given by ρ2 = (4/3)ρ1.
Solution:
By Archimedes Principle:
Weight of object = Weight of the liquid displaced by the object

æ3 ö
r1V/ g/ = r 2 ç V/ ÷g/
è4 ø
4
r 2 = r1
3
Example 9
A solid cube of material is 1.50 cm on the edge. It floats in oil of ρ = 820 kg/m3 with one-
fifth of the cube out of the oil. (a) What is the buoyant force on the cube? (b) What is the
density of the material of the cube?
Solution:
(a) From Archimedes Principle: (b) Density of material
Buoyant force, Fb = Weight of displaced water Fb = weight of cube

æ4 ö Fb = rcube Vcube g
Fb = roil ç Vcube ÷g
è5 ø Fb (0.0216)
rcube = =
æ4 ö Vcube g (0.015)3 (9.81)
Fb = (820)ç (0.015)3 ÷(9.81)
è5 ø rcube = 652.4 kg / m3
Fb = 0.0216 N
• The net force on the object is the difference between the

buoyant force and the gravitational force.
Ø The weight of an object in

air is its actual weight.
Ø The weight measured when the

object is immersed in
a fluid is its apparent
weight.
Ø The buoyant force is equal

to the apparent loss in
weight.
𝐹K = 𝑊NOPQNR − 𝑊'SS
Example
Example
Exercise
An object has a weight of 8.80 N in air. It is suspended from

a scale, which reads 7.40 N when it is submerged in hydraulic
oil of density 950 kg m-3 . 1) Determine the buoyant force on
the object. 2) What is the volume of the displaced oil
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
MASS FLOW
RATE
FLUID IN
MOTION
EQUATION
VOLUME
OF
FLOW RATE
CONTINUITY
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
• The movement of liquids and gases is generally referred to as

"flow”," a concept that describes how fluids behave and how
they interact with their surrounding environment — for
example, water moving through a channel or pipe, or over a
surface.
• The type of flow are shown in table below.
Type Of Flow Description Example

Steady & unsteady Steady – the flow does not
change with time
Unsteady – the flow change
with time
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Uniform & non - Uniform – the flow in

uniform which velocity at a given V
time does not change with
respect to space
Non uniform - the flow in v
which velocity at a given
time does change with
respect to space
Laminar & Laminar – the flow in

turbulent which the adjacent layer
do not cross to each
other and move well along
the path
Turbulent - the flow in
which the adjacent layer
cross to each other and
not move well along the
path
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Compressible & Compressible – the flow in

uncompressible which the density does not
remains constant for the
fluid.
uncompressible
– the flow in which the
density remains constant for
the fluid.
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
• Since the motion of fluids can be very complicated (due to

turbulence, frictional forces between molecules etc.) we need
to make the following simplifying assumptions:
1.No internal friction between layers of fluid

(zero viscosity).
1.The density of the fluid remains the same throughout the
fluid (non-compressibility).
2.Fluid velocity and pressure at each point in the fluid do
not change with time (steady state).
3.The fluid particles follow smooth, predictable flow lines
(streamline or laminar flow).
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Mass flow rate
• The mass flow rate, J is the mass that passes a given

point per unit time.
B
𝐽= P
U'VP
𝐽= P
𝐽 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
Where A = cross sectional area of fluid

ρ = density of water
v = velocity of water
• The SI unit is kg/s.
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8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Volume flow rate
• The volume flow rate Q of a fluid is defined to be the

volume of fluid that is passing through a given cross
sectional area per unit time.
C
volume 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑄 =
P
'b
𝑄=
P
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
where A = cross sectional area of fluid

d = width of that portion of fluid
v = velocity of fluid
In S.I. units (International System of Units), volume flow

rate has units of meters cubed persecond, m3/s.
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8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Continuity Equation
Ø Liquids must maintain their volume as they flow in a pipe

since they are nearly incompressible. This means that the
volume of liquid that flows into a pipe in a given amount
of time must equal the volume of liquid that flows out of
a pipe in the same amount of time
Ø So, the volume flow rate Q for an incompressible fluid at
any point along a pipe is the same as the volume flow rate
at any other point along a pipe.
𝑄G = 𝑄H Ø This expression is call the

