Professional Documents
Culture Documents
t'-\ D 1'1 U ,
FC)f~G ~1 S(JR.VB7 C)I-
GOVERNMENT OF IND.l..\.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Al ~)) ITOR}-:STS
(Department" of Forests and Wildlife)
. .
REPORT
'ON
FOREST RESOUROES OF
BANKURA DISTRICT' OF WEST BENGAL
Contents
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND fORESTS
( DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE)
REPffiT
ON
FOREST RESOURCES OF
B~NKURA DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL
Contents
CONTEN'TS
Contents
Para Page
-
I~ :
, .,~
General 3.1 21
Manu al Processing 3.2 21
Proce,asing on Unit record machines 3 .. 3 21
Processing on Electronic Computer 3.4 21
C a! cuI at i on of area 3.5 21
Tree Volume 3.6 22
Bark Volume 3.7 22
Cull Volume 3.8 22
Utility Volume 3.9 22
Volume Study 3.10 22
Genera! 'Volume Ec}lation 3.10.1 22
LOcal Volume Equation 3.10.2 23
Volume of,trees enumerated 3.10.3 23
Plot Volume 3.10.4 23
Volume per hectare by strata 3.10.5 24
St£4'ldard error 3.10.6 24
Tree density study 3011 24
Sal st.ratum 3.11.1 24
Miscellanerus stratum 3.11.2 24
Plantation stratum 3.11.3 25
Volume studies 3.12 25
Sal stratum 3.12.1 25
Contents
Miscellaneous stratum 3.12.2 25
Plantation ·stratum 3.12.3 ·26
Local volume tables 3.13 26
Contents
Pa:' a Paqe
•
fuel wood consumpt ion 6.5 41
I
Tot al deman d 6.6 '4 2
Wood bal'ance 6.7 42
~ovement of forest' produce out,side the District 6.8 43
Conclu sion .6. 9 43
CHAPTER-VII - ECOLOGICAL CHRNGES AND STATUS OF FLORA & FAUNA
Degree of disturbance and status of forests 45
Status of wild life
46
Contents
'LIST OF ThBlES
, i: Plant ation 74
i i
lIST OF MI\PS AND 01 fiG RflMS
._ _ .J ~.~ 1 fi _, Lt. ~..'
~. _'- M!3P Of., I~.~ia ( showing ;~-;i~~t--~t-;<;'in Belnkura District pf West Bengal _
;,;:,~--~. •....--
',<).\-.li_
........ I-Sc-~'a"(~·l,.;'15
·;s--,~t...........
i::J,:L.. t.000 , 000 ) ~.....___.
.!'.!:"I_ ' ~
.lI
. ,<k __.'-........ ~:.:!'£IL_
" ":';; •
ror~st ~urv;~y . ~f I~di,a ~1}_1{.~.nt.or.~ P!3sfr;ln. .:-. .., ~
3.
BankUraSdi strict "(: ·>showing ,roads- and rivers scal e 1" = 8 miles)
Bankura qistrict-C-;'shd~ing gfids and forest typai- soale 1:'250,000 )
BI\R CHtART .;.. r: . ~t ";1 <;
(b) Distribution
l"'"
o·r
...... _
total volume according to diar:n~ter
::_~ ":l' ~ ;;,... ... .;."
classes.
.j J
:f ._j ..
Contents
1" ... .: "!
P_;R_E_f_A_C_E
The hard work put in Illy all the field staff during tl")is inventory
and other staff of the ,zone dljring cOIrpilation and final preparat~on
of the- report is gratefully acknowledged. The help alJd cooperation
extended by the Forest Department of West Bengal and tho District
Authorities at the time of collection of v adou s dat a dUring the
inventory is also gratefully acknowledged.
( O. 8. Mi sr a )
DIRECTOR.
Contents
CHt\PTER-I
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The river Qamodar originates from Chotanagpur hills and enters Bankura
near village Shirpuranama in Salt6ra P. S. and flows in the south east ern
direc~ion covering PolIce Stations of Saltora, Mejia. Bernora, SonalTlJkhi,
~atrasay"er and Indus. Important tributaries at:e Bedai and Sali.
1.3 locatiom
0
. The o tra ct
·
dealt 0 with) lies t:!etween 23 ° 38' and 22 38' north latitude
and 6i 86 . 36 I and 87 46' east latitude and falls entirely under the
8ankura -Civil District of West Bengal.
Contents
~ 2 -
1.4.1 Geograohical area and forested area by district. and forest divisions
...I'
2.1.1 Tenporature:
Terrperature is maxilTl.Jrn in May and tlas a tendency to recede from June
onwards. A statement showing the maxirrUm ' and l1)inimum tSlJl)srature ( an
averaga of 25 years) is appended below s-
Contents
- 3 -
Year
1981 JSojn. Feb. March AQril --
Max:
Months
June Jul::l Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
'"'lax. 25.4 29.0 35.3 34.7 34.0 30.5 29.5 33. :3 32.5 34.0 31.0 26.3
Min. 12.9 16.0 19.7 22.8 24.0 26.0 25.3 25.5 24.9 21.0 16.0 12.8
2.1.2 Rainfall:
The norma;L annunl railfall of this district is 1320.1 m.m. The mean
annual and monthly distri buti on of raInfall (Average for a period of 20
years) is furnished below :
--------~--------------~-----------------
Months No.of rainy ~l!Iount of p'ercentage of the Rain fall per
days . rainfall tot al I' ai n f all in day in m. m.
in m-.m. - ,·the year
- - -' - - _. - - ~'- - - - - - - "_". - - - - - - - - - - - _. - - - - -
- ; - - -- --
January .98 9.46 0.,78 9.48
Febru ary 1.35 1,4.66 1.16 11.00
March 1.80 23.98 ~. 1.87 13.32
April 2.65 44.71 3.49 16.87
May 4.55 88.38 5.33 14.70
. June 10.45 206.38 15.54 19.74
July 15.50 269.12 22.18 17.50
4\ugust 16.00 252.40... 19.70 11.77
September 11.80 234.42 18.36 19.60
October fi.10 117.60 9.20 19.20
November 1.05 16.25 1.27 15.40
December 3.00 1.55 0.12 0.52
-----~-----------------------------------
..
It thore6.ore, transpires from the table that the actucil rainy months '
continues from June to September. In September average rainfall per day
is ~aXimum and the probability of having maxilTlJm rai!lfall in a day is 5~,
whereas in othor months i t is not more than 15%. .;
The area is tropical with humid climate and alternates with dry and
wet period. It is characteriseo by hot summer and high hum~dity spread
OVer long p'eriod with well dist-ributed rainfall during monsoon.
The summer heat is bpressive due to high moisture content in the air.
The weather is comfortabl e to pleasant during the winter season.
The monsoon starts from middle of June and lasts upto September.
During the period April &: May nox-th-western showers arB met with. Average
humidity: perc91")tage figures as collected from Rice Research Sub-station,
8ankura are , 9ive,n below :
Contents
- 4 .,..
January 70.82
February 61. 08
March 5'1.55
I\pril 49.55
I"lay 57.36
" ::June 67.03
July 76.76
August 77.63
September 76.41
October 72.64
November 67.66
December 69.68
-~~---------------------
"
further a st atemant of mean maximum and mini rTlJm reI ativ 8 humidity
percent ago for the ye,at: 1977 & 1981 is given cbelciw for corrparative study:
" 'r
------~--~--------------------------~-----
Yeer Months
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
-1977,
- -- --- - '. - - - - - - '_- - - - - -- -- - - - --- ~.- - - - -- - - - - - -
Max. 72 63
j.
67
.,'
~n.4 82.2 85.7 90.0 90.3 88
.88 P5 78
Min. 33 30 24 35.5 49.0 62.2 75.7 77.7 68.5 S5 49 37.5
, 1981 ~
2.2.1 Altitude:
, The project area is widespread between alluvial plains on the •. east·
and plateau of Chotonagpur on t~e west. The entire Bishnupur sub-division
and ,a part of Sadar sub-division may be described as plain land. The slope
gradually -becomos undulating towards the west and in. the oxtreme North-west
bordering Purulia and Midnapore District small hills also occur. The
altitudo hore vary between 150':m. to 450 m.
The following isolated pe,aks are obsorved on the wostern part of the
District:
;
Contents
- 5 -
2.2.3 I\spsct:"
Main aspect is south-east ~but in hilly portion all sort 5 of aspect
occur.
2 • 2. 4 51 oR e:
The elevati'on is pronounced in the north-West, C)nd the general slcpe
runs from 'north-wast to south-east, hence mest of the rivors also flow
towards south-east.
2.2.5 Drainage:
"The project aroa is well drained by" a number of rivers. Among the
principal rivers, Damodar flows along, the ·no.rthQrn part of the district and
separates 8ankura District from Burdwan :District while Kangsabati river _
originates from Jhabar hills of Haz;:lribagh District are runs",thrO!Jgh Purulf'a
district entering 8ankura district ?t Ambikanagar blhere Kangsabati Dam has
been constructed. The ,river OarakesWar, however, runs almost all along th~
district from west to sast.
..
The list of riVers flOllJif)g thro'ugh the district is given belo\l-' I
,- - ,- - - -- - - --- -
1. Dqmodar 89.5 Salt Drs, Mejia, Hilly countrY of River HooghlY
Gang ajalghatia; Chot an agpur 96 km. i,n Howrah"
Barjora, west of Ramgarh Oist'I'ict.
Sonanukhi, i. e. border of
Pat ralaYar. Bankura.
2. Sali 73.6 Gangajalghati, West ern part of Damcdar river
BClrjera, Gang aj algh ati at village
5 on amukhi. :P:S. Somsal in
lndpur P.S.
Contents
- 6 ....
4. 6.
- - - -.. - -
2. .3.
- - _, --- .
Contents
- 7 -
Precambrians include various types and grades of mica schists and gnoisses,
hornblond· schists, arrphibolites granulities, epiciJrites, quartzites dolomitic
and young8r basic intr2.\&.Sives. 'The Gondwanas cOfllJris8. of thick piles of
s?ndstone and shale with CDal seam·s. T~ards the end ·of t.he sedimentary"" <
:sequence, extrusions of RaJmahal trap occur with the associeted intertra-
ppeans. The tertiaries include sandstone, grevel, clay &;1d, s,emi-consali'"
dated sand. A general stratificatio" Df the racks in this di,strict is
indicated below :
Aecent Newer Alluvium
Su booR 8C ant to Older ~nuvium
Pl oi st ocene.
Ploistocene to Laterite
T.erti ary
Terti ary-Mi ocene Gritty ferruginous sand stones, ferr\lginous
shales and COarse yellowish sand stone
(occasionally) .with dicotyledonous fossil
wood and usually wit;_h a qU-artz gravelly
hori zon under-lain by c1 ay beds.
Unconformi ty
Rajmahal Dolorite (re18tod to flhA post Gondwana dykes
of R anigunj ·co a1 fiel d).
LoWer Gondwanas. Coarss foldspathic (occasionally ferruginous)
sandstones. reddish and greyish shales with
p18nt fossil.
Uncan formity
ilrcha an QUartz veins, Peg-matites, Gr~nite-:gneiss,
tlornblend ·schi ~t, talc-hornblende-schistsj
epidi orites, chlorit es, norit es, anorthosit 8S,
Carbon-phylTites, chlaritic magnetite schists,
dolomi t 8S, cry st al'line limest ones,
cC3logr anulit es, qu art zites and associated
rock. ;. <
.• ~. !to
Contents
8 -
China clay: number of good deposits of China claY have been identified
t(I.
from th~s district.o The depcsi~ of China cla~ cccur ~ithin
the -lab_tudes of 22 46' and 23 34' and longl.tudo 136 29'.
Occurrencos of China clay is recorded noar Jharikocha, also
near the fault zcne in the hillocks north-east of Bagjabra
and south-east of Peripathar.
Major part of. oOal doposit lie in tho east of Barak~r river
,!!ithin tre 8t@wan District ,with slight extent;ion.- to Bankura.
Dol omit 0: Crystaline doloml.tic limo~tcne occUr in the neighbourhocd
of Harirarrpur village, Guniada hil.locks and Champabaf'i.
Minoral Occurrences of carbon pryllite have been recorded in th@
pigments: K.asai river near the Kangsabati dam. They Can be probably
u sed in Paint industry.
11101 fr ami t 0; In West Bengal, there are two known cccurrences of
Wolframite both located in the south-western parts of the
Bankura Qistrict viz. one around Chhendapathar village and
tho other near Porapahar. fit P·orspahar tangsten ·oro is
detected as disseminated grains and patches in the two
~artz veins but rio regular deposit has been fcund.
Detailed investigaticns have SO far failed to prove
anything worthwhile.
Crystals of g;:trnet have beon reported to occur in the
district.
Magnetito It occurs interlaminated with qt.J<'\rtzito and gneise near
oros: Biharinath hill and Porapahar.
. Mica: Occurronco of small sheaths of ruby mica or ordinary Mica
has been reported from Kaduri and PirI'abani in Bankura
District.
Talc&: Occurrences of this mineral has' been reported from Matgoda,
Stoatite' Maule, ~udiha and Punchpathar o f this District where they
are quarried. . -
Varfnicul1te: Occurrences c f this mineral has been reported frSlm Pu bayen
in Bankura District.
