STUDY ON FABRICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

AND BOILERS

ABSTRACT

Today the field of electronics revolves around automation and reduction of the
human effort from the field operation.To perform any operation, the machines
require to perform with lesser human effort.Engineers tend to empower the
machine so that they can evaluate the problem and fix it to perform error
diagnosis making a record of the operation timing in order to make the future
problems much flexible and simple. The project Boiler Automation employs an
automated system to perform secure operation,safety peripherals making the
system fault free and power operation of heating. We propose the parameters
like the temperature of steam and water,maintain water level in the boiler and
control pressure inside the vessel for reliable operation of the boilers. The
pressure of the system has to be measured and monitored for safe and reliable
operation of the system.This kind of operation is carried out efficiently and
implemented by employing a Programmable Logic Controller.Our design
monitors boiler temperature , pressure and volume via a variety of sensors which
provide input to PLC. The PLC controls the different parameters and gives out
the user required volume of the steam.All the parameters variables controlled
and shown on the display panel. For the safety purpose mechanical safety valves
are used to release extra pressure.
 INTRODUCTION

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy)

between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid
particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. In heat
exchangers, there are usually no external heat and work interactions. Typical
applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and
evaporation or condensation of single- or multi component fluid streams. In other
applications, the objective may be to recover or reject heat, or sterilize,
pasteurize, fractionate, distill, concentrate, crystallize, or control a process fluid.

In a few heat exchangers, the fluids exchanging heat are in direct contact. In
most heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids takes place through a
separating wall or into and out of a wall in a transient manner. In many heat
exchangers, the fluids are separated by a heat transfer surface, and ideally they
do not mix or leak. Such exchangers are referred to as direct transfer type, or
simply recuperators.

The type of heat exchanger that will be used is a 1-shell 2-tube pass tube heat
exchanger. The cold fluid which passes at the tube side of the heat exchanger
passes twice through the fluid in the shell. In this case, depending on the
orientation of the inlet flow of the cold and hot fluid, the cold fluid is in parallel
flow with the hot fluid, then at the second pass becomes counter flow.

There are often baffles directing flow through the shell side so the fluid does not
take a short cut through the shell side leaving ineffective low flow volumes