equation of continuity for
fluids
𝐴G𝑣G = 𝐴H𝑣H = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Ø It states that the product
of the area and the fluid
speed at all points along a
pipe is constant for an
incompressible fluid
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8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Continuity Equation
𝑄G = 𝑄H
𝐴G𝑣G = 𝐴H𝑣H = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
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8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Continuity Equation
Ø This equation shows that the speed is high where the tube is constricted (small A)
and low where the tube is wide (large).
Ø The product of Av, which has the dimension of volume per unit time, is called
either the volume flux or the flow rate.
Ø The condition Av = constant is equivalent to the statement that “the volume of

fluid that enters one end of the tube in a given time interval equals the volume
leaving the other end of the tube in the same time interval if no leaks are present”.
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8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Example 10
A garden hose has a diameter of 1.80 cm and is fitted with a nozzle of diameter 1.20
cm at one end. Water flows at 2.50 m/s in the hose. What is the speed of the water
that shoots out from the nozzle?
Solution:
Using the continuity equation:
A1v1 = A2 v2
A1v1
v2 = = 0.0563 ms -1
A2
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Example 11
Water flows through a rubber hose 2 cm in diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What
must be the diameter of the nozzle in order that water emerge at 16 m/s?
Solution:
Area is proportional to the square of diameter, so:
A1v1 = A2 v2
d
r=
2
(pr12 )v1 = (pr22 )v2
v1r12
r =
2
2
v2
(4 m / s )(0.01 m) 2
r2 =
(16 m / s )
r2 = 0.005 m
d 2 = 2 ´ r2 = 2(0.005) = 0.01 m
8.5 FLUID IN MOTION
Example 12
Water flows through a rubber hose 2 cm in diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the rate
of flow in m3/min?
A = pr 2
( )
R = vA = (4 m / s ) p (0.01) 2 = 0.00126 m3 / s
æ 0.00126 m3 öæ 60 s ö
R = çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ = 0.0754 m3 / min
è s øè 1 min ø

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PHY 130

Ø Elasticity is the property of solid materials to return to their

Ø A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it

• Recall Hooke's law — first stated formally by Robert Hooke in The

• This is Hooke's law for a spring — a simple object that's

• Hooke's law can be generalized to :

stress refers to strain refers to a

• The coefficient that relates a particular type of stress to the

• When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms. The

Compression force makes the body shorter

A tensile force makes the body longer

• Stress is the force per unit area upon which it acts.

• When a body is subjected to an external forces, there is some

• Strain has no unit’s since it is a ratio of length to length.

• The quantity that describes a material's response to stresses

• Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of

• It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like

• Young Modulus is defined as the "ratio of stress to strain along

Stress and strain graph

Ø Stress strain curve is a behavior of material when it is subjected to

Explanation of the curve

OA : - The force (stress) increases linearly with the extension(strain)

B :- This is the elastic limit of the material.

C : - The yield point marked a change in the internal structure of the

CDE : - This region is known as plastic deformation.

Ductile materials - undergo plastic deformation before breaking.

• Ultimate Stress: A maximum load which can be placed prior to the

• Braking/Fracture Stress: When stressed beyond the elastic limit, some

• Deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an

• let's imagine a rod of length L and cross sectional area A being

• Young’s modulus measures the resistance of a sloid to elongation.

• A force applied tangentially (or transversely or laterally) to the

Applying a shear stress

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝐹3

• The volume stress, , is defined as the ratio

æ 5.8 ´10 4 N öæ 2.5 m ö

Elongation = DL = ( Strain ) ´ Lo = (9.0 ´ 10 -4 )( 2.0m) = 0.0018m

• A fluid is a collection of molecules that are randomly

• the specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its

• Pressure is defined as the ratio of the force to the area.

PROPERTIES OF FLUID’S PRESSURE

The fluid pressure is

At any particular Fluid pressure is

PROPERTIES OF FLUID’S PRESSURE

v The forces exerted by a fluid on the walls of its

v The fluid pressure is directly proportional to the depth

v At any particular depth, the fluid pressure is the same in

v Fluid pressure is independent of the shape or area of

• At any point in a fluid, pressure is directly

• At depth, h below the surface of liquid.

At two different point of

Where Patm (Po) is atmospheric

• Absolute Pressure: The sum of the pressure due to a fluid and

• Gauge Pressure : The difference between the absolute

Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + 1 atm

The absolute pressure:

Fin = 354 kPa ´ p 0.04( 2

• Volume of fluid displaced equal to the volume of the

• Thus, the buoyant force on the

Weight of object = Weight of the liquid displaced by the object

Buoyant force, Fb = Weight of displaced water Fb = weight of cube

• The net force on the object is the difference between the