2.3 • .3 Soil:
BroadlY spoaking, Bankura has three distinct typos of soil - Red soil,
LaterJ._tes and I\l+uvial. As one proceed from east to west of tho district
a regular sequence from floed plarns alluvium to pure lateritic soil is
noticed. f\lthough the process of laterisation is vivid allover the
di-strict the soils cannot be grouped either as true laterite or oven
l'atoritic soil. Red soil OccUr in the margin of hills which differ from
1 ateriti9 soil in having higher 8xchangeable cal ctillm and comparatively
higher silica allumina· ratio. The brot.Jn seil which is also of c ommon
occurrence is mainly derived from rocks liko sandstones, granite ~nd
-schists of both calcareous and non-calcarious nature •
...
3.0 Land use pattern and ass(lss_"!~flt of condition of lend. erosion st~tU6 etc.
The land utilisation pattern of th e district is not a con st ant f'eature.
It change s with years. Waste lands are r e claimed every year;. Roads,
bu~ldings and new const ructions are continuous.ly comi~g up. f'1ore and more
areClS are :be ing taken up under double cropping.
Contents
- 9 -
District
- - - - -- -
) - - --
", E • IA. fI ct L.R.-/\ct
.-
Total
- - - - -- ,-
IIrea of land
- - -
(in h·a. ) (:in ha.) (in hat ) <lJailable for
-, distribution
_
--- -_ - _-
(in ha.),
--- .:.. - -- -- - _ "':"
Bankura _
14185.11 1900.92 16086.03 4284.47
- - - - - - - - - - - - _' - - -- --- - - - '-
The process of -flood end, wind erosion and the process of deposition
of the or oded materials aro two dinstinct aspects of the problem of soil
erosion. lIhen erosion takes pl~ce in a particul fir region, the soil _robbed
of- its wealth gradually becomes pocrer and poerer. Deposition of erOded
materials like silt can enrich lands on lower reaches rut thEi phenomenon
is not necessarily beneficial everywhere. Constant silting up of the beds
of rivers' obstruct their- easy flow. The-De_modar has been ~hOcked up ,to a~
great extent by sand aggregation. §uch det!:ay of a river system adversely
affeCts agriculture, health. commerce and ~ communication ,in the riverain
tracts. SoiJ'; erosion even thrqat_ens, to 'silt u'p' 'the ~eseI'voirs, barrages
and channEils constructed under v?ris>us river valley projects which indicate
the great importance of soil conservation measures.
Contents
- 10 -
Contents
11 -
Liri<ages between peripheral rural areas and town centres are not
adeqUate. The limited access of rural people to prodUct,ive resources,
social services, public facilit-ies, markets for agricultural cornncdities
as well as consumer gCC:_ds perpituates rural poverty. The frail lin~ge
among settlements in the interior areas makes the spread of development
from urbani sed contre slow -and uncertain.
5.0 Forests:
5.1 Classification by tyges & vegetations
The inventory -re$Jlts of the district have shewn tbat the present
vegetation of the' area consists of the following types: : -~
Contents
1 'if .• '" ~t . r 1. .
1. Aroa containing· 'prodcmin3ntly Sal F-oj"Ost. Here Shoroa robusta
ccntains almost 86% -of tho crepe ·Othe. impcrtant associatos have
boon found to be Madhuca 1 ati foli a, Diospyros mel anoxylon, 8uctihania
latifolifj, Tsrminelia tomontosa, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia
chebula, Syzygium cumini, IIIstonia scholeris, Aegle mermelos,
Lagerstroemia parviflora, Butaa frondo§8 etc. This Sal forost can be
cl assi fiep. as Northern Tropical Dry Do.c,iducu s F-orest sundar Ch_alTpion
& Seth's ~lassification.
2. firoa containing mainly mi scellanecus species wi th scattered Sal or
Sal being totally absent. The miscellaneous species found mainly in
tho· area aro Terminalia tomentosa, ~ladhuca latifolia, D!-ospyrcs
mol anoxyl on, Bu ch an8nia 1 ati folia, AegIs mrrmelos, A zadiracht a indica,'
Syzigium cumin! i, .Terminclia bel erica, Terminali a chebul a, Semecarpu s
an aCr:lrdium, Hollarrhsna antidys(3ntEl~ica etc-.
4. Areas ccntaining scrubs and b~anks with thorny and bushy vegetation
like ~upatcriumt Combrotum, ?£zyphus etc •. with ~r without small and
scattered trees' o.f stu!"lted groUlth.
Stratificaf 'icn~
... ."_' ".
Thru8 .~{§~·.i'r'i_~ti, ~tra.ta nafl!oly Sal, Mi~cerleJJe()us af\f71,Pl_antatfcn Can
be identifi'ed ,in th~ p:roject area. From the 'scrub ,and blank 'aroas, no
outturn can be expactE!d- 'in near: fut'uro'. As ,sucn, it h-as not b6en
considered as a distinct strata and has been eXCluded from grOWing stc.~
esti mation.
5.3 Legal'status:
The fcrest areas belonged to old Zamindars in the past but with the
intrOduction' (if· Estate Al'Jquisition (tct and fixation of land ceiling, a
remarkable change teak place loading to abolition of intermediary rights.
4\ccordingly, practically all the big ' holdings Wer6 transforred to the
Forost Dep artment in several stages by way of taking Over of the samo .
under section 10( 2) of EA 1953. Gradually step.s were taken to declare
those forests as protocted aT'ld 'reserved. The statement shOWing the
pre~ont Division-wiso legal position is given belcw :
Name of the
- -- - -
Total 'reserved
- - - - - - - - - - - - Total -other
Total protected
---
Total
- -~ - - -
Division. fo;r-est(in ha .. ) forests( in ha.) forests(in ha.) forosts of
the Div ision
(in ha.)
- - - - - - - - -5490.92
BankL1ra NorHi
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
611,213.5.3 8777.55 74,482.00
Bankura South 700.77 58 t 965.15 5409.51 65,075.43
--- - - -6191.64
-- - - -- - - - - ---- - - - - - -
Total
• - - ._, - 1,19,178.68
-
-1 '4, 1 8 7. 06 1,39,557 .. 43
~. - -: -- - - - .... - .- ~
- - 1- - -
-.~ -
Contents
(orest,s are scattered over 'about 2000 numbers of [V]oujas. Decl aratiol"!
of the entire forests as reserve is taking time dLie to various local rights
'and demands as' wall as va::-ious. CAS(:lS filed in, the matter ir.' various Courts.
Further, classification 0;" forest l'~nd is still to be finally decided in
cert ain areaS by th e ,sett.1 sm,ent auth pri ti 85.
The ,t :r:ibals heVe beer) allowed to :~ollect free of charge the 'following
forest produces. 'from the forests : ."~~
-:'l!""
2. Such free permHs are to be'issued to two p';3~~onk per tribal house-
hold' s:i.tuated in or around the forest aroa.
'3. The Scheduled 'Tribe and Scheduled Caste, families occupying the
rGserve and protocted forest L'lnd for a pretty long time before
AugUst," 1977, would be assigned pat'tas upto an area not exceeding
one acre per house-hold, ·after screening by a duly appointed corrrilH:tee.
Contents
14 -
In addition to tho uses.of forost produce free of' charge for denm8tic
consUlTlption, the tribals havo a189 been .. allowed -seme ccncession in the
mattor of trado _of forest produce~ Mor\op_oiy rights. of ~ol~'~ction of I('entlu
leaves, Sal seeds and their primary proce~sing have been given to TribalJf
Cc-operative Societies. In certain areas they hal.{9 also been allowbd
coupe operation, Cashew nuts collection etc. in fi~~od - rate. IIpart from
these, tri-bals havo also been given priority in casual 8fllJloyments in
forest areas. '
Tot a1 :- 1, 33,647.86
..
'
The total forest area of tho district as per rGcc::rd of Working Plan
is 1,39,452.56 ha. out of which 1,33,647.86 hat is covered Illy Working Plan
prescription. The aroa, therefore, not cevered by Working Plan is
5, !304.?O h a. Which represent s mostly encroached ferest land Ef'ld forest
land ditrerted far other purp o~es.
Contents
15 -
5.6.:5 £xploitation~
In Sal coppice !lforldng Circ).e since the aim is to prcduce poles for
domestic and other 'con surrption end p. oles of ' 10. em. diamet~r are considered
adequate fC! Slich purposes, ,the rotation is fixed on 15 years, by which time
the average crap of the COUpe is e)(jJBctsd to reach 10 cm. diameter. The
actU~l coupes are sold"in aUcti:o n or departmentally operated in which the
exist'in<,3 coppice shoots are cut almost flush to the grrund , oEf'ld .exploited
tg~.; .IT1eet the local demand
~:.~ .... ,.t.'.~ 't.,~
of both poles
...~:':!. . _: .. ..,... ,',
and fir9dood~
. ~ ..
" ~. " 'to ' •
Contents
- 16.-
f\ s 3 per inventory resL.ilts, maximum volume per hat has b~en found to be
132.4 m in s81ec~ed forest areas of Sonamukhi range. In Ranibl.lndl-i ratige
volume of 102.5 m/ha. has b!1-en found. In Joypur range in a sizeable
portion volume of 50 to 70 m..J per he. has bee~ foundL In Bishnupur, the
highest vOlu~e recorded, per ha. has beon 30 m. In Taldangra range volume
upto 35'.44 m per ha. has been noted. In general the .ranges Saltera,
Jatipahari, Baddiha, lndpur and Khatra censist of pOor forest areas.
L In 8eliatore. range volumo upto 39 m3/ha. tias been found.
Contents
17 -
Number of '~tem5 per ha. has also "een fcund to - be high in certain
plots of SonallUkhi, Beliatore;(, :Joypur ahd RanitiJndh ranges. The analysis
of the feiling coupe data'indicate that maxiltlJm number of ,exploitable poles
fr'om the coupe is 'found to be as high as 2000 stems per he. MaxillUm value
of coupes per he. has been found to be as high as Ra. 16,000/- per ha.
MW 9 5: Photographs:
There are aboot 12 tqJoshsets CCQering the project area ~s belC\IJ s
----------------- -~-
,Infrastructures
'" good net work of metalled roads traverse the forests of this
division. These roads help 1n movement of forest produce to 8"\d from ita
railhead depots, st atiened in Bishnupur, Sonarrukhi. Pea;:doba and Bankura.
Natne of irrportent roads are given bel~ I
Contents
- 18 -
Saw Mills aI'S .observed to be the main woed based industry of the
district. DLtring the course .of inventory it Was est'imated that there are
about 20 Sokol Mills .in the area. The largest Saw Mill being Sarongs Saw
• rlill with ~ annual ins~ailed capacity of 1273.93 m3 and the smallest Saw
Mill has an annual installed capacity of only 42 m3• The average capacity
of the Saw Mill is 8stlmat ed t·o bs:500 m3/ annum:
CCiITTnon species u sed aI'S Shorea robUst at Manqifera indica, 80mbax caiba,
Ficus bengeiensis, Terminalia aritJna. i\mong these species again Sal is
most commonly used. "" geod percentage 9f Sal logs ccme from outside state
like Bihar end Orissa.
Contents
- 19 ~
C H ~ PTE A ~ II
2.:3 Mooping:
Photo-interpr"et ation maps for' the area Was not aV ail able. Ground
i~ventory Was carried out bi) th~ basis of Survey of India toposheets of
1 ,s- 50,000 SCale as indicat~d in para 7 of Chapter"':I.
The standard design fo.r ground inVentory work p'repared boY forest,
Survey Of India was adopted.
'The methOdology fer markin'g the plot centres of these s8/Tl)le plots
on the m~ in each
;'.
grid of 2ttf x 2t"
is as under I
The selected random n~mbers from random number table gives the
c~ordinat8 of the longitude ( Y-axis) and latitude ( X - axis) of the
sarrple pl at. The 5 - W corner of 2tf X 2!" grid is t ak en as the origin
and the' distance on X - axis and Y-axis is read and the point is marked
on, the cross section which gives the plot centre of the first plot.
To lOcate the second plot centre the f1rst plot centre is joined with
the grid, cent.rs and the line is extended in the opposite direction. A point
is marked at an eq,Jal dist ancs' in th e opposite direction of the grid centre,
which will be the second plot centre. .
Contents
- 20 -
Strict observance of these in struct ions Was ensured during the course
of inventory. The data collected Was to be filled in the following forms J
-"_ - - - - -- -- - --- - - - - - - - - - .- -
s. No. Typ a of fiel d form Doscripticn
Contents
- 21 -
C HAP T E R - III
OATl\'l\NAlYSIS
3.1 Gene.]."al~
(i.e thomatic maps o"f the district were not available, the area of the
forest, the Various strat a and other class ified groups could no t be
demarcated an-(j estimated accurately.
The total forest area of the district- Was obtained from the Divisicnal
forest' 0 fficers of North and south Divi si ons. The estimations of areas o f
~eol"lhl:l.e di fferent strat a a nd other classified groops have been calculated
proportionately from the total forest area cn th e basi S of number of s2!~l a
Contents
- 22 -
plots ralling in each stratum or classified group. These areas have been
shown in v'arioos tables given in the subse~ent chapters. These areawise
brea<-ups ..are ~proximate: and have more of indicative value. They de
not claim st atistical preci sian.
Volume Study:
'"Tres Volume st udy:
No trees wet'e felled fer construction of volume eqUations. The volume
equation for Shorea robusta ( the major growing species of the area) was
developed based .on the data COllected from the State Forest Department.
Regarding other species it was decided that the volume equation constructed
for Ranchi District would be used in the present inventory in view of the
fact that the veget atian of both the areas exhibit very little variation.
