2023

Report 1

AHMED KARAM ABDOU

1. What do you mean by step-up and step-down transformers?

A transformer is a static device which transfers a.c electrical power from one
circuit to the other at the same frequency, but the voltage level is usually
changed. For economical reasons, electric power is required to be
transmitted at high voltage whereas it has to be utilized at low voltage from
a safety point of view. This increase in voltage for transmission and decrease
in voltage for utilization can only be achieved by using a step-up and step-
down transformer.
The major difference between step-up and step-down transformer is, step-
up transformer raises the output voltage, whereas step-down transformer
reduces the output voltage. Some other differences are explained below, in
the form of a comparison chart, considering the factors: voltage, winding, the
number of turns, thickness of conductor and application
Definition of Step-up transformer:
When the voltage is raised on the output side, the transformer is called the
step-up transformer. In this transformer, the number of turns in the secondary
winding is always greater than the turns in the primary winding because a
high voltage is developed on the secondary side of a transformer.
In countries like India, usually, power is generated at 11kv. For economical
reasons, a.c.power is transmitted at very high voltages (220v-440v) over
long distances. Therefore a step-up transformer is applied at the generating
station.

Definition of Step-down transformer:

A step-down transformer reduces the output voltages or in other words, it
converts high voltage, low current power into a low voltage, high current
power. For example, our power circuit carries 230-110v, but the doorbell
requires only 16v. So, a step-down transformer should be used to reduce the
voltage from 110v or 220v to 16v.

For feeding different areas, voltages are stepped down to 440v/230v for
safety reasons.Thus, the number of turns on secondary winding is less than
the primary winding so; less voltage is induced at the output (secondary) end
of the transformer.

Key Differences between Step-up transformer and Step-down

transformer
When the output (secondary) voltage is greater than its input (primary)
voltage, it is called a step-up transformer, whereas, in step-down transformer
output (secondary) voltage is less.
In a step-up transformer, the low voltage winding is the primary winding, and
high voltage winding is the secondary winding, whereas, in step-down
transformer, low voltage winding is the secondary winding.
In a step-up transformer, the current and magnetic field is less developed in
the secondary winding, and it is highly developed in the primary winding,
whereas, in Step-down transformer, voltage is low on secondary end Thus,
the current and magnetic field is high.
Note1: The current is directly proportional to the magnetic field.
Note2: According to Ohm’s laws, voltage is directly proportional to the current
.If we increase the voltages than current will also increase.But in transformer
for transferring the same amount of power, If we increase the voltage the
current will decrease and vice versa. So the power remains the same in the
sending and receiving ends of a transformer.
In a step-up transformer, the primary winding is made up of thick insulated
copper wire, and the secondary is made up of thin insulated copper wire,
whereas, in step-down transformer the output current is high so, the thick
insulated copper wire is used for making secondary winding.
Note: Thickness of wire depends upon the capacity of current flow through
them.
Step-up transformer extends the voltages from 220v-11kv or above,
whereas, step-down transformer reduces the voltages from 440-220v,220-
110v or 110-24v,20v,10vetc.

Types of Single-Phase Induction Motor

Single-phase induction motor is classified into four types of induction motors
like Split Phase, Capacitor Start, Capacitor Start & Capacitor Run, and
Shaded Pole Induction Motor.

Split Phase Induction Motor

An alternate name of a split-phase induction motor is a Resistance Start
Motor. This kind of motor includes a stator and single cage rotor where the
stator includes two windings called starting winding as well as main winding.
These two windings are moved 90 degrees within space. The starting
winding includes less inductive reactance and high resistance whereas the
main winding includes extremely less resistance as well as a high inductive
reactance.

This kind of motor is less cost and appropriate for loads that start very easily
where the starting frequency can be restricted. This motor is not applicable
for drives that need above 1 KW due to the less starting torque. The
applications of split-phase inductor motor mainly include a washing machine,
floor polishers, AC fans, mixer grinder, blowers, centrifugal pumps, drilling &
lathe machine.

Capacitor Start Induction Motor

A capacitor start induction motor is a 1-phase motor that includes a stator as
well as a rotor with a single cage. The stator of this motor mainly includes
two windings namely main winding as well as an auxiliary winding. An
alternate name of an auxiliary winding is starting winding. In motor
construction, the arrangement of these two windings can be done 90 degrees
separately in space.

Capacitor start induction motor is used where frequent starts are needed like
higher inertia loads.
This kind of motor is used to drive compressors, pumps, machine tools, and
conveyors.
It is used in AC compressors & the refrigerators
Capacitor Start & Capacitor Run Induction Motor
The capacitor run induction motor working principle is the same as capacitor
start induction motor. We know that a 1-phase induction motor is not self-
starting as the magnetic field generated is not a rotary type. So for generating
a rotary magnetic field, induction motors require phase difference. In a split-
phase induction motor, the resistance must be there to create phase
difference however in these motors; the capacitor will make a phase
difference.

There is a truth that the current flowing throughout the capacitor guides the
voltage. In capacitor start & capacitor start capacitor run type motor, there
are two windings like the main & the starting.
In starting winding, there is a link within the capacitor thus the current
supplying within the capacitor guides the applied voltage through some
angle. These two motors include high starting torque so they are mainly used
within grinders, conveyors, compressors, air conditioners, etc

Shaded Pole Induction Motor

This is a self-starting 1-phase induction motor where one of the poles of this
can be shaded through the copper ring which is also called the shaded ring.
The main function of this ring in the motor is like a secondary winding.
This kind of motor turns simply in one specific way & the motor’s reverse
movement cannot be possible. In this motor, the power losses are extremely
high, the power factor is less & induced starting torque can also be extremely
low. The efficiency of this motor is poor due to its small design and low power
ratings. The applications of shaded pole induction motor include in small
devices such as fans, relays because of its easy starting & low cost.

This motor is used in hairdryers, exhaust fans, table fans, air conditioning,
cooling fans, refrigeration device, record players, projectors, tape recorders,
machines for photocopying. These motors are also used for initiating
electronic clocks as well as 1-phase synchronous timing motors.

What is an alternator?
The alternator is a generator whose purpose is to distribute electricity to the
car and recharge the battery. Outside of some hybrid models, all vehicles
with a standard internal combustion engine will have an alternator. About the
size of a coconut, the alternator is generally mounted to the front of the
engine and has a belt running around it.
The components of an alternator are geared toward providing the right type
and right amount of power to the vehicle. Your car’s charging system
contains many parts, but these are the main components and their functions:
Rotor and stator
The rotor and stator are the electricity-producing components of an
alternator.The rotor, a cylindrical piece surrounded in magnets, spins inside
of the stator, which holds a fixed set of conductive copper wiring. The
movement of the magnets over the wiring is what ultimately creates
electricity.
Voltage regulator
The voltage regulator oversees the power the alternator makes. It monitors
the level of voltage that is output to the battery and delivers power to the rest
of the vehicle.
Diode rectifier
The diode rectifier converts the voltage from the alternator into a form that
can be used by the battery to recharge.
Cooling fan
Alternators give off a lot of heat and need to be cooled to operate efficiently.
While they’re built with vents and aluminum casing to better release heat,
they’re also equipped with rotating fans for added cooling. New alternator
models have internal cooling fans, whereas older versions tend to have
external fan blades.

A rotor coil consisting of 30 series-connected turns, with a total resistance

of 1.56 Ω, is situated within a uniform magnetic field of 1.34 T. Each coil
side has a length of 54 cm, is displaced 22 cm from the center of the rotor
shaft, and has a skew angle of 8.0o. Sketch the system and determine the
coil current required to obtain a shaft torque of 84 N.m.