And gates

Symbol:

Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces a true output only if all of its inputs are true.
 The more inputs it has, the less likely it is to produce a true output.

Applications:
 Implementing logical multiplication
 Implementing circuits that require multiple inputs to be true to
produce an output signal.
 Implementing arithmetic operations such as addition and
multiplication.

Or gates
Symbol:

Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces a true output if one or more of its inputs are true.
 The more inputs it has, the more likely it is to produce a true
output.
Applications:
 Implementing logical additions
 Implementing circuits that require at least one input to be true to
produce an output signal.
 Implementing logic functions such as nor and nand
not gates
Symbol:
Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces the opposite output of its input.
 Has only one input.
Applications:
 Inverting the logic level of a signal
 Converting positive logic to negative logic and vice versa
 Creating a delay in digital circuits
nand gates
Symbol:
Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces a true output unless all of its inputs are true.
 Can be used to implement any logical function.
Applications:
 Implementing any other logic function using nand gates only (nand
gates are said to be universal)
 Implementing logical conjunction
 Implementing digital counters and flip-flops.
nor gates
Symbol:
Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces a true output only if all of its
inputs are false.
 Can be used to implement any logical
function.
Applications:
 Implementing any other logic function using nor gates only (nor
gates are also universal gates).
 Implementing logical disjunction.
 Implementing digital memory and latches.
xor gates
Symbol:

Truth table:
Characteristics:
 Produces a true output if one input of the other is true, but not both.
 Can be used to compare two binary digits.
Applications:
 Implementing exclusive or logic functions.
 Implementing parity checking for error detection.
 Implementing adders and subtractors in digital circuits.
xnor gates
Symbol:

Truth table:

Characteristics:
 Produces a true output if both inputs
are either true or false.
 Can be used to implement an
equivalence function..
Applications:
 Implementing exclusive or logic functions.
 Implementing parity checking for error detection.
 Implementing adders and subtractors in digital circuits.