Contents
._ 23 -
_ ...... ------ .-
-------
Species EqUation
,~tcgeissus latifolia
2
V/0 H = 0.45110 + d.00161/0 H
2
2 2 2
ium cuminii V/0 H = 0.3750 0.001154/0 + 0.0077689/0 H
II/02H, = 0.55615 - 0.00523S'S/02H
/ '
vShorea. robusta
2
V/0 H = 0.:36701 2
O.0040134/0 H
~swellia
/'
serrata
2 2 2
V/0 H = 0.43527 - 0.0018469/0 + O.0057489/0 H
.../r ermin al i a toment 0 sa V/0 2H = 0.42823 O.002149/0 H
2
2
Aest of the species V/0 H = 0.50894 0.0019764/0 + O.0078117!02H
3
V = Volume under bark in (m )
o = Over bark diameter (m) at breast height
H = Height of the tree in (m)
Contents
24 -
Contents
- 25
- -- - - _' - - _. - - -
_ -. ___ - - _ - ____ .____ -~%.-occurrence
Sp sci Eis
_ - - - - - --
1. Buchnania latif,olia 3.6
2. Dio~yros mel ancxylon 5.1
3. Madhuca latifolia ' ~.6
4. Sherea robus~a 63.4
" 5. Termihalia tomentosa 7.8
~ - -- - - - - - - - - "_ - - ---- - - .- - - -
3.11.:3 P lent ation st ratu m:
The density of st~m per hect,are is 155.?05. This -indicate a
, {jeglmeratQd status of the crop in general. However, it is observed tnat
in certain areas the density of crop is as high as 680 starns/he. This
·v ariatioll -is mostly due to biotic interferenco whose de,gred vary from area
,,-to area •.,
- -
Regarding the percent.age occurrence of various diameter c1 asses it is
"seen that 80.5% of the stems are in diameter class ( 5-9 ) cm. eIld 18.~
in ( 1fJ-:.19.) cm. and rest falls in diameter class ( 20-29 ) c[l1. " '
- tA' close stUdy of the table leads ,-to the following _ deductions I
Contents
- 26 -
Table Ne.1
--
-Oia. - - - ------
Ancgeisus Syzygium
- - -"_dina
- - - - - Shoroa
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ - - -
80sWeilia Terminalia Other
Class latifolia ~rninii eordi- rcbu st a serrata tomentosa species
t folia.
--------- - -. - - - - - --
5-9 D.014 0.011 0.110 0.016 0.005 0.009 0;010
10-19 0.118 0.074 0.131 0.104 0.087 0.099 0.(\97
20-29 0.451 0.267 0.519 0.'373 0.376 0.384 Q.382
30-39 1.003 0.58.5 1.177 0.817 0.872 0.859 0.858
40--49 1.776 '1.027 2.103 1.435 1.574 1.523 1.527
58-59. 2.770 1.593 3.~98 2.228 2.481 2.377 2.3~7
60-69 3.984 2.284 4.762 3.195 3.595 3.420 3.438
70-79 5'.419 3.099 6.'494 4.336 4.916 4.652 4.682
8~B9 ~.074 4.038 8.496 5.651 6.442 6.074 6.117
90 "+ B• 95 0 5 • 1 02 1 O. 765 7.141 8.174 7.685 7.744
Contents
27 -
C H I{i. P . T E R - IV
4.1 Gsneral:
IArea in ~
- - - - - - - -
ha. occup led ,by crap of
-- - -, .. - - - ~- - - --- -
Area accu- Total Percen-
d.b.h. densit:t: pied by area tage of
Peor Medium Good young in ha. tc:;tal
(~.3) (.3 to .7) k.7 .....) crop •
.:...
- --- --- - .- - - - - - - - - - --- ---
10 ems. 22587.39 27497.69 1964.12 ,~'623 .. 27 72672.47 52.18'
10-19 cms. 3928.24 19641.21 3928.24
'. ,.."
...1".:
27497.6,9 23.53
20-29 cms. 3928.24 10802.65 14730.89 .12.61
39 ems. and 1.964.12 ,1964.12. 1~68
abcve
- --
Total 1
---- - - . - - - - - .- - -
- .;..
324°7.99 57941.55 58 9 2.'\.36 20e23~27 116865'.17 1(10.00
% of total
-27.73
- - -49.58
-- - -- --
~~" : .
-_ ".
- '"- - -
5.04 17.65 100.00
area. :,.
- .- -- - - - -- - .- - _. - - -
In coppice forest it is aftem difficult tb separate the maltreated
and damaged crop from the cr.oP of,.young regeneration. Due to continuous
and freq.Jent cutting the coppice ~hoqts are not allowed to grow and are
maintained at regeneration state. A ,scrutiny of the extent of ar€a felled
under coppice regeneration for the l~st three years shows that an area of
~proximately 1423 ha. is felled annually. It can thus be reasonably
expected that an area of 5692 ha. can be t'aken as maltreated and damaged
crop which has been maintained at regeneration stage due to perpetual and
frequent cutting of coppice regrowth. Also an extent of approximately
, 5892 ha. of plantaticn has been found to contain young pI entation crop.
thus the extent of damaged crep of Sal, within the young crcp shewn in the
above table, would be ~prQximately 9039 ha. Thus th'e extent. of damaged
and poor density crop is ClJprmximately 414~7 ha.
Thu!S the t:otal area of approximately 64034 ha. of for est has become
damaged and scrub. This covers almost 46% of the total forest area.
Contents
- 28 --
Sustained yield can be expected only from the crop with medium to
gOOd densityand the young crop wi th proper prcitection. The balance area
with poor density and .damcjged young crop is not expected to' provide .any
yield in n~ar 'futUre 'arid appro,.,:date protection, reh abilit at ion 8ld
irrprovem8f1t of stocking is required in this area thrrugh plantation
activities .arid ~propr*at8 sflviciJltural cperations.
P redcmin arat
- - - - - - - .- - - - - - - -Area
Area occupied by crop
- --
occu- Total
- -.--
Percent age
d~ biB. of density pied by area of tot al
Poor MedilJm Good young
«.3). (.3 - • 7) ~. 7 .) crcp
---~-------------------------
1.0 cms., 1659~.02· 15;712.96 1954.12 14730.90 ,49103.00 62.50.
'10-.:19 cms. 3928.24 1.1--784.72 2946.18 18559.14, 2:3.75
20-29 cms. 2946.18 6-874;42 9820.60 12.50
'30 cmSe &, 982~07 9a2.07 1.25
abo\} e.
_.' - _"'_ -
24551.51 34372'.10 4910.30 14730.90 78564.81 100.00'
- - -..,_
p'erCentag B.
-~- ----- -- - - ~
_'.- -~ --- -
Thi.J~ C ,approximately 31 % of the stratum contains crop of poor density.
Only about 50% of the crop contains density ranging from medium to goed •
• Almost p3% of -the.ar~a ccntains crop of predominant diameter- less than 10
ems. As e:xplained in para 4.1 approxirr.ataly 9039 ha. of young crop is in
a. per.petLial state of rogeneratiOn dL!e' to continuous maltreatment. This
crq:> cannot be subjeQted tq (!:~lcitatiGn imnediately. Thus as total area
of 33590~51. ha .. c.3nnot· be ~>plJitei:l in near fUtUre which constitute 42.76%
of the .oxist:l_ng Sal crop.
3
IAv(.'rage volume pSI' ha. in this stratum has been found to be 14.636 m
( 3.12 ) ... The total grOWing stock is thus 11,49,874.5 m3 in thd Sal
stratum.
Contents
- 29 -
Predcminant
- - -- - - - - --
-Area cccup i ad by crop of
- - - - -krea
-- ---
occu-
---- --- ---
Tetal 'Percentage
d. b. h. density pied by area of to'tal
Pear Medium Geod stook young crop area.
(.c. 3) stock' f.>.7 )
( • 3 ~ .7)
Total:
- - ---
1964.12 7856.48 982.06 10802-66 100.00
- - --- - - - - - -
Percentage
of total · 18.18 72.73 9.09 100.00
---- - - - - - - - - - - - "_ - - - -
Thus cpproximately 1~ of the arBe ccnt~ins crop of p o or density and
approximately 82% of the area cent ain medium to ·gocd density with the
predominant dob.h. ranging fI't;Jm 10 cms. to 30 ems,
. ,. -..~. ,. , 3·
The averag·e vOlume/ha. in this str<3tum has been found to· be 24. 4 323 M 0
Contents
-3D-
The trees in the diameter class 1(~20 em. tiave been found to be
Eucalyptus. Acacia 'aU riculifcrmis' and ~lstonia scholaris.
'!\nnu 81 yiel'd: .
......
4.3.1 Area under Dr,e:sent maoagemenq
The forest area of tho district ismanagf§lo undor a prescribed working ,
plan. Out of the total forest area of 1:39452.56 ha. ( as r8corded in W.P.)
an area qf '133647~B6 he. has been cov~red by Werking' Plan prescription.
The balance area of 5804.70 has been shown as mestly encreached forest land
and 1 and diverted for ott, P.,I' purposes.
The s~rub and blank area of 22587;39 ha. can be planted' up- with quick
grOWing species. ,tA p ortion _or'the area under plantation stratum containing-
pcor dansitY,crcp een also be' e?<ploi'ted in shorter rotatiihn of five years
inmediatsly for improvement of the density Df the crop. Th,8 remaining-
area of plantation be exploited on a cycle of ten years.
Contents
Thus area availc!ble for plahtation annually can be as follows ,_
Item
~ - -• - -
- - - - - -str:;tum - - - - - Tot
-Scrub - - ,.- ~l
Sal Misc. Plantation fcrest
POOl' Geod
.. - - at c.ck st c ck
- - - - - _' ....
•
Tot 81 area 7856.49 1964.12 5592.36
a!J ail abl e for
plantatIon in
hect aI'S.
Convorsion 11 10 5 10 10
period in. C cutting
years. c y cle)
~.
Tti'e' annu al yield, expected from diff e rent stratum as indicat sd through
the p resent invent. o~y is as f~11ow 5 S:-
- - - - - - _- -
d.b~h.
- - _ , (.3 t o :-7) ')..7 )
----- - , ..-&
- - -- -~-
:..
--- - .- - - - ...
10' e ms. JA£ea 15712.96 " 1964.12 5692.00
Vol./ha. 17.02 17.8
10-19 ems. Area 11784.72 2 946.18
Val./he. 38.87 41.12
20-30 ems. Area 6874. 42
Vol./h e . 41. 80 _ _
........ -
_
--
.- -
34372.1 0
- - - - -
49 10 .. 30
_.. _ 56 92.00
.- - - - - - - -
If the rot ation is fix e d at 15 y e ar s which .i s expect e d t o pr oduce
a d.b.h. of 10 ems., t h e annual cut ar e a in th e v a ri ous typ es of a r ea woyl d
be a s f ollow s $- ....... '
Contents
.... 32
- -.- -- - _'_ -
Medfum
- - Good Yeung Total
den sHy' density crop area
-------------_._---
Aroa of annual 2291.47 327.35 379.47 2998.29
cut in ha.
Thu 5 th'e annu al cut area of 2998.29 !:'la. will include area which will
contClin predcminant d-:b.h~' V_arying frem .8*£" 10 ems. to 30 ems. and above.
Thus while calculating expected yield weighted average volume have b€en
e:alculat.ed foI' areas of medium densi ty and geod density from 'the vClume/ha.
given above, for different d. b.h. classes. It is presumed that the youl19
crop will, on maturity, contain goed density. Then thE) yield from the
annual cut area will be as follows ~-
'. - - .- -_ - _ ,
"
4.3.4.2 i'lis'cellaneous stratums
The areas of medium and good stock existing in the stratum is as
follows ;--
"
Pr,edomint;(lt
. .. . -
- ..;._
d. b.h •
.
Area in ha. &ith c~op density Good stoel<
.... ~
.._,',
( medium stcck ) , .~",•.
- ~- -- ~---~--:,;...--;...
Tctal s-
- _- - - - - -
~ - :~ ~ -
7856.48 982.06
.- _, - - - - ..,;..- ~ -- - - - -- -
It is seen that ·the maj ority of the area .ccntain pol e crop s of
10-20 ems. and the, species compqsition shows that the pred ominant species'
ars Aegle mSlrmalos. Diospjros melanoxy1cn, Madhuca latifolia, Terminal'i§
tomentosa, Te rminali? chebula, Terminalia belerica beSides oAnogeissus
latifolia, HOlarhena antidysenterica etc. which are species h aving 10ea1
ifC\?ortance because of their value as producers of mirier forest prcduca.
Thu s yield will .n ot be' av ail abl e in th 8 inroedi at e futu reo They shou Id be
Work e d on a longer rot atidn for timbe r a nd minor forest prpdu·ce.
Contents
33 -
'p~f1- .
The area _of density req._Jir-e8 to be restocked as qUickly as possible which
will I'eqUlr~ felling. '1 f this area is restccked in a span cf five years
the annual cut in the plantation area and the yield eXpected will b~.. ~s
follow s ,_ . pl..... -,.
- - - - - -' - _,_ ,
- ~ - -- -.~ ~ --- ~
Total ~rea "rea with medium stock and young Atea w'ith poor stock
of Pla"1ta- -0; crep
tion. Area in Rotation Annual cut Area in Cut back ~nnu al
hectare' in years in hectare . hectare cycl~
years.
in cut
_' - - - - -- - - -' -- --
- ..... ~-
-- .
-Item
- - - - - - - &-
Timber
---
-
FiI'ewcC'd Total
- - -timber -
PUl~wood
..:. -
pole ( m3 )
(m 3 ) & pole (m 3 ) (m ).
--- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -' - - - - - --
tAveraye outtu-rn 58429.66 81439.00 1·39868.,6' 11682.7.7
-- - - -- - -. - - - "":' ,... - - - - - - ~
---
Bes~des 'the above _o.!:!,tturn of fireWoed local people also collect
firewood· from the forest in the fOl:m of drysticks, Kukat jhati, stumps,
tops and branches of troes, barks etc. TI1e88 produce are generally c_ollect-
ed on the basis 0 f h-ead 1 Dads and cart loads. Althcugh ~all the records of ..
s'.lch permit Were not available in all the Ranges, available records
indicate that approximately 17772. m3 of firewood in the above mentianed~
categories are removed from the forest annually by the local people. Thus
the total outturn will be as fbl'l_ows $-
Contents
- 34 -
- - '_ - - - - - - - - ~ ' - ~ -f -irEllilood
-Timber - - ----------------
'Pul~"'OOd
& pole
r.rOnl coop e Removad by (m )
(",3) 'hsadload etc.
- - - - - - .'_ - - - - - - ~
- -~ - -- -
~V8rag8 81439.00 17772.00 99211'.00 1.1682.71 169323.43
out tu rn
per ,annum • .
- '_ .... - - - -- _' - -._ ~ -- -~- -- - - - -- - - - --- - - -~ ~
,Scrub and blank area of 22587.39 ha. aftar planting with, ~prqlriate
~ick growing, species is expected to yield a volume of about 90349.56 '
at the rata of 4 m3 /ha. per annum which 1s the M.A.I. of well grown cI"Id
good, stocked crql in th 8 area. "
9039 he. of dam~ed ~al crop with predominEllt d.b.h. 10 ems. will give
a yield of 19157.86 m for €I' annual cut of 602.60 he. at the rate of
31.792 m3/he. which is the yield from a wellustockad area.
Also, if 'the existing medium density crop arB all converted to good
density crcpt the yield from the Sal stratum will 'be 95321.64 m3 at the
present, rate of felling.
The total Vield would thus be :-
-Scrub
- - - and _. - - - - - - - -
- - -Damaged
Item Sal area Existing Present expl6- Total
blarik area wIth d.b.h.10 cm. pOl ant at ian ·..i~~lli are.a
of Sal
- - - - _" - - - .,- - - - - - -.- - :... - ._ - - -, - - - - -. - '_ - - - - - -
- ~-
Yield in 90:349.56 19157.86 ·109990.80 45:321.64 215819.85
- - _..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
m3
. _..
,.
_
'
IF" · ' . _ .
Contents
- 35-
C HAP T E R '- ~
Detailed analysis of tho tar'rain was nct done an.d the pres~nt study
Wes made with the limited cbjectives to determine the followings s-
1) Cest involved in the vericus, stops of harve~ting of various
categori.Els of fc~est produc 8.
2). Comparisc.n of the "'ost prices cf varicus c~tegories of prcduce.
3) To examine the present logging pr n ctic8S end Suggosticns, if any.
Contents
- 36 -
s~s by local labcurers with crthodax implements. Cross cut saWs are
sometimes used for· fel·ling of trees- t9 minimisa the wastClge. Modern
scientific Il)sthOd of falling and logging is practic81-ly absent in t~e area.
i"linirrum labour wage rate fixed for unskiilad forest . \/Jorker is Rs.8.58
par day, but. Elxperienced and seasoned hand whel'1..employed on daily wage
basis demand a wage varying fro ,a Rs. 10/- t.o 14/- aday_ It has, howGver,
been s~en that when the work~· are done on contract basis, a goed worker
Can easily earn Rs. ~5/- a day.
Contents
37 -
3
TimboI' - Rate per m
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- Ysar Felling, . logging Carr'iage upto read Sawing on the basis of
.., & debarking (m 3 ) side by cart m3/km. finished saWn t imber/m3
Rs. Rs. Rs.
- --- - - ._ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1950 6.25 6.00 25.00
1955 10.00 7.00 27!Op
1960 14.00 10.00 35.00
1965 17.50 15.00 35.00
1970 27.00 20.00 40.00
1975 35.00 25~00 5Q.00
1976 35.00 25-.00 50.00
19B2 70.00 85. 0 0 105.00
- - -- - - - - - - '- - - - '-
- - - - - -
Sal Poies - R-Rte f1er 10'0 No s.
.,.
- - - - -Felling
-Year - -"_ -
&
- - - - - - - - -
Carriage uptd
- -- - -- .;..
1950
- - -
3.00
- - - - - - ._ - - ~ - - --
3.00 8.00 12~00 15.00
.1955 5.00 5.00' 12.00 17.00 20. 0 0
1960 B~OO, 8.00 27.00 ' 22.00 25.00 ,
1965 12.00 9.00 19.00 25.00 26.00
1970 18.00 10.00 20.00 26 .. 00 30.00 .
1975 20.00 14.00 22.00 28.00 35.00
1976 20.00 15.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
1982
- -- -
60.00
- -
40.00
- - -
_ ._ 60.00 75.00 90.00
" - - - - - - - - - -- -
3
firewood - Rate per stack of 1.12 m /40.5 c. f .t.
Year
--- - -- - - -
- - - -
- -, - - - - - - - - -
~felling,cutting Carriage by
- - - - - .-
Carriag e by truck to nearest Rail
- - - .- -
'So st acking cart by km. head depot. capacity 480 cft.
Upto 5 km.~ Upto 15 km. Upto 25 km.
R s. Rso Rs. R s. - R s~
-- - - -
1950 1.50 1.75 3.50 4.00 5.25
1955 1.75 2.00 .4.5 0 5.00 6.00
-1960 2.00 2.50 5.00- 6.00 7.00
1965 2 .• 30 2 .. 75 5.50 6.50 7.50
1970 2.40 3.00 5.00 7.00 B.OO
1975 2.5[l 3.75 6.25 7.75 8.75
1976 2.60 4.00 5.25 8.00 9.00
1982 10' .00 10.00 12.00 15.00.
- ---- - -. -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
N.8. The sharp increase in the rate of all forest working between the peri od '
-- - - -
17.50
1976 to 1982 is dUe·to steep rise in the labcur wage rat e and accele-
,_rated increase in t(le cost of petrcleum products.
Contents
- 38 -
Tho follo..ring tables given belGw· will depict the past and curront
market pri cas of polos and different diameter c1 asses:
Contents
39 -
Contents
40 -
C HAP T E R - VI
CONSUMPirON StUDY
Data was ccllected eithar by direct on~iry in the fiald cr from the
records of the Forest Departmont in tho district. The informaticns Wero
coll~ct·ed and analysed mainly on tho foll.ewing parameters :_
( a) Woodccn surrption by large industries.
( b) Wood· con surrpt ion fc,r cottage and small
sC<;11e indu st ri8s.
V(c) Wood con su qJ t i un for tf"le const ruction
ct'l d rep air s of the houses.
V(d) WOod cen surrp fion for agricultural
illlliemente.
V (8) Wood con su rrpt ien for furniture making.
0· ~) Wood consumpticn for fUel Wood requirement s~
A regular supply of raW materials from the forests under the control
of the Department in this district is maintained to the Various Paper Mills
locnted in Calcutta and Ranigunge. In addition as evident from records of
Stat e forest, some minor qU anti ty of timber as is avail able from the. forests
is also slipplied to the SaW Mills cf the district as per details given
below:,;"
1.
---------~
Peper Mills
---- ~
Contents
- 41 -
IA s~le sU:N,ey Was carr iad aJt to find out the exact ~anti ty of
wood used for construction of now houses and it is found that a heuse. under
the project area needs about 0.677 m3 of wood for new constrlfa:IOi1.--
,Considering the rate of new houss construction to be 3.01% (as per analysis
of data Obtained' from sample sUrvey), the total wood required for
construction of neW hoo ses wcrks out to be 8069.56 m3 • Fur-thor, it is
as~med that r~airs of Wood material of the heuses is generally carried
out at an ir'lteIVal of 10 years and the QJant!ty of timber rSQ..Jired at tho
time of repair is abwt 10% of the weod required for nelll ccnstruct~on.i.
Accordingly, the ct'lnual requirement of timber fer repairs of hOUses works
wt to be 2581f.~2 m3 •
Fumitu ro mal<in.9'
During tho ceurse of inventory, it ;, was ascert~n e d that abwt
j
3
0.04 m of Wood is ct'lnuelly re,q Jired on an average per family in the
project eroa. Basad on this estimate, the t c tal reQ-Jiremg)t of wood fer
furniture making comes to 15840.00 m3 •
Contents
- 42 -
-
S.No.
- - - Category
-- -- ---- -
of demand
- - - - - - - - - - - -3:-
R oquiremont in m
-- - - - - - -- - --- - -
1. Saw Mill 11,836.00
2. Paper Mill 14,200-00
3. Mine~Ccllieries 710.00
4. Hoi.J se construction 8,069.56
5. House repair 2,6 1.1.92
6. Agricultural irrpl emont s 37,5 4.87
7. Furniture .15,840.00
8. Fuel 7,12,200.00
Tot al ,
--- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- .
Thus the demand for till)bor, polei; firewccd End pUlpwcod is as foll ows I
Item
- -Timber
- - - &- Poles
- -
~ -- - - - --
Firewood Pulplilood
- _" ._
--- - - - -
Total
-----....:-
Demand in·-m~ -"76,131.·35 7,1'1',200.0-0 14,200.00
- - --- - - - -- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ -8,03,131.35
- - - --
6.7 Wood bala'1ce :
Contents
The wood balance is as bslCW :-
Item
- - - - _. --
Timber
- -
&
_. - - - -
Firewood
- - ---
~
Pulpwood
- - - - -
Total
poles
-- - - - - --
3
- - - - - -
Availability(m ) 58429.66 99211.00 11682.77 169323.43
.( outt~rn/ exploi-
t atiGn from
.forest s)
Demand 76731.35 712200. 00 14200.00 803131.35
- - - - -3- -
Balance(m ) (-) 18301.69(-)612989.00 (-) 2517.23 (-) 633807.92
--- - - - - - - _._ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - -
Thus ther.~ is considerable deficit of wood i.n the district.
Again timber, pole and firewood are sent outside the district for
sal e as sh own in p ar'a 6. 8'.
6.8 Movement of forest oroduce outside the district:
It has been seen from avail abl e record s th at on an aver age
following forest produ.ce go out of the district annu~ly :
Supply of Forest produce outside the project area
----- ----------
.....
6.~ Conclusion:
It ,is thus seen that the total deficit of wood in the district
will be m'oro th Ci1 633807.92 m:'3. Out of this, ~proximately 96.7%
consists of firewood.
Major part of th.~ deficit of timber is met from the import of
timbor. by the Saw M'ill owners from Bihar, Orissa ald Madhya Pradesh.
~ portion of the cbov e deficit is also met from the trees existing
in private land. No assessment of wood availatrle from these sources
heN e been made during the invent ory.
Contents
44 -
Rural people depend almost solely on the fqrest fer meeting their
firewood nsed as they have no rosourcas to purchase other fuel s to meet
their ~aily rO!fJirement. firewGcd is. generally available fr9m the forost
~n wintar and dry mcnths when soma felling cperations are in progress.
Besides the yield of firewood in stacks. other ferms of firewood like small
branches, bark s, sturrps etc. are al SO collected during thi s period, by the
local people, on headload and cart load basis c,n permit from the local
forests. An indi cation of annual removal of the category o f produce' from
available records in some offices has already been given in para 4.3.5,
which also mest up the deficit. Tho rural population also continue to
collect firewood in the form of Jhati, twigs, leaves and dry fallen
branches from tho forest throughout the yoar. Those romov alB are not
always recorded and these alsu go to an extent to meet up the lecal
req_Jirement of firewoed.
Firewocd and pOles aI's also ccllected from the forest through illicit
removals. If\ portion of these removals are sold for cash earning as the
demend is high. These illicit removals aro highly motiVated. No authentic
record is availablo for these removal-s but they have been tho primary caUsa
for bringing abcut degradation in 21% of the Sal crop ct'Id for converting,
22587 ha. of forest area into a scrub Ef1d blank forest and reducing the
density of 32407 ha. of forest· area into 108.s than.3 of canopy COVer.
Contents
- 45 -
~;.:'-
Contents
46 -
and fire Was not attelTlJted. No interest WaS takon in conserving and
developing tho forests. This resulted into vanishing of forests ever mcny
areas and the quality as well as stocking of forests in ether areas became
poor. The forest.soil Was oxposed in many places, surface, erasion started
in many areas and gully formation proceeded at an alarming rate.
The situation turned sa bad that the Government of West Bengal became
concerned on the issuo and appointod a Forest Comnittoe in 1936 to study
the condition dld status of the forest. area and r.ccommond meFlSures to chock
the wanton destruction of forests as' the larger interest of thiil country WaS
at stake. I\s an outcome of this Committee's findings, West Bengal Private
Forest Act Came into existence in tho year 1948 laying down the control of
thasa forests through regular Working Plans which were to be approved by
tho State Forest Officers. Bankura forest Division Was crea~ed in the year
1947 for controlling the managem£l1t of private forests as well as
afforesting the waste land on a vary large scale. The main feature of the
Working Plan at that tima Was incroasing th e rotation of cut ting of forests
to ton years and retention of standards at the rate of 15 to 20 numbElrs p-or
acro. Rules for control cf grazing and fire were also laid.
