ETAP Protection & Coordination1 PDF

Protection
and Coordination
Operation Technology, Inc.
© 2011 Operation Technology, Inc. PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Protection & Coordination
• Agenda
• Objectives
• Equipment Protection
• yp
Protection Types
• Overcurrent Protection
• STAR Overview
• Features and Capabilities
• Protective Device Types
• TCC Curves
• STAR Short‐circuit
• PD Sequence of Operation
PD Sequence of Operation
• Normalized TCC curves
• TCC Print and Settings Report
• Examples and Assignments
• Objectives
• Human Safety
• Prevent injury and fatality
Prevent injury and fatality
Real Side of Failure in Safety
• Objectives
• Protection of Equipment
• Permit normal operation
Permit normal operation
• Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions
• Objectives
• Protection of System (Stability Protection)
• Over / Under Voltage
Over / Under Voltage
• Over / Under Frequency
• Rate of Frequency Change
q y g
• Islanding of System
• Objectives
• Selectivity
• Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
• Permit normal operation for rest of electrical network
• Objectives
• Reasonable Cost
• Maximum achievable reliability for protection and
y p
coordination at minimal cost
• Science, Experience, and Art
• Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to normal operation
• Fast fault clearance with proper selectivity
• Minimal isolation of fa lt area
Minimal isolation of faulty area
• Capability to operate correctly under all predictable
power system conditions
p y
References
• IEEE Std. 242‐2001, IEEE Recommended Practice
Std. 00 , eco e ded act ce
for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
(IEEE R d B k)
(IEEE Red Book)
for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Analysis (IEEE Brown Book)
• Other technical references
Other technical references
Study Procedure
• Prepare an accurate one‐line diagram (relay
p g ( y
diagrams)
• Obtain the available system current spectrum
(operating load overloads fault kA)
(operating load, overloads, fault kA)
• Determine the equipment protection criteria
• Select the appropriate protective devices / settings
pp p p g
• Plot the fixed points (operating/damage curves, FLA,
ampacity, etc.)
• Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
• Analyze the results
Required Data
• One‐line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
• Power Grid Fault Current Data and Protective Device Settings
• Generator Data
• Transformer Data
Transformer Data
• Motor Data
• Load Data
• Fa lt C rrents
Fault Currents
• Cable / Conductor Data
• Bus / Switchgear Data
• Instrument Transformer Data (CT, VT)
• Protective Device (PD) Data
Protection of Equipments
• Major Equipments (apparatus)
Major Equipments (apparatus)
• Induction Motor
• Synchronous Motor
Synchronous Motor
• Cable
• T
Transformer
f
• Generator
• B
Bus
• Transmission/Distribution Line
Equipment Protection Criteria
• Permit: Normal Running Condition
Permit: Normal Running Condition
• Max permitted current at working conditions
• Environment temperature, cooling media, elevation, etc.
Environment temperature cooling media elevation etc
• Protect: Abnormal Fault Condition
• Excessive through fault current caused by:
E i th h f lt t db
• Improper design, installation, or operation of equipment
• Incidents
Excessive Currents
• Excessive currents in abnormal conditions
Excessive currents in abnormal conditions
• Overload current
• (100‐160% Full Load Amps)
(100‐160% Full Load Amps)
• Short‐time overload current
• (300
(300‐1000%
1000% Full Load Amps)
Full Load Amps)
• Short‐circuit current
• (300
(300‐1200%
1200% Full Load Amps)
Full Load Amps)
Capability / Damage Curves
2
It I2t I2t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen
Protection Types
• Overcurrent
• Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
• Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
• Directional
• Diff
Differential
ti l
Protection Types
• Impedance
• Distance
• Voltage
• Under/Over Voltage
• Frequency
• Under/Over Frequency
• Mechanical
• Pressure (Buchholz Relay)
( y)
Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent Characteristics Time Current Characteristics (TCC)