The Goveromalt, therefOre, took a bold step and acquired all the
erstwhile priVate forest under the West Bengal Estate acquisiticn act of
1953. In the beginning the resentment of th e poople moul"1ted very high ct1d
found expreSSion in large scal 0 destruction of forests, which could not be
prevented by the Forest Department - the machinery to control being
inadeq.,Jate c:t1d legal status being not fully fir:-alised. Gradually, h owever,
peq:,le began to accept the acquisition as inevitable and beneficial and
. with prepsI' demarcation and irrproved control the forest areas st artsd
showing i~rovement in stocking end growth.
Initial atterrpt of raising plantations Was alsO marrod· by_ lOcal peoplo
out of ve~eanco of loss of prop riotry right ':N er th e forest aTeas. A
portion of tho plantations Was alse damaged due to grazing end fire, control
of which tack some years. Tho massive effort of man-made forests statted
after 1962 on int roduction of'" Eucalyptu s as a principal afforest ation species
in the tract. This species was not only fire hardly but also a good
coppicerand Was initially avoided by the cattles for grazing a n d brOWsing.
Contents
47 -
there Was wanton destr.ction of ~ost of the big wilu animals rest of which
moved westward into the aroas of Bihar. Grazing and unabated firo
·dostrcyed most of tho animal fodders in the forests and the herbivlilrous
animal found it difficult to sustain themselves most of which gradually
became ex~.inct. The present ,pcpulation of wild Ii fe include Wolves,
HyaEII~as~ Jackles, Civat cats ~d othor wild cats, MangcoS8, Hares squirrels,
porcupines, rats, Misc. ate. . _)
Wild Gecse, ducks, snipes: and ~ater fowls are fcund on Damodar and
KangsClbati beds. Other birds include partridges, quails, storks, hornbills,
Titirs, Warblers, Flycatchers, Muniy"s, Sparrows, Orioles, Pigeons, Doves
atc. Jungle Fowl which was once abundant in the area is very much
restricted now and Indian PeafOWls which Were once of frsqtJant occurrence
in the area is hardly seen at present. Of the Reptilos, Cobra, Kraits,
Dh~ and Vipers are common. With strict enforcement of the wildlife
protection act in general (which, however, do not have rruch centrel on the
annual tribal hunt), in rocent years some movement of Leap ards and
Elephants are again seen in the district.
Contents
- 48 -
C H {l, PTE R - VI II
Contents
- 49 -
;The area planted u!'1der, different typosqf plantation s for 'the year
19"9-"80, 19BQ.;..81, 1981-82 havo been shown below $_ '
- - - - - - --
.Year Planta:ion
...;.; .~
._ - -
PI antation
-- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
Mise eill an e ou S Mixed
-- - - -
Rural fuel- Total
9f c;uick L!nd~r R.D.' plantati on pl ehta- wood plan-
growing' F. scheme .tion t aticn
species
~.
- - - ..- - - - - - - - - - '_
1979-80 700 ha , 999 hao 789 ha. 117 ha. 2605 ha.
19Sa-:81 375 ha. 661 ha. 270 ha. 2173 ha. 3479 he.
1981-82 640 ha. 1025 ha. 400 h a . 1691 ha. 200 ha. 3956 ha.
- - - - - - _- - --- -- ---- -
Contents
- 50
Farm forestry programmes are also being carried cut which include
distrirution of seedlings to tho iocal people. Plantaticns as shelter
bel t and on roadside, at an average of 58 km. per year are al so being
raised.
This Was primarily because of ·the fact that the early foresters true
to the sense of the term worked wi thin the small confines of their
professional precinct s. -Coneer\1ation of forest s Was the 901e word in
~ m~agement and a foreet officer Was for all purpose a pioneer environment&-
list.'"' The realisation Was slow thet with the passage of time arid with the
increasing pqJulation the erstwhile small provisional. domain of the foresters
is now linked up not only with the life style of the people l 'iving by the
side ;af the forest s" rut it has ~so got int ermixed with the tot at social
deVelopment where -forestry has 's 'great role,to plaY in offer-ing errpicymmt
to ,the people living by the side, of the forest I and opening neW avenues
'of establishment of local small scale industries for their eCdn omic
aU sten~ce. Thus the age old cOrlserv ati'on' strategy of the foresters was
puti.:to e hard 'test. fortunately hciwever, thOugh late, it Was realised that
a forester's job is not· policing alona. He has to stUdy the prcblem, the
need of human 'pqJulatiori arrund his 'forest and moUld his forestry strategy
eccordingly~ 'H'e cannot 'have his forests flcurishing wh;ile the fringa
population goes starving on their- minimum needs not only of fUei, timber
<;ild fruits: but. al'so .of the basic., amenities like water supply, irrigation
ctld economic susten~pe. ,"
.. '
Contents
"" .\.
' . . ''l ".;:"J";.'.#<-;• • '~T " '. ".~ ,..-. 'T ' ,'l"f!ll"'!\ Jrw -.:"-.• " 1.1".... ->
.. 1·'~ '~with'l~his .c2nEspt 'in. vj.'E3"ui;-"a'sp·acia1.\forest;y circle ~as orgaf1ised
••. tlri'·WElst '~Beng~\iibout 'f.i\l'~'~9et~r'~; ~'ii~lt-ana 1 ;:trge~sc"'le~soclg1~for(lst,ry
Il'h.~ pro~~a~~ 'H~St~~~~rr'tJf~~t~illJpigor;~·th~~~~hgi~ ,,'~t at'~',ii~ci;jdfng the '~di rict st' .'
.1, I) 'f: ;.Tof~g"'nkUr"'~ 'i_a,.r.' .~ \TlJ!':I\.l ' j .... H, ~ ;'~;;l ~ ...;." ...... ~' .... . ~ ... ~ ~ • . ,.. ' :' . > ':' ";.",, f
I.Sil.,J ~ ~~(ll<t ~.1~rJ~!''l n ' , ~n;J'i'll'F" ~ 1~~ ~ 1~'" ~ ii.r~. ~~ ·r;1 l~~H ... ... 'h~!h~~'~~'~~~'~' . :': ~,.~ :r,' 'f .;~
"I ' .. ,. r, r'\~, c,:t . J . .r 1 ,r·... :..,,:' .lt . .. . ,::U.·f~, , . ' .) ... . ~.-' ... ""I .• l!> -:..,. ., ~
~'.~ , ~'~., '~~·~:'~r.e~~~t:.~I?E,~~7J~mlll~ ·S,~~·~·o9.~ar":-r,pre ~try,,j. ;''?1,thep.~Qi6t riet' : con s:i:'st of
"'~-i'~~U~i.:~;.~t:';7,~t ~P- r;~a9~F~J,I~ :~~~t:~,~:lA6~,'f\~~t .g.EJ,vJt:~.7!f.~a w~g,9,g~:J"q~I,;,l.,l1 dhe nen-
,\.,~~,ti\J)~~~!o,\ ,:)~~tl~~,;~w...~~t,e },a,'lS'1\~ ~ ':l~tt;:l;I?;;~:P:1- ~n~ ~t..~o.rli~lC;'1g ~.oads,~ c~al and
",R;a~l~ay IIlJes~.(:ll.l.). ~~!='~ f,~;r~~~ry ;l.'" I?t:l.',[ata ,l~nd (>~nclu.ql,ng~mar~,l.n:u
·it, r:.,
~ . ~~
as well
'., -, :1-'lands
~.' .
-... .
as unutl.ll.sed
" a . cultivable'"
'_ ~ ., j ... ' . ~ref9restatl.on of~l.solated·
land)(.l.v) • ,.~~ ~ ~:
-" d .E lgr.ade,d fOrest ,land which are,.,.not. ,er;:onqmiqal)y viabl~-, ror ccmmerc.ial
• utilisation a!1 d marfagElmen~. 1
"1 ' . .
Pr oj Eiet t arg~t_
- - - -Pr:qj
_-
- - "._" -.
.
eet ,target
-
" .+\.c~ual achiev \3ment
- 'f.
"for whole for three year$ '.,1; • in three years
'pe~i\od
Planting cc~ponent
-Acitu~l
-"~ - - - - -,-
achi8v~merit
"'f'.
-Strip
_- - - - - - - - _""_
plantation
-- - -"_ -
595 ha.
Village' woed ,lot 113- ha.
·R. D.F:. 3,'228 ha.
F:arm furestry
"
4, 140, ha~
Total I.., .8,079 fla.
Contents
- 52 -
4\ study of the available land use{ data of Bankura district ShObls that
there is about 12,000 'ha.. of recorded' v~sted ncn-agdcultu~al waste land
.in' 8ankura d.i,strict. ,,"Wi't,h some initiative and apprcach 6,000 ha. of this
ldld can easily ~e taken up for creation of village wocd let under socie].
forestr}, progrerrine.
, .;
~ rough assessment of the road sic'e, canal ba"lk" RailWay ,line lcrld
etc. indie'a ta the theoretical availability of about 8000 ha. under this
category. ,K eep.i.ng ebout hal f of thIs area for other development easily
about 4,000 he.. of such strip p18'lt,atl.on, can be' raised in the district.
It is, hCXllev aI',' -'menticned x
hers' that in 8ankura-district already a good
amQJnt of strip plantation alcng read sidEl has be.en'raised in recent years
-Under area development programme of O~P.A.P. financed by Agricultural
O~artmG1t •
.....
... Regarding farm forestry cn priVate iand, a, rough assessment shows
r
that' in this district, there is abcut 55,.OOQ. ha. of current fallow land a
large'portion of which with lOcal cocperation cI1d education can e~sily be
t$en ,for c:Jvelopment of' social fcrestry." In additicnto,this cut 'of
recorded f~CJltiveted lcfld of 3,80,000 he. about. 1~ of land remains
unutilised with.individltal people ,for various purpose. With proper
inm~ent of sccial forestry ideas within the - ror ai pqiulaticn Of the
dist rict ,it' is al'so, possibl e to make a large percentage of these unutilised
cultivated ,land for cycl:i,cal sO~,i_a1: f6'~estt:y progra~me to meet the
're~irement Of .forest 'prodUct, ·of the 'To~al pecple. •
."
Contents
- 5:J -
l't is estimated that the degraded fQrest land in Bankura district will
be rcughl y to the tune of 40 tODD ha.- Out of tl)is degraded f.orest 1 and
35,000 ha. of land occurring in more or less sizeable patches can be
tackled by normal a(fcrestation programme through schemes.o.f industrial
plantation, -'rehabilitation of degraded forests, soil cons€lrvation, D.P.IA.P.,
-I'. T .O'.p., etc._ But small patches of degraded forest land scattered within
habitations or agricultural land and which are far 9JJay from forest staff
.location, is net possible to be- managed by normal fO,restry. programmes a"1d
this category of land wttich amounts to' abcut 5,000 tie. in the district,
can also be treated cf1d afforested by sccial Forestry :pr:ogramne. - Thus
total land avaiiable from abOJ-e for plantation under social forestry
programme of Various. types ' will be as under :_
- - - -, - - -
P artiCUl aI's
-- -- - - _" - - - -,- - - - - _' - - -
Vested Roadside,
- -- -- - --
Current Unutiiised Degraded Total
agricultural_canal banli:, falloW CL:l tiv at ad forest s
waste land Railway land
,line etc.
-- - -- - - ---- - - ~ - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - --
Contents
54 -
>,IJO
2) Explaining group discu ssions, public meetings, conventions at c.
to remove the 'fear from the mind of local people that raising of
forest plantations in the lend will not mean or lead ultimate
taking over of the land by ForElst Department. and that the
benefit 'of the forest produce of these social plantations will
lar!;lely flCW to the local people whew-ill participate in the
p l' og ralTTl1 o.
Contents
- 55 -
CHAPTER X
,,'
, . ~prGXimatel~ 41.1447. ha. of the forest area cant.ain s damaged and po6~
dens.1.ty crop. Thl.S ccnstl.tutes 8Pp'roximataly 29 .. 7% of the total foreet
area.
.
Thus only abcut 54% of the forest area, at present. has' fair stoc~ing.
iApproximately 46% of this fairly stccked area contains cr9P of predominant
diameter less than 10 cm.. AdeqUate protection I'fUst be provided 'to the crop
a9 ainst pi1 fBrag e.
The extent 'of area containing predominant 9rOP as Sal is 78,564.81 he.
which cohstitute 56.34% of the total forest area. Out of t.his, 33,590.51 ha.
which COTi stitute .42.76% of the axist,~~g" "Sal crop. has ,become .under stocked
and damaged.
The " area containing pred'ominantly miscellaneou s high ._forests has been
found to be 10,802.66 ha. which is approximately s% o.f th~ total forest
area. . .~
"
',.,,,,, The balance area of approximately 19.5% of the total forest area is
occupied by plantations of miscellaneous species. Approximately 2,1% of
the plantation area has been found to be severe:ly damaged. Another aDoUt
5/% Of plantation area is also partially damaged •
.~ ~ ~ .....
The tO~al grOWing stock ot' the fcrest has been estimated t"o be
14,94,604 m •
1::. ~ Tl}e "p-re~ent aV,erage. Qutturn of timber, p ol es, firewood and plrlpwocd,
whi ch is actually removecl from the forest has been found to be
1,69,'323.43 m3 •
The total present demand of w'ood from the forests has bean estimated
to be 8,03,131.35 m3 ., The demat'ld of fireWood con,stitutes about Sgj. of this
total demand. There is an overall deficit of 6,33,807.92 m3 • of WOOel in,
the district, out of which, the'deficit due to firewoC'd ccnstitutes 96.8%.
A considerable portion of forest prOduce is also exported-outside the
district a'nd is not 'available for use by _ lOcal pcpulation~ This heavy
deficit of :wood, SpeCially firewocd, has created a vicious cycle which 'is
p,rQgressively causing damag'e_ to the f o rest. Providing adequate protection
to the existing forest has now become extremely difficult.
.
,
Under the sacial forestry scheme the t 'otal area of plantation t o bo
l;'aised under Various categories--is 19,,569 ha. dUring a period of six yeare.
Contents
- 56 -
This will caver only 40.98% of 'land which has ,been estimated to be
evailable for social forestry programme in the district. Thus there is
sc~e for expansion of social forestry programme' in future.
I
The yield from the forest in near future with i~rcved technique,
management ald protection is estimated to be 2,15,820 m3 • The demand of
,twood is expected to ris8 to 11,04;263 m3 by 1991 at the prosont I:'ate of
consumption, assuming tho rate of growth of p~ulation of the district to
remain at present level of 1.689% per annum. A deficit cf 8,88,443 m3 of
'wood wiil thus remain. (In altornative scurce cf flJel tc replace the fire-
t, ..wJ?cd for cocking will havo to be lOCated besides augmenting the present
cd; ~sL4Jply of firewood as fuelwoe:d constitutes the major share cf the deficit •
Contents
- 57 -
Contents
- 58 -
8_I_8_L_I_O_G~R_A_p_H_Y
Contents
C\~C\~~U)~O\n~o~C\~~~~~~nNnCl~~~ .... n~~n
~J
o
t-
· ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~N~U)N~NW~('..INNnNNNNN~UlnnmNNn~~~On
~-""N~~-WN-
.....
'
ClO_OO'-DnOOOO,-OOOOClOO_OClOO~rO_OO
..... <;t
.... - - - - _ a _ N N .... mn __ ~~~~UlW
+
CI
~
o
.... 1 I I .1
.1 L
0'1
CO
1 I I' I
o
CO
I • I I
I.
l:"- ~
N N
..-
•
CI o
..
..-
til
l.J0\
<::tl
en •. I
O .•
tf)<;t
c:;
_, C\ ... 1
~ n t"- n
u.gl
n
N·
.....
a•
~ N
('..I_
00
• • I
~
N
a · CI a' .,
a::
w ~ a ~ \Q ~. C\ ~ n
o
z
~ Wo
0\
t-N
N
1
~
N
o•
co
~
o•
U)
N
o•
0
U)
CJ
•
N
.-
CI
•
IJ')
t"-
o•
~
o
n
. 10
N
.
LD
tr)
!.oJ
..... ~ ~~ U1t-C\
. .. . . . _. . .
1.0 N ~ ~~ CO t"- t- n O' ~
.-
U
!.oJ
8;
NON
.....
a•
Ln .....
00
••
~Nn
N..- ......
...... 0 .....
o
Lll
o•
o
N
.-
o•
.........
.N
• •
00
N;.
._,.
N
._,.•
N
o
.
..- co
N
Ln
<;t
NnCON
..... ·w n ......
0000
>- <;t
a:J
a
-
n~~t-~ ~. Lll .~ ~ nnwnn~~O""'~ID~
W
a::
~
u
I
I
0\
o
I
IJ')
· .• . . .
t'1NLnNN
\D~N~~
00000
n
U)
N •
N
..
..... CD
OCD
.
Lll N
..-
o•
N
o•
~~~~;;n~~~~t::~~~
• • • • • • • • • • • •
OOUlOOOOCO_OOO
C\
!.oJ
::r: ~
(l)
a:: u
!.oJ o
a. u
U)
E
W
t-
tl)
o
E
10
Z
III
Q)
I .....
o
I [I)
Cl.
Cfl
Contents
o~~r-~\O
. . . . . ..
Cl
r-NlI1NNr- l;"-
en ,...... N . - ...... <:t N
r-OOooco N
•
o
l<:t
11"11 • I.
I , "
I~ I I,
.
'~ ,I
I
m
CD,
I
1' o
CO I I, I I I I
1
•
r-I
NI
'I 0
•
• I
1 , I ,. •t '
•
.
'I")
~en
I u·n I IU')
I z ~ ,~
U') I 1 I , Cl
I ....
.' In
r'1
·
N
I
•
1..0 Cl
t"'J
o
.
U')
N I'-
.-•
w
o I,
10
a:: en 1 t"-
,N
1\0
q
N
wi ..- m
o•
o 1 :1 •
I- N U')
W I .
Em
..-
0\ (j\ IN
U') U')
<C
6 r- r- ~e Ii
..... ..-, ~ I I I ,e
a r-
U')
CI I
al nr-r-o
0'1
o
1
U')
.
Ul
0'1
10
UlNNO\
N
o
...... ..- If)
• o• o•r -•
I.
(J
u IOCOO('.l('.lO
o ..-9"""If)L{)IOO I
w 1!} U1 U1 1!} U') '\Q
I,
I
I I
I I I
I I
Q)
E
..
...J I
It); ,~
Z I-
II)
o
l 1-' I
....o
II)
1
II)
0.. '
'"
Contents
,
10 l{') YJ t') \000'1 co (j)0 \0' a l{') r- co co t') co
. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . ..
t')<1"t')l{')..-O -r-r-t')O-<::tNO ...- t') 0\
\0 l{') l.O -<::to. en 0'1 co -...... \0 r-.ID r- 0'1 W·l.O cn
t')<1"t')l{')..-0 ...-COt')N-<:tNO ...... t')0'1
,
I
lei:
ex~ l
I 'I I
-l. I l_
I
0'1
W
I
o
W
0'1
r-
I
a !,
r-
.: ....
0'1
It)
I
a
\0
I
In
In I.
q;:
-'
w 0\ 0'1
a:
o
(J\
o
0'1
o• o•
t...J I. 1
~
W (/)
~
o•
<C (/)
'<""'
10
Z
H
o q: en
t')
0'1
o
0'1
0
0\
o
cn
a
0'1
o
100\
no
0,
C\
t...J Cl ..JI 0'1 0'1 0\ 0\ cn \Om o
o• • o• o•
I ..J Z U~ •
CD .::t: 0 o• 1 no
• • C\
'<
~ I./) c:
L.l
..... I W 0'1 O'IWO'I co 0\ 0'1 'I r-
U N 0 ..... 0 ..- o o .....
W
~6 (1\W(J\ co 0\ 0'1 co
• • • • I
o• o•
~ WN 0 .... 0 ......•
..-
>
!D
~
I
<0'1 \0 C\ co CJ\ \O~
W
a:::
~
~
LJ
HI
a
0 .....
.......
"""
o(J'I
o•
t"')1O
l.O-<::t
• •
t"')1O
I..tJ
:r
cn (1\ -<::tCJ\
ffi a o -::r co
W
m
a. 1 0'1 mO ID
1.0 l{') o• • •
-<::tCJ\ n•
...... ..-
~ ro
n
l- I' i
I./)
0)
-0
o
(J
-
.......
1
...
I
L
~ .-j
• .-j m
·3 +'
m I,E
e- I
m
z I
I' co .1
(I)
I ..-j I
(J
0)
Jf
Contents
,I
. . . . . . . . . .: . . . ·
If) NLOLOltlLO-<;tON 0 \ 0 \ 0 If) .If) "
~ to~ ..;;t. -<:to q t'1 0\ q c- ID ~ ~ 01
t'1~t'1t'1t'1l?OIDU)t'10Nt'1 If)
O-<:tOOOOrO\O"-NC-O LO
N ..- LO
..- ..-
1
I
I
0\
co
1
,.
I'
o
CO
I i
1
E
::J ,.
~ 0\
..,.; c- , I
a: I
I- o I I
(f) c-
-.
E:
U
....z t;J\
(JJ u1
I
u.:c
III
_J
L' If)
r I I
IW
c::
1 0\
Wt'1
I
1-0
t'1
N w
ID
'.~
0\ ~. o '<::1
'~IN o
r:::" ..-
,-
"'I~
<.:J
~
o•
• I • • I I .. .. ~•
C'! 00 ,N I
n.
I.
to III
0\
9'~("~~~ 0'1
If)
«;1q~
~
~
t'1~t'1 \0 ID L'· t'.. t'1
o
I
or-
• • •
Or"'lQ
•
..-
I
0
..-
•
0 ,. C. 'q
•
I
.. 1 r- I
N
· 1
U1 on LOO N
·.
0\ ..;;t Cl\ U1 -<:t t'1 ID
o
LO
I
..
I
n
o•
lOW
•
Cl LO
• J
r"'IO\
o• c-•
..-
in
) N·, _
......
,
......
. ro,
Contents
r-f
... °
. . . . . . . . . . . .' . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
O q ..... \CNOlI)COCO·l"'lCO .... O ...... tn..- 10 ·..... N <:t --r \0 I t ) . . - N rt')
ro U"1 NO!:""> N t'-. ["j 0 rt')
+' OONOONOO..,...OlJ") .... n 8 o o ........... 8 0 0 0 ..... 0 0 0
'-"'" 0000 ONOOOOO
o
I- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OClOOOOOOO'r"OOOOO
+ ..-
°.....
o
I. I I.
I
I
E
I
CJ\
co
6co
-
<
W
U"l
[J} 0'1
lI)
.' .. t'-
q
W
[J') f.I'l~ N
en
q:;
.:c U'J o•
_r .....J
u
UC\
--r
..-- ffi I
N
• I-
W
a: 0
--r Ipt
E
rt') 0 • .....
~
\C Z o
o
.....
_r
o
2
"'"
'0
..-
N
N
N
.....
..-
.....
rt')
N
o
a
.....
o• • •
a:l <:
<
I- (fJ
u
w
~
w
..... -
0 0\
N
6
<:r
co
o
CD
n
~
00
o
t'-
.....
ID
ID
o
a• o•
C\
co
co
°·
N o• o• o• .p• •• o•
>-
a:l
.... -.-
..... C\Lf} n
"'oo" «::t U"1 -\0 .....
a:
<I:
I-
U
..... o•
lI) N
00
• •
00
. .
U')
0·
o
,
1.0
o
o
o
o•
o ..-
0 0 '.
r;; o· • .
o
,X
a:
...., C'I CJ\
..... nN ..- .....
~cg~~~5~~
cr
. " '. ........
a. OC"l o o
w o 00 o o OOOOOOOt'l
o•
lI)
E o 00 ' -0 a• o O .O O .O OOLn
::J
.....J
I ."
o
;;::.
I
CD
"0
o
t,)
.c
+'
'roi
:3
Cll
E
ro
c
(I)
III
'.-i
U
Q)
Cl.
(J']
Contents
1
rl <;t m C'J .......... o.
...... <:t ,'['- .q aJ
ro
.....
o
I-
-I
........ ....
('.j..-o.o<:tnoNOooo
OO:r-O(J'ltr)OOOOI:")
00000000000
+
o
o......
1
(J'I
(J'I
I
o
(J'I
I. 1
(J'I
CO
c!
CO
1
.q q
en (J'I
lI) lI)
a• o•
C\
fJ'JL(}
1
W 0
lI)
fJ'J
en
(J'I
IN
n
'I
u
I o•
.1 I~
..;r
0.0
a:
(J'I 0.0
. 1
In
w n
I 1
t- 0.,.
C"ll
(J'I
..-,.
o
1 0"1'
(.
10
\0
.
q
•
0.0
o
o
o
o
. o.
CD
IN
N
o
•
t
C'lNNi:"1lI) \C
ov<;t..-<;t
00000
• • • • •
00000
In
o ..
01 .-.U1 (J'I N t'1 N..-.-o.o ['-
o
Ln
o
I
I·
NOOO
0000
0000
.... . ... 1.0
o
00010
0000
0000
~
o
['-
•
lI)
N _
"
.1 t'-_ <D
q 0.0- ..... _
"0
o
Cl
I
-
_
(J'IE~lI).-
0 t'-_U1 a J _
1l)OU1~'-O_
lI)lfJN
.'J
0.0:J
t.l <;t .... ro _U1tO_lfJU1
_ co _lI)-
_1:J IJ ro a 10 _N
.c
.........
:3
....
" ' ·... rllO-+>CCO
CO~:Juc· ... "'COlI)
'rl 0 1ll.D or! C) '"' >- 0 ) _
CCOrlCD"OE-+lo..,.j
0.0
.... c:.tD.s::.CO·rlOU(I)
Q) "E CO . .o, U or!..... l ) r l CD CD_
~ :J >-0.00
U ~ (I) co (I) to co X W '" 0
C :J -rl .... :J .... 'rl -+l 10
E o.rlrl"O.--t.--t CII W .......
CO :J~ rotOc CO(t):J:J co
....
U
tD 'rl IUCC'rlC c.s::..E: Cl)CI)
CI tl -0:1 'rl '" '0:1 -rl Ii. 0. :::J '"'
>-II) E E ct) EE >->-.0 w
tD NE~,",E'-II'.iNNE.c
g- >- CD Cl ~ co (lJ W 't't. or! ro .....
II) U') t- I - t- t- t- N ' N CD 0
Contents
•
a t'1 co c- D O e - ...... 0\ In 0 0 , t'"). 1.0'
• [") C'-. III
.. ...... .......
t'1 0 )
.,.. 0 ("lO '(- q .,...0\ t')'W'N .,.. CD <:t
<t c- ..- [") . ..-.co -0 '..-'..- I:") 0 0 ('oj 0 .- <t
o
N
•
o
o
.. ..-O ..... O.-OOI:")O<:tOO..-O\O.- N
N
..... I
:.
• •
• •
I
0\
CD
d
u
r.n
......
'.• co
E 1
I
~ I 'I
~
.;:a:
a::
......