Time‐Current‐Characteristics (TCC)
• Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
• Simple, cheap, and large
application in LV, and MV
• LV Breakers
• Represent tolerance band
• MCB, MCCB, ICCB, PCB
• Fuses
• Overload Heater
• Overload Relay
Overcurrent Protection
Relay TOC Characteristics
Relay TOC Characteristics Relay TOC Curves
Relay TOC Curves
• Curve Shape Adaptation
• Equipment Protection
• Selectivity
• Ti
Time Margin at higher fault
M i t hi h f lt
currents
ETAP Star Overview
• Star Mode
Star Mode
• Creation of TCC and Star View
• Addition of devices to existing TCC
• Graphical and Editor adjustments
Graphical and Editor adjustments
• Star View Options (top)
• Combine Curve (ETAP 11 enhancement)
• Star Mode and Star View difference
ETAP Star Overview
• Supported Protective Devices and Functions
• Overload ‐ CT based & Inline (49)
• Phase, neutral, ground, and negative sequence overcurrent
( / )
(51/50)
• Voltage control and restraint overcurrent (51VC/51VR)
• Directional overcurrent (67)
• High impedance & percentage differential (87)
High impedance & percentage differential (87)
• Electronic & hydraulic reclosers (79)
• Relay interlock with HVCB, switch and contactor
• CT Ratio and multiple connections
*Reverse power (32) and under/over voltage (27/59) are supported in
Transient Stability
Low Voltage Protective Devices
• Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB)
• Power Circuit Breaker (PCB)
• UL 1066, ANSI C37.13, ANSI C37.16, ANSI C37.17
• IEC60947‐2
• Insulated Case Circuit Breaker (ICCB)
• UL489 (Non‐fused MCCB, 2 step stored energy closing mechanism,
electronic trip, and drawout construction)
• IEC60947‐2
IEC60947 2
• Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
• UL489 (integral unit and enclosed housing of insulating material)
• IEC60947‐2
• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
• UL489, UL508, UL1077
• IEC60898
LVCB Differences
• LVCB Trip Units
LVCB Trip Units
• Thermal Magnetic
• Motor Circuit Protector (MCP)
Motor Circuit Protector (MCP)
• Solid State Trip (SST) or microprocessor based
• El t
Electro‐mechanical
h i l
LV Protective Devices
• MCCB Trip Units
MCCB Trip Units
– Thermal‐Magnetic
LV Protective Devices
• MCCB Trip Units
MCCB Trip Units
– Magnetic Only
• LVCB Trip Units
LVCB Trip Units
• Solid State Trip (SST) or
microprocessor based
microprocessor based
• Electro‐mechanical
• Trip Unit Segments
Trip Unit Segments
• Long Time (LT ANSI; I> IEC)
• Short Time (ST ANSI; I>> IEC)
Short Time (ST ANSI; I>> IEC)
• Instantaneous (IT ANSI; I>>> IEC)
Fuse (Power Fuse)
• Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic)
• Continuous and Interrupting Rating
g ( )
• Voltage Levels (Max kV)
• Interrupting Rating (sym, asym)
• Characteristic Curves
• Min. Melting
Min. Melting
• Total Clearing
• Application (rating type: R, E, X, …)
Fuse Types
• Expulsion Fuse (Non
Expulsion Fuse (Non‐CLF)
CLF)
• Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
• Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)
l i (S&C l i )
Total Clearing
Time Curve
Minimum Meltingg
Time Curve
Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
• Limits the peak current of short
Limits the peak current of short‐circuit
circuit
• Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)
Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)
• Reduces thermal energy
Reduces thermal energy
Current Limiting Action
Ip
mps)
nt (peak am
ta = tc – tm
Ip’’
Curren
ta = Arcing
i Time
i
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time (cycles) Ip = Peak Current
tc
Ip’ = Peak Let‐thru Current
CLF Let‐Through Chart
• Assumptions:
Assumptions:
1. Short‐circuit X/R ≤ Tested Short‐circuit X/R, or
Short‐circuit
Short circuit power factor ≥ tested power factor
power factor ≥ tested power factor
• Assumptions
2. The fault is on the load terminal
• Impact of Downstream Breaker
Impact of Downstream Breaker
• The fault current passing through both PDs
• The breaker may start to open representing a
The breaker may start to open representing a
dynamic impedance causing reduced let‐through
current with different trip time
current with different trip time
• A combination test is needed to make sure this is
not happening. This is a series rating test.
pp g g
• Assumptions
3. The sum of motor full load currents contribution between the
series rated devices should not exceeds 1 percent of
interrupting rating of lowest rated device.
Let‐Through Chart
7% PF (X/R = 14.3)
230 000
230,000
Peak Let‐Through Amperes
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
Symmetrical RMS Amperes
Fuse
Generally:
• CLF is a better short‐circuit protection
• Non‐CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload
Non CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload
protection
• Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate
El i f i ll i di
due to the electronic control adjustments
Zones of Protection
• Protective
Protective devices and protected equipment
devices and protected equipment
represent the “Protection Zone”
Motor Protection
• Motor Starting Curve
Motor Starting Curve
• Thermal Protection
Thermal Protection
• Locked Rotor Protection
Locked Rotor Protection
• Fault Protection
Fault Protection
Inrush Current
Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV, 1800 rpm Motor
g p, , p
First half cycle current showing
current offset.
Beginning of run up current

showing load torque pulsations.
Motor pull
ll in
i current showing
h i motor
reaching synchronous speed
Motor Protection
LV Motor Protection
LV Motor Protection MV Motor Protection
MV Motor Protection
Motor Protection
• Standards & References
• IEEE Std 620‐1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of
IEEE Std 620 1996 IEEE G id f th P t ti f
Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction
Machines.
• IEEE Std 1255‐2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque
Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors
• ANSI/ IEEE C37.96‐2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection
/
• NEMA MG‐1 Motors and Generators
• The Art of Protective Relaying – General Electric
Overload Relay / Heater
• Motor
Motor overload protection is provided by a
overload protection is provided by a
device that models the temperature rise of the
winding
• When the temperature rise reaches a point
that will damage the motor the motor is de
that will damage the motor, the motor is de‐
energized
• Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting
O l d l i h bi lli li
alloy or electronic
Question
What is Class 10 and
What is Class 10 and
Class 20 Thermal
OLR curves?
OLR curves?
Answer
• At 600% Current Rating:
– Class
Class 10 for fast trip, 10
10 for fast trip 10
seconds or less
– Class 20 for, 20 seconds or less
(commonly used) 20
– There is also Class 15, 30 for
long trip time (typically
long trip time (typically
provided with electronic
overload relays)
6
Answer
Overload Relay / Heater
• When the temperature at the combination motor starter is more than ±10
°C (±18 °F) different than the temperature at the motor ambient
°C (±18 °F) different than the temperature at the motor, ambient
temperature correction of the motor current is required.
• An adjustment is required because the output that a motor can safely
deliver varies with temperature.
• The motor can deliver its full rated horsepower at an ambient temperature
specified by the motor manufacturers, normally + 40 °C. At high
temperatures (higher than + 40 °C) less than 100% of the normal rated
g
current can be drawn from the motor without shortening the insulation
life.
• At lower temperatures (less than + 40 °C) more than 100% of the normal
rated current could be drawn from the motor without shortening the
insulation life
insulation life.
Motor Starting and Thermal Limit
Sample data provided by the manufacturer
Motor Protection ‐ Overload Pickup
(NEC A 430 32 Continuous‐Duty Motors)
(NEC Art 430.32 – C i D M )
• Thermal O/L (Device 49) Pickup
• Motors with marked Service Factor ≥ 1.15
• Pickup = 125% of FLA
• Motors with temp. rise not over 40°C
• Pickup = 125% of FLA
• All other motors
• 115% of FLA
Motor Protection – Inst. Pickup
1
I 
XS  X d "
LOCKED
ROTOR
Recommended Instantaneous Setting:
I PICK UP
RELAY PICK UP  1
1.6
6 TO 2
I LOCKED ROTOR
If the recommended setting criteria cannot be met, or where more sensitive
protection is desired, the in‐stantaneous relay (or a second relay) can be set more
t ti i d i d th i t t l ( d l ) b t
sensitively if delayed by a timer. This permits the asymmetrical
asymmetrical starting component
to decay out. A typical setting for this is:
I PICK UP
RELAY PICK UP   1.2 TO 1.2
I LOCKED ROTOR
with a time delay of 0.10 s (six cycles at 60 Hz)
Locked Rotor Protection
• Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51)
Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51)
• Starting Time (TS < TLR)
• LRA
• LRA sym
• LRA asym (1.5‐1.6 x LRA sym) + 10% margin
Fault Protection
(
(NEC Art / Table 430‐52)
/ )
• Non‐Time Delay Fuses
• 300% of FLA
• Dual Element (Time‐Delay Fuses)
• 175% of FLA
175% of FLA
• Instantaneous Trip Breaker
• 800%
800% ‐ 1300% of FLA
1300% of FLA*
• Inverse Time Breakers
• 250% of FLA
*can be set up to 1700% for Design B (energy efficient) Motor
Low Voltage Motor Protection
• Usually
Usually pre
pre‐engineered
engineered (selected from
(selected from
Catalogs)
• Typically, motors larger than 2 Hp are
Typically motors larger than 2 Hp are
protected by combination starters
• Overload / Short‐circuit protection
l d/ h i i i
(49)
I2T
O/L
tLR MCP
(51) 200 HP
ts
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym
Low‐voltage Motor
Ratings Range of ratings
Continuous amperes 9-250 —
Nominal voltage (V) 240-600 —
Horsepower 1.5-1000 —
Starter size (NEMA) — 00-9
Types of protection Quantity NEMA
designation
Overload: overload
relay elements
3 OL
Short circuit:
circuit
i it b breaker
k currentt 3 CB
trip elements
Fuses 3 FU
Undervoltage: inherent
with integral control
supply and three-wire
control circuit — —
Ground fault (when

speci fied): ground relay
speci-fied):
with toroidal CT — —
Minimum Required Sizes of a NEMA Combination Motor
Starter System
FOR A 50 % CURRENT CAPACITY
FUSE SIZE
MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND
CLASS J
FUSE
BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C
SIZE
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT
EC FLC
UCTOR
NDING
OR HP
RTER
MUM
ZE
ZE
ND
MINIM
GROUN
460V NE
LENGTH FOR 1%
%
LENGTH FOR 1%
%
SIZ
SIZ
CONDU
STAR
MOTO
LARGER GROUN
LARGER WIRE
CONDUCTOR
DROP WITH
USE NEXT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
LARGEST
MINIMUM
250% 200% 150%
DROP
NEXT
WIRE
WIRE
SIZE
SIZE
1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5
1½ 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6
2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7
3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10
5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15
7½ 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20
10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30
15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45
20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60
25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70
30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90
40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110
50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125
60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150
75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200
100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250
125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350
150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400
Required Data ‐ Protection of a Medium Voltage
Motor
• Rated full load current
• Service factor
Service factor
• Locked rotor current
• Maximum locked rotor time (thermal limit curve) with the motor at ambient and/or operating
temperature
• Mi i
Minimum no load current
l d t
• Starting power factor
• Running power factor
• Motor and connected load accelerating time
Motor and connected load accelerating time
• System phase rotation and nominal frequency
• Type and location of resistance temperature devices (RTDs), if used
• Expected fault current magnitudes
• First ½ cycle current
• Maximum motor starts per hour
Medium‐Voltage Class E Motor Controller
Class El (without
Ratings Class E2 (with fuses)
fuses)
Nominal system voltage 2300-6900 2300-6900

Horsepo er
Horsepower 0 8000
0-8000 0 8000
0-8000
Symmetrical MVA interrupting capacity 25-75 160-570
at nominal system voltage
Types of Protective Devices Quantity NEMA Designation
Overload, or locked Rotor, or both:

Thermal overload relay
NEMA Class E1
3 OL OC TR/O
TOC relay
3
medium voltage starter
IOC relay plus time delay
3
Thermal overload relay 3 OL
TOC relay 3 OC
IOC relay plus time delay 3 TR/OC
Short Circuit:
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU
IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC
Ground Fault
TOC residual relay 1 GP

NEMA Class E2 medium
voltage starter
Overcurrent relay with toroidal CT 1 GP
Thermal Limit Curve
Thermal Limit Curve
Typical Curve
Cable Protection
Cable Protection
• IEEE Std. 242‐2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
• IEEE Std 835‐1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity
IEEE Std 835 1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity
Tables
• IEEE Std 848‐1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the
Determination of the Ampacity
p y Deratingg of Fire‐Protected
Cables
• IEEE Std 738‐1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the
Current‐ Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead
Conductors
• The Okonite Company Engineering Data for Copper and
Aluminum Conductor Electrical Cables, Bulletin EHB‐98
Cable Protection
The actual temperature rise of a cable when exposed to
a short circuit current for a known time is calculated by:
2 t
A
 T2  234 
g
0.0297log 
 T1  234 
Where:
A= Conductor area in circular‐mils
Co ducto a ea c cu a s
I = Short circuit current in amps
t = Time of short circuit in seconds
T1= Initial operation temperature (750C)
T2=Maximum short circuit temperature
(1500C)
Cable Short‐Circuit Heating Limits
Recommended
temperature rise:
B) CU 75-200C
Shielded
Cable
The normal tape

width is 1½
inches
NEC Section 110‐14 C
• (c) Temperature limitations. The temperature rating associated with the ampacity
of a conductor shall be so selected and coordinated as to not exceed the lowest
lowest
temperature rating of any connected termination
connected termination, conductor, or device. Conductors
with temperature ratings higher than specified for terminations shall be permitted
with temperature ratings higher than specified for terminations shall be permitted
to be used for ampacity adjustment, correction, or both.
• (1) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less, or
marked for Nos. 14 through 1 conductors, shall be used only for conductors rated
60C (140F)
60C (140F).
• Exception No. 1: Conductors with higher temperature ratings shall be permitted to
be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors is determined based on the
6OC (140F) ampacity of the conductor size used.
• Exception No 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be used
Exception No. 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be used
with higher rated conductors at the ampacity of the higher rated conductors,
provided the equipment is listed and identified for use with the higher rated
conductors.
• ( ) e
(2) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated over 100 amperes, or
at o p o s o s o equ p e t o c cu ts ated o e 00 a pe es, o
marked for conductors larger than No. 1, shall be used only with conductors rated
75C (167F).
Transformer Protection
• National Electric Code 2011 Edition
• IEEE Std 242‐1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
• C37 91 2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
C37.91‐2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
Transformers
• C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry‐Type Transformer Through‐Fault
Current Duration.
• C57.109‐1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid‐Immersed Transformer Through‐
Fault‐Current Duration
• APPLIED PROCTECTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse
Electric Corp; 1976
Electric Corp; 1976
• PROTECTIVE RELAYING, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS; J.L.
Blackburn; Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1987
Transformer Categories
ANSI/IEEE C‐57.109
/
Minimum nameplate (kVA)

Category Single-phase
Single phase Three phase
Three-phase
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 10,000 above 30,000
Transformer Categories I, II
Transformer Category III
Transformer Category IV
Transformer
FLA
200 Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
((sec))
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
2
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
I
Inrush
h
2.5 Isc 25 I (pu)
MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below
Transformer Circuit Fuse Circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker

Rated Breaker Rating Breaker Rating Setting or Fuse
Impedance Setting Setting Rating
Not more than 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125%

6% (250% supervised)
i d)
More than 6% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125%

and not more (250% supervised)
than 10%
Table 450-3(A) source: NEC
Recommended Minimum
Winding and/or power system Winding and/or power system
Protective system grounded neutral grounded
g g g
neutral ungrounded
Above
Up to 10 MVA Above 10 MVA Up to 10 MVA
10 MVA
Differential - √ - √
Time over current √ √ √ √

Instantaneous restricted
ground fault √ √ - -
Time delayed ground

fault √ √ - -
√ -
√
Gas detection
Over excitation -
√ √ √
Overheating -
√ -
√
Question
What is ANSI Transformer Shift Curve?
Transformer Shift Factor
Dyg
yg Transformer Through Fault
g
Question
What is meant by Frequent and
q
Infrequent Faults for transformers?
Frequent and Infrequent Faults
Source
Transformer primary-side protective device

(fuses, relayed circuit breakers, etc.) may be
selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
incidence protection curve
Infrequent-Fault
Incidence Zone* Category II or III Transformer
Fault will be cleared by transformer

primary-side protective device
Optional main secondary –side protective device.
May be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
incidence protection curve
Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

protective
t ti device
d i or bby optional
ti l maini secondary-
d
side protection device
Feeder protective device
Frequent Fault
Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by
Incidence Zone* feeder protective device
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent
frequent-fault-incidence
fault incidence protection curve or for transformers
serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side conductors
enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by reference to the
infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
(Frequent Fault = More than 10 through faults (lifetime) for category II and 5 faults for category III)
S IEEE C57
Selective Coordination
• Inherent Selective Devices
Inherent Selective Devices
• Examples
• Differential Relays
Differential Relays
• Pilot Wire Relays
• Transformer Sudden Pressure Relays
y
• More expensive
• Justified based on value or role of protected
Jus ed based o a ue o o e o p o ec ed
equipment in supply of power
• Overcurrent Selectivity Rules
Overcurrent Selectivity Rules
• Downstream device curve is located to the left and below
of upstream device curve for range of applicable currents
• Sufficient time margin for operation of downstream before
upstream
Margins for Selectivity
• Relay ‐ Relay coordination requires
• Minimum of 0.25 to 0.40 seconds time margin between the relay curves at the
maximum fault current to account for the interrupting time of the circuit
breaker, relay over‐travel time, relay tolerances, and a safety factor
• For induction disk relays, the minimum desired time margin for a 5 cycle
breaker is generally 0.30 seconds
• 5 cycle breaker 0.08 seconds
• relay over‐travel 0.10 seconds
y
• CT ratio & safety factor 0.12 seconds
• Total = 0.30 seconds
• For digital relays, the minimum desired time margin for a 5 cycle breaker is
generally 0 25 seconds
generally 0.25 seconds
• 5 cycle breaker 0.08 seconds
• relay accuracy +.02 sec. 0.04 seconds
• CT ratio & safety factor 0.13 seconds
• Total = 0.25 seconds
• Margin between pickup levels of > 10% for two devices in series.
• Electromechanical Relay ‐ Fuse coordination requires a minimum 0.22 second time
margin between the curves.
• Electromechanical Relay ‐ Low Voltage Breaker coordination requires a minimum
0.22 second time margin between the curves.
• St ti R l
Static Relay ‐ F
Fuse coordination requires a minimum 0.12 second time margin
di ti i i i 0 12 d ti i
between the curves.
• Static Relay ‐ Low Voltage Breaker coordination requires a minimum 0.12
second time margin between the curves.
d i i b h
• Fuse ‐ Fuse coordination requires that the total clearing time of the downline
fuse curve be less than 75% of the minimum melt time of the upline fuse curve
to account for pre‐loading.
f l di
• Fuse ‐ Low Voltage Breaker coordination requires that the down‐line breaker
maximum time curve be less than 75% of the minimum melt time of the up‐line
f
fuse curve to account for pre‐loading.
f l d
• Fuse ‐ Relay coordination requires a minimum 0.3 second time margin
between the curves.
• Low Voltage Breaker ‐ Fuse coordination requires a minimum 0.1 second
time margin between the curves to allow for temperature variations in
g f p
the fuse.
• Low Voltage Breaker ‐ Low Voltage Breaker coordination requires only
that the plotted curves do not intersect since all tolerances and operating
p p g
times are included in the published characteristics.
• Low Voltage Breaker ‐ Relay coordination requires a minimum 0.2 second
time margin between the curves.
g
Ground Fault Protection
• NEC Requirements for Solidly Grounded System
NEC Requirements for Solidly Grounded System
• Articles 215.10 (feeders), 230.95 (services), 240.13
((overcurrent p
protection), etc.
)
• 260 V (150 V, L‐G) ≤ Line‐Line Voltage ≤ 600 V
• Main disconnect is rated 1000 A or more
• GF Settings is limited to 1200 A pickup and 1 sec for
ground faults > 3000 A
• Industry Practice
• Grounded wye systems 2400 V or more
Ground Fault Detection
• General Concept
General Concept
• Measurement of Residual (IR)
or Zero Sequence current (3I0)
or Zero Sequence current (3I
• IR = 3I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic
(Vector Summation)
• Balanced Fault: Ia = Ib = Ic and
IR = 3I0 = 0
• Unbalanced system Ia ≠ Ib ≠ Ic
and IR = 3I0 > 0
• Direct (Ground, 50G/51G)
Direct (Ground 50G/51G)
• Grounded‐phase (3I0) current is detected directly
with a current transformer installed in the
with a current transformer installed in the
grounded neutral conductor.
• Balance Flux (Ground, 50G/51G)
( , / )
(Core Balance or Zero Sequence CT)
• Grounded‐phase current (IR) is directly detected by a
d
doughnut‐type current transformer installed around
h tt tt f i t ll d d
the three phase conductors
Note: The equipment grounding conductors (including conductor shields)
must not be installed through the current transformer.
• Residual
• Grounded‐phase current is detected as the
unbalance in the current produced by the phase
unbalance in the current produced by the phase
current transformers
ETAP Terminology
• Relay Ground Function
Relay Ground Function
• Externally measured residual current (2 inputs)
• Relay Neutral Function
y
• Relay internally measured residual current (6 inputs)
Relay Ground Inputs
Relay Sensitive Ground Inputs
Relay Neutral Inputs
Relay Function Diagram
Ground Fault Coordination
• GF Selective Coordination
GF Selective Coordination
• Device ground fault overcurrent coordination with:
• Other
Other devices with ground detection
devices with ground detection
• Other devices with phase overcurrent detection
• Combination of phase and ground fault detection
p g
• Minimum and Maximum Fault
ase a d s g e e o g ou d au coo d a o
• Phase and single‐line to ground fault coordination
Ground Fault Coordination
Individual Phase and GF Curves

Individual Phase and GF Curves Phase and GF Curve Combination
Phase and GF Curve Combination
Protective Devices
• Relays
• Microprocessor/electronic
• More expensive, faster, multiple functionality
p p y
• Electromechanical
• Simple, cheap, slower, limited functionality
p p y
Relay ANSI Device Numbers
• 21 – Distance • P – Phase
• 27 – Under Voltage
• N – Neutral
• 32 – Directional Power
• G – Ground
• 49 – Thermal Overload
49 Thermal Overload
• SG – Sensitive Ground
• 50 – Instantaneous Over Current
• 51 – AC Inverse Over Current • V – Voltage
• 52 – AC Circuit Breaker • VC – Voltage Control
• 59 – Overvoltage • VR – Voltage Restrained
• 67 – AC Directional Over Current
6 C ect o a O e Cu e t
• 79 – AC Recloser
• 81 – Frequency
• 87 – Differential
Instrumentation Devices
Current Transformer (CT)
Current Transformer (CT) Voltage Transformer (VT)
Voltage Transformer (VT)
• Transforms the current ratio • Transforms the voltage ratio
Instrument Transformer Connections
Instrument Transformers
• Major Specifications
• Standards
• ANSI/IEEE C57.13, C57.13.6 (High Accuracy)
• IEEE C37.110 Guide for application of CT used in protective relaying
• IEC 60044‐1 (CT), and 60044‐2 (VT), 61869‐5 (CVT, 2011)
• Construction
• Polarityy
• Ratio (CTR, or TR)
• Rating Factor
• Standard Burden
Standard Burden
• Accuracy Classification
• Rated Voltage
Typical Construction
Current Transformer Polarity
Current Transformer Ratio
CT Rating Factor
• IEEE C57.13
• RF = continuous thermal current
Rating Factor
• Max.
Max. continuous current
continuous current
capability:
• Rated Current of Primary x RF
• Without exceeding Temperature
Without exceeding Temperature
Limits
• Without loss of published
accuracy class
accuracy class
• Typical Rating Factors
• 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
Current Transformer Burden
Voltage Transformer Burden
Metering Accuracy Class
CT Relaying Accuracy Class
Accuracy designation consists of 2 parts
y g p
• Classification
• “C” Class (Calculated)1
• Minimal Leakage Flux in CT Core
• Applicable to window, bar type, and bushing CTs
• Accuracy is predictable from CT Excitation Performance Curve
provided by manufacturer
id d b f t
• “T” Class (Tested)2
• Significant Leakage Flux in CT Core
• Applicable to wound type CTs
• Accuracy is NOT predictable and must be tested by
manufacturer
1: ”C” Class was called “L” Class (Low internal secondary impedance) before 1968
2: ”T” Class was called “H” Class (High internal secondary impedance) before 1968
• Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating
Seco da y e a o tage at g
• Delivered voltage to a standard burden at 20 times
rated secondary current
• Ratio correction is limited to 10% for 1 to 20 times
rated secondary current
Example
• C200 CT with 5 A rated secondary current
• C: Ratio can be calculated
• 200: Ratio correction will not exceed 10% for 1 to 20 times
rated secondary current with a standard 2.0 ohm burden
• 200
200 = 20 x 5 A x 2.0 ohm
20 x 5 A x 2 0 ohm
Typical CT Excitation Voltage vs Excitation Current
CT/VT Equivalent Diagram
(a) Significant leakage flux in transformer core ‐ class T CTs and VTs;
(b) Negligible leakage flux in transformer core ‐ class C CTs.
CT Dimensioning Tips
• Avoid saturation
Avoid saturation
• Increase CT Ratio
• Use separate High Ratio CT for high fault current
Use separate High Ratio CT for high fault current
• Decrease Burden
• Increase wire size of secondary lead
Increase wire size of secondary lead
• Reduce length of secondary lead
• Select low burden relaying or measuring equipment
Select low burden relaying or measuring equipment
• Distribute single‐phase burdens between phases
CT Dimensioning Tips
• CT Ratio Considerations
• CT Secondary Current > Max. Continuous Load Current
• CT Primary Current > Max design rating of breakers
and transformers
and transformers
• 20 x CT Secondary Current > Max Sec Current
• Very high CT Ratio may lead to insensitivity to Min.
fault current
• Highest Ratio of Multiple Ratio CT
• Represents highest accuracy class.
Represents highest accuracy class.
• Accuracy will drop accordingly when lower ratios are used
• Reduces wiring burden
p g p y p
• Represents highest CT capability and performance
CT Selection and Evaluation
• Objective
• Check CT capability to accurately reproduce primary current in
secondary amps
• Accuracy
• Wave shape, magnitude, ratio, and angle.
• CT Selection and Performance Evaluation Steps
p
• Select CT Ratio
• Select Relay Tap based on Max Load and Min Fault
• Determine Total Burden
• Check CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard (C and T Class)
• Check CT Performance using Excitation Curve (C Class)
• Apply corrective measure and start over if needed
Apply corrective measure and start over if needed

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Protection

Overcurrent Characteristics Time Current Characteristics (TCC)

Beginning of run up current

Ground fault (when

FOR A 50 % CURRENT CAPACITY

Nominal system voltage 2300-6900 2300-6900

Types of Protective Devices Quantity NEMA Designation

Overload, or locked Rotor, or both:

TOC residual relay 1 GP

The normal tape

Minimum nameplate (kVA)

2.5 Isc 25 I (pu)

Transformer Circuit Fuse Circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker

Not more than 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125%

More than 6% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125%

Time over current √ √ √ √

Time delayed ground

Transformer primary-side protective device

Fault will be cleared by transformer

Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

Feeder protective device

Individual Phase and GF Curves

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