Ul
-
E
U
tnCJ\
W~
L()
Z
0-1 tnL()
tn
In -<r'
W <It 01 o
c-
......
tn <1 N
<
tn _Je!, ('0.1 r'1
•
...J U<t N
U
a:: a::
W
...... 10 c- <t \0 [") \0 ....
C'l
. W
~
..z:
·W 0\
to
.w[,,)
.. 6
8
o
.,..• I
.
L()
10
o
o
CD
o•
r-
m
o
• I·
!
. ·. ·
t.n
\0
o
0\ l!)
<;t \0
NO
<t
N
c-
0-1
o
o• E
z o \OC-CD N ..-. co
Z 4:01
r-oCJ\ I;g o .....
.
l!)
W <I: N
...J ...... 1 NLI')N co <t \0 <t
CIl In o 000
• • • o• c::) I o ..-• .q •
<:I: W ON
...... 0-1
U
W
a. 1.00\\Dr-..- N.-O) ,t.n r-c- r-:
Ul
>-
<D
· . . . ..
r'1r-LI')..-co
,.... N..- ...... 0
00000
~§~ : 'g
000
• •..• I
0
• · ,.
(J'IO
\0 \0
00
CJ\
\C
N ·
W
c:::
a:: c- ('0.1 o r'1\O [")o\OLOOCON CD
I
. . . . . . . . .' . . .
I- (J'I ('oj
u o N CD:--r .,..U1t"1Qr'1N·CO ..... co tD c-
W I o ..- ('0.1 Cl N 0 C'l 0 a 0 · 0 ..- ..- '<:f
o• U1• •
:l: U1
o 00 OOO<;tOOOOCO
a:
w
C\..
~
.'
~I iJ)
-0
o
u
I.e::.
... ..
+J
I .....
3
I
I !D ~
E IU •
ro +J
C o
......
• en
!D
I .....
(.)
I iJ)
0.
Ul
Contents
r-i N CD 'N aj lfl N <:t \0 I:'- [') '. .- \0 N
.. . ... . .
to OO OO<DO<DNI"')LJ\I:'-
1:'-1fl .....
1-) OWOr- N d 0 0 0 I"') ..- <:t 0,
U
I-
*' •
000.0 OOOONOOOO
• •• ".
o+
• o
..... -I I I
0'\
0'\ ·1,
o• I I I
0'\
I'
(J\
I-I:'-
6
1U
I
EI:'-
'1
::J~
~I
-.
~
w
1
I W
IIJI
(J\
tIl
o
L
I 'I I rJ I
z:
.... 1J)1fl
..:
....J (J\
<:t
wi
o ,I I, I J I I,
<:t
\0
~ is
t-
o•
\0 W
~
z: GO:
......
a
Q ..... (J\ (J\ <Dtn o
2 N I"') <00 <:t
...:: 01 I"') .-N N
o
0)
w
N ~'od a•
......
U
w <:t <:tt'JCOt'1N
... ..
.a. \0
en co LOCON<:tC'- ID
o r-. O . - <:t 0 0'\
>-
CD
o• 00000 •
..- I'
w
a::
<:0: (J\ n n t""'l
~
\0
I-
U
W
::t: I~ o
O.
." ..... . .
on
on
0.-
Ot!)
00
00
0::
W
Cl.
W
E
=:l
.:.J
o
:::;.
CD
-c
u
II
...,
.L.
......
3
Q)
E
co .-
rl
-
10
-4->
c: I Q.
CD
'l-
CD I
'';
II
Q)
c..
IJ)
Contents
. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LnqOJ(o-<:tlIlqNOJ-<:tr-qro q.q-q'<:1''¢COco ...... ~t'''lq-<:t..-C'l~
rl ro 'eo- N N ..... OJ ...- ..- N ..- 1:'1 "'-•. N ..- ~ ..... ..- ...... N N LO r- q ..... ~ l"- .0'\ r-
CO CDroI:'1UlCOLnCOI.OIOO,)"-CDt""l CD CD CO CO CO 1.01.0 10 O q CDCDt-t""lCl
+>
o CD Cl'I CD 0\.0'\ r- 0\ q 0\ CJ'I U1 Cl'I CD Cl'IO\O\ 0'\0\0'10\ 1:'10\ Cl'ICnmor-O'I
I- Ln 0,)..- N CO..- CD CD ...... ..-10"<1"('\1 Ot'l~
..- N r- co U')..-
\0
('.I \ .
•
Cl
o
...-
-
l ° I
~
•
u
z I .1
..... III
CJ'I
WLn
III 1
W III 0 I.
III Ln
III
<![
....J
U
~ .1 I J 10 I
I-
W
r- • E c::
10 0
Z ....o<L w
CJ\ m V 'V
W 1-1:'1 N ..- "-0
....J
W
o wd 10m
• •
·W
t . I m•
Z
cc: <L 1:'1 .1 0\0\
.....
I-
tJ)
ro t- q lfl • .......
....
W
U .....
0\
('.I
N
I.D
Ln
N
...-
(I)
0,)
II)
'¢
Ln
I • m• • • •
W
0\ 0\ II) Ln
0.
m
00
('.I ..... t'J III 1:'1
N
>- q N q CD -<:t q LO' V
!D V
.......... .....
I-
.....
..-
'.
CD
0\
r-...-
111
N
oCl'l
CD
•
q..-N
...... CDt')
•
' CD 0\ • 0,)•
OJ W
0\0\
• •
a
<C
-<:t
•
W
Cl'I
.
z 0\
1:'1
0\ co U1
q
~
1:'1
o
o .-.;;tOJ-<:t...;t
t-...-('4 ..... ..-
Cl IJ)
o OCOIOWal
1 • • • • • • • • • • •
z Ln O\Cl'ICJ'IO\CJ'I ~Cl'ICl'Ig~~
..... o q ~
ID
"0
o
U
-
.r.
+>
OM
3
III
E
ro
C
(JJ
III
OM
U
Q) I
0..
III 1
Contents
0'Ir-..-1.O <T co ..;;t '..;;t t'") I"l
~
0'IU')1'0l ~N ..... 't'"'"' LD ..-
+l
0
.. .. .. ..
I:"'lNDN CD,\D co co LI)
['-mCJ\ (l)
• • .. ..
0'l0\0'I C\
..
['-
N
0\
..
i- t") I:"'lq
...... ..- ....... II) 0
\D \0 N
..-
C'1'
a+
0
.....
CJ\
0'1
0 •
en
en
CD
I
a•
t CX)
C\ q ,<T
..- .....
7"
0
co
.. '1
'
co
..
['- C\ • C\
0\
\0
.. 0 •
U
E \0 • I
0\ q CD
2 tn .- j N
co
H 0
I
.. •• I .I
'1.0
..
II) O'l • .-
O'l ••
I
en C\ q co
W
q
I
..- N
U)
0
-<:t
CD
C\
ID
C\
..
CD U) •• .......
10
..c I,l;) m
C\ N N
n
u
..J
CJ
~
10
C\
.. I:"'l
..
CD
r0 ..- CD
0::
CD <D q co
w O'l N N ..- 10
l-
N
I
10
.. \D
•
co
.. N
..
W
0
N
0'1
• CJ\
..-
C\ ..... •
E
<lC 0'1
....... t")..;;t LD
['- ..;;t ...... CD II)
\0
<T.
N
.....
,•.
..... .....I
CD
.. .. ..
O..;;tCD CD (D
.. ('oj
..
.. Cl a..... 0'1 C\ C\ CD
q N 1I1
(D
II)
\D
q
('oj
q
Oq ('oj CD q q l : " ' l C'1
CJ\ CD
f2tt; N ..... ..- II) to
0
I
IS} CD 0'1
.. ..
I· en
['-
.
ID CD co CD
0'1
•
0'1 pi CD
.. t"')
q
.. .1
CJ
't.J
- --
I"C,-....
O r - .
lO 0 LD. _
-Ln
- . .
\OCIJ
r- ~
l O_
l O0_ .........
..- U') N
0
lJ
..c
+)
.r;
ro
lJ
....
1'4
Q)
~lO
It) - 0";
C_II1_
r-i tU4-.> 1'4 III
il U C+)
ro ro
I.[) II1
OJ
f-4
_N
\0
COlD
; ... OJ .... >. ( ] l _
:3 rl Q) U E U 0. 'n ••
C)
Ql..c C 0 0 u (J) r-i
E
.D (.) 'n +l
1lI~ (!J el_ m
(\] co It) en ro ro CD
@-WO +'
1'40
-
C ·rl .... :J ·rl.·M
0
+' 10 I-
0) .!it t;j -g "it! ~ (/)
::J
(f)
::J ro
....(l)
0
c. C ·ri C
';1 'g ~ 'g'g
C.J::....c
CLa.::J
00 II)
f-4
Q)
>. >..D (])
f-4 f-4 E f-< f-4 'N.N E..c
0. OJ 0> ro CD CD ..; 'rl (\]+>
U)
1-I-I-I-I--NN ID o
Contents
.1
0\ OJ 0'1- 4 T"" I:) 0'1 CD 0'1 'cD ,(]) 0\ I.D d\ I.D N
['- 0'1 [':':-" t"1 ['- N t'1 0 ['-'CO'o),Ln,t"1,t'1 N,t'1
(',I 0 N CD'o.,-<:t~CDr\C't'1 0 •
• C'>I• 0), ,\O.CD
••,. a ID_ ,""
•
0\ 0'1 0'1' I.D
~ •
U')
• • • • • • • •
0\ 0\ .q O'ILflO'l~['-O'It'1\C
!"l<j't'1\Cl"1 ...-0 t'1 q"q N ..- ..- I.D ..-
"7N ..- 0'1 ..- r'>N
N
o+ ,I :I
u
(J')
o
...- " I:
i-< "
,
E 'I
•I ' , I'
1 ,
I
E
:::l I
t-
L-':::
~
a:: I. 1
"
t-
lfl
I I
0'1
ID
I I"~
o
I.D
0'1
LO
en
w o
1
I I
i.
en LO
trI
oJ[
_J
U o o
N' N
CD,
I" CO0 j' o
0'1 0'1
0'1 0 .....
o o
\C 0 0 o o
N
0
N N
0'10
r- ('.I
\0
0'1
z N N
CO CO <D ,< N CO I ' 'C'"''
o (]) <D
•., I • •
w z 0'1
• o
0'1 0\ 0'1 0'1• I , 0\0\
• • CD
-' ~ t'1 0'1
-
CD
Q( en
t- w 00'10 o o CD L[)
N t'1 N, N N 0'1' L[)
u
w
~
CO\(JCD
• • •
0'10\0'1
...-
ClJ
0\ '. CO
0'1
•
o
0'1
-<:t
•
,I ..-
\0
['-
N
•
>-
(D
0'100'1 o 0'1 CO o
['-Nt<:) N ['- ..- ..-.a
·
NCD\O ,CD I NO'I t'1
t- • • • f 0'1• I • • U)
.....
Z
0\0'10'1
t'J or
0'1 CO
If)Lfl U)
IN
:::l
o I
I
o 0'1
o :<t N I.~ I!
o I, O.
...- ..-
t N
I<D
CJ ...- N
Z
U)
o • • • t'1
•
H 0'1 r-ID .q
Lfl 0 ..-
...-N .q
'j
III
'0
tl
(.)
-
.......
..-
'. ' I
...,
~
·ri
::3
..I
(I),
I ~'
• C
CII
.,..!..lm
Cl
Cl.
<n
Contents
OCOoooomol"')(J'\Cn..-o
· . ... . . . . . .. "'.'.. .
NL()NNNNL()'<:tC-C-_'(J"IN ICD
CO 0.0 CO II) CD CO '<:t ~ CD N.O\ (J"I CO
"~'
rnc-O'I(J'\(J"IO\(J'IC]lt"'l(J'lCOO(J"l
N'
......
N'-Onl.Oo\
~ V
"~ N
"<r
t"'l ..:;1',
+
a
I
o I', I I I I
......
I
0\
0\ l . •
I
o 'I f l , I I. I
0\
0\
CJ I ,
I
o .-. -I
I
I I
en
I
0\
c-
o
I I , I
c- t
..
I I
til I
L.J
U)
(/)
<;:t
....J
U
,J r .'; . ..' I'
a: $
.....
I-
W -I
J
E V10'1 t
I.
o
c-
0
'2
.o ~
..... WI
'<:t
CI)<:T
o • I
1
I I
Q
(J') I
..... 2
q;;
_J <t: I,
CD en
4; ..... ....J~
I- ..... "
U
..... We! I"') I I
a. 1
en a:
> 00 o .'
CD
W(J"I
.....
WN
N
o
I.
m
..
NN
CDCJ
0'1
'<:t
\0
•
0'1 t I
(J"I
f21
~
"
OJ
or- \01
:E:
ocoo 0\
...
VQO'IU10
.
4;(J'\ N O'I'N·
_. ~:. It) ,<
..--<:I'O'It"'lN
.....o CD ......m
(J"ICOOI
'<:t
0\
'<:t\Oo_.m
• • • • •
-<:I'O'ICTlU1O\
0..- 0'1 N Oor-v\O
I"') N
I
0'1
o Om
N ..:;I'Ll)
o
, I GO \0-<:1'
• • •
"
I
l:g 0'1 0'10'1
~(J'\
N
'11"'),
Cl
U
,.. ,
o I
o
I
.J::.
....
+>
3 ....-t
Q) 1 ro
E +>-
CO I;'~
c:
I I.
g)
I I :~.
....
ID
(.) I
Q)
0..
(J')
t
I .~
Contents
_J
~ n~qm~l"'-~N~I:'1~OOWrqqm~m~CJ~q~WNCD
.... mOl"'-O~~~I:'1I:"'-NN~-~N~q~qWmq~~~~NO
o l"'-nqCJ-oomOWNI:"'-~~OqONm~Nnq~CJ~CJW~
t-
"
• • • • • • • • • • • • • .- • • • • • • • .. • • • • • •
0 CJ ~ NO;:: .... \0 ~D ~ CO ~ 0 CJ 0 _ CJ CJ 0 ~ CJ ..- 0 0 ~ or-_
, I:"'-
+
o
o
m
-
(j'I
I
I . I
o I I . I
en I I
0'1
CD
I
o
CD
,. I
. 0\
['-
~6 i I I J
·1 ['-
z
.........
"
£.
U 0\
W II)
2: I
..... tIlCJ
II)
IS)
• U) q::
q w
(!) N
• en ~I
~ 0 <
l"'- Z -.J
U .....•
......
W
....J
W ffi
.... Et3
-C
t-t<1
I
0'1 tn
LI'l
o
00
N
N
..-
~
CD
.~
~
..... W 0
t'J CD• • •
['-co • I
o E ..- ['-I
o <C
m
. -..-.
2: W LI'l N
<C ...... N CD
U) 00
I ..... \0
['-
....
W N 1:'1 L{) •
U
..... L{)
N
w
a. .- o ~ Ci\ I,[) ...... qa-
. ..
III q .q·w \0 0\ 0'1 . LO
.
I,[) N
0'1
.~~ U') a-
>
1:'1
.. \0 0\ LI'l
• • •
a-
•
-<:t
o•
o
•
L{)
o:J
N
N
•
\0
CD o CO,.-.q -<:t ...... 0 l:"'- o 't"J o•
N ['-
N
1:'1
E- 0'1
o
NO'I\Oc)~ 1"1\0 co
......
qCJco-<:t~ N ['- 0'1
O I -<:tt'JNO..- N,.-
CJ
o
L{)
o • • • • •
0 · 0000
I • •
Dl"'-
CJ
o•
Z
H
1"0
,
·0
Il)
0
I
I
I
--
.....
..s::
4-)
.,..j
::3
(l)
E
lU
c:
[J)
OJ
'.-1
tl
Q)
Jf
Contents
I
ri •
I.- ~ "
N
..-
. ..
0'> -q,
(J\ r- n\O 10 ~ l:"1
r-'LJ') N ..... 0 0 N
• •
I'l N I ' l ,NO 0 . 0 I'l
• • .•
'
•
,CO
~
II)
•
r-N N
....
!"J
.- I
+ J
Cl I
0
~
(J\
0\
I
D
0\
(J'I
CO
J,
CD
0\ ......
...-
10
r- \0 0
1 '1 •
·
D
D 10
r- 1 \0 -q
-q
E 0\
U \0
z 0
\0
• t
H I -q
m r- n
ID n
·
'I \0
I ..-
u, 0 J '": I aJ
LO (J'I
..... 1
it<)
w
0 N
in 01
~ -q
N
r-
Ul
ID
t(J
0-
1 • •
t
'.
t') Ul
~ -q r- N
...J
U: 0 ~
0\ N (J'I
t"'l N
·
10
a:: I • 1
0 LO I' I ,~
w t<) .- r--
I-
W 0\ .,.. ..- r- r-
N ..- N t'1 c.o
..-
·
E ~' D N
·
U')
~ N en \0
• •
N' r-
Ul
>-I a
0 0\ r- r- N n (J\ 0
..- t'1 L()-q r- LO
"'01"
·• ·.
I 1 N N O -q
·
t'11 I
a..- •
t<) t';) ...-t") -q a
LO
t'1
0\ N, ..- Cl N -::tCOCD t-
o co 10 \(j~L()
. . '.
(J'I
LO
I \0 r- eo ..- 0 a ..- ~
U1
0 Cl 0
• • 'q • •
Cl Cl 0 LD N
• ,-
,,-,..
....... "'"'""
10
10- r-~~
(!)
Cl r--U1 (l) 0
II) Cl l1)'''_' ..- LD_
D _ I_I ) U') ..-
Ln LO N
U ro.._,.._, LO
0 ro ._ (J) LO_
!U 0 ro
ro _' N
t)
.c
+>
'';
:3
-.; r l
~ ::J
Q) .0 '';
rl
Q).c
(l)-u
ro+)
U
c
C ".-1
(D
E
0 ' ,.-1
c
H
+)
H
>-
B- 'j
\0
(f.l lI)
(1)_
r/) H
..I·
OJ .0 0 'M +) U ri Cl o_ ro
E >. Ola +)"
co X &r
-
co III (I) co to HO 0
C -r-! ''; ::J
"I I-
''; ''; +) \0
r-i r i L l H..; (I) er.,
(f.l n: ro c ro ru ::J ::J ro I
(1) c c ''; c c.c:. ..c (I) (f.l
''; -.-I -ri H'g '.-1 ~ ~:J ~ I
u E E CU E >. >.JJ (!)
G) S-i H E H H N N E.c.
~ CD CD ro (l) (j) ' ' ; 'M (\')..+J
t(J I- 1-1-1- l - N Nm 0
Contents
CTI'~ <:t t'} t'"l. q
. . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . .
l1') 0 . - 1.0 0 CD t'"l .q C\ 0
c- o· (J\ c- CD ..- .- N U1 -<:t ..- C'I !l) ..- (l\ ..-
<:t 1.0 (J\ N ' .-, c- ..- C\ (',I -<:t -<:t C\ ..-'..- c- \C
lIl. CD ..-t'"lNCDOi:')..-C-00t'10\Ol!1
..-' ..-.- t'"l:cr '"!J)..-
L.)
+
c.tJ
.....
E
1 C\
CTI
E I
o
~ Q\
1 I I: I : ! .
~
0:: 0\
I-
Ul
w
I
Cl
CD
"
rI I I'
Q\
• \0
EI
en UD _I
w 1.0
U) 2.
Lon (]\
~ ..... 1.0
-.J
'L.) D
L()
• I I I.
0::
W I
l-
'!j 'I
.q ·o
C'I• W
E
~
.....
\01
II)
C'I
•
D
• o
2. 2.
'"," co co co c-
,. .
...J (J) CD
W co ...,-
. ...
CTI
...J tn· I· U ~ c- o c-
Q) 'NCD
Cl 0>0
III
o::c:
41'
..... I I
Cl Cl c- OJ
• c-• \O'C-
I- U c:;t'"l ...... N
W
W
9;
1-C1' (',I'Nt'- -<:t
...
>- N CD co ..- (J)
C\
c- o
' 1:'1
CD WI
o
C\-<:tN !J) ...- c-
EN Nl.OtrJ CD
• I· 1 •
II)
"
..... 0\1 O\CD\oOO n
..... , I.fl ..- co '!J) t'-
NOt'"l
,If)['-n Cl
l1') ..-
('.l!J)
01 I -q- 0 ID N' u:J ,coo l!1
o • • • • • • • • t:;1 •
II)
(J) o
E t-
('{]
c
1 .~
I -,..j 1
u
Q) I
c..
cn
Contents
Ul..-[,-O'ICO(J\-::r<o1nt"l<o1[,-U)
al
1-1-)
, a
II-
. . . . . . ... . . . . .
aJro...-['-N-::r ..... \OC'lroO'lNCO
en 0 t"l ":"" 10 0 t'"l:r- t'"l ro LI1 1.0 en
..-a)OLI1UlO NO ['-CO t'"lt'"l,"""
..- LI1..--
+ "I
o J
o
E
:::J
I-
<:C
0:
I-
c.n
..-.
~
E 1
u Cl
['-
:2
......
Cf)
w
c.n
c.n (jl
..::: .... Ln
_J t
u o
Ln
Ei
I-
t'"l W
• E
<1
• a
....c:: " I
<1 0
['- Z a
:2
w <4
(jl
_J
[lJ tn un
q;
I-
W
......
U
W
a::
Jt"l I.
I -I ,
I
,
a.
U)
W
~ (jl N O\CO t'"l
>-
CD W
EN,·
N
o
I I
t'1
t'1
•
C]I
['-N
,"""_ID
••
U")LD
o
1.0
1.0
. •
\0
N
t'"l <:t
:::::. ...... (jl UlCJ\['- -tt oo..--oU) N
o ..- OJ <1.... ..--
n
-::rOJN[,-CO ID
o 01 C]I ['- -t"l ['-NLJ)..-O"I o
o o
..- • • •
..--.to 0 N
• o• N
• t '•l N• " -• <1
•
N ..- U"l
....
:2
en 0\ <1t'1 n ['-
01
tn,
o
1
-tt
o
o•
.. ..
1.0 LI1
.-- 1.0
OlD
t"l
['-UJ
0""'"
0..-
I·
(l)
u
o
o
..c
+>
•.-j
3 .,
ftn; ~
+>
c: o
I-
(f)
Cl
• .-j
o
Cl
a.
In
Contents
- -_., - ,.... _ .. .. :...
'-----~.~.~__:...:..~ ~~ __
~- -_ I'
MAP OF INDIA
SHOWING PRO,JECT AREA IN BANKURA DISTRICT rEST BENGA~
SCALE ; - I Ie. 000, 000
l
}
'-
""'\" I'" \
.., ,HIMACHAL, V'
_. PRADESH 1
( SlmlO_
i
Chan<SIoot
~. PAN.3AIl.
I 'MARYANA
~ r'
?' l
~ /\_._.
/
(
.
....,
.lOlpur
l.",\ AA.lASTHAN
Po'fto
\ ;.
at HAR
Bhopol ._
.-.' MADHYA PRADESM .....
' .
Bankura District
OR ISS A
,.
MAHARASHTRA
Bombo),
~ .. .....
~ HJ'derobad
V'
.to ~$>o
~.,. F· 0+
,.~
4. ~V "
\I) T
-.t-
~
.. .."
en BongclIore ~.
-.
AREA COVERED IN THE REPORT
'-..:;; - ----..... ~-- .:~----===-
Trlvondrum
Contents
~I"I"~'" l ...u..
U'"'C; ....
24° 0'-0"
2' 30" 24· ~'-O"
e.o
1"'- -~
0'-0"
'",,- .
"- .. /
"",- <$1
/
'"
~ ~
/CENTRE POIN'
OF GRID
x
, '-
....
O2
"- ,
V
/
"" "-
/
~
"-
2'
30" ['
2
, ,/
-
"- 0
,
I
'" "
"
i
I
0 ~
2
0·
/ ,
0- /
/
88· / "
fI'-O"
--. - . __,.! .
DETAILS OF SAMPLE
- PLOT
Contents
I
eGo t"'II' 81'·1 IS'
BANKURA DISTRICT
REFERENCES
RIVER
-+.
METALLIrD ROAD
..!F~02.!!R.!£"S!..;T~!!.B~U!R!.)V~E;.Y!.._..::O:.:"=--.!I::N:::D:!I.:A:.1
L_
!!!..EPAREO 8'(- EASTERN
;4+';'-"--
ZONE. CALCUTTA
87 0
F--- ;'0 t
Ifl'
.87°t_____
30'
1
D_~W ... 8"'- ...8uma
87'"''
DhattochorJ••.
Contents
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL STEMS PER HECTARE' AND
STEMS PER HECTARE OF SAL ACCORDING TO
:-: '-.- _~ =w::.
OIAMETER
::::.__:::x:_~ _ _7
-_ .."J _ ~~ --....~_..._ - ~~
'.CLASS
c_= _ DIFFERENT
IN ..........-.. . . . . __ .
.~_: .=-L_~. ~
STRATA
MI se. STRATUM
S
3SO-
320
800- -
,
2T~
28
2Z8·
ZOO-
tf 17'5·
%: PLANTATION STRATUM
-.........-. .............-.
...... ~-~,
~'1 e
:I
I~
kI
.,... 12:5<1
.
IL
0
10&-1
0 75 ~
Z
•
ISO ~
I
2·-1I -~1
i!:,,, " f
00.1 _.......
•• ..AW.I.o.... . ~
------
01 A MI[ Tit " OIAMETER
Contents
...
VOLUME PER - ~ -=::t'I
HECTARE OF SAl. ACCORDINC3 TO otAMETER
-_ - -.::...:..-:.. ~:_~ _-=--~
10'J.
oe
MISC, STRATUM
9'~I
a'a
.'0-
7'a
SAL STRATUM
7'0-- .. 7'0- i
6 15 _"
.
41)
POr)
III
1 ZO 2'O--f
I
....
Id
~ ,5 I e ~
;;,
oJ
0 to-
> 10.
O!5 00
00 J.
_DIAMKTER ... DIAMETER)
t-J C E
-~
.Q.1~~~TJ:ft
.t"'_2!!\
1 ~:!o- 20
SAL SPECIES
IN EACH CIA
C':"'AOS.
Contents
DISTRIBUTION
£-= - _. - ::'.--'. OF
' _.TOTAL NUMBER OF STE:MS
~
ACCORDING
... .. 1 - ___
TO OIAME TE
_ _R CLA.SS ES
=::::':=..=!!~!II!!!==..!!_'_ ___
~I5!I!S""'''''''_'''''
R E F E R It N 0 E
DIAMETER
IN eM.
!S-9 ""' 14%
.r
10-19 15 .0%
so a ABOVE II o'el5%
Contents
ANNEXT\lRc :-::2f (.b)
DIAMEllER
IN eM.
e-9
10-19 2 ~e,...